Museus Da Polonia
Museus Da Polonia
Museus Da Polonia
Museums of Poland
Muses de Pologne
MUSEUM,
qui a succd Mouseion1 est publi
Paris par lorganisation des Nations Unies pour
lducation, la science et la culture. MUSEUM,
revue trimestrielle, est la fois un priodique
dinformation et un instrument de recherche
dans le domaine de la musographie. Les opinions exprimes par les auteurs ne reflttent pas
ncessairement celles de lUnesco.
MUSEUM,
successor to hfozdseion, is published by
the United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization in Paris. MUSEUM
serves
as a quarterly survey of activities and means of
research in the held of museography. Opinions
expressed by individual contributors are not
necessarily those of Unesco.
COMIT DE R~DACTION
BOARD OF EDITORS
. . . .
. . . . .
STANISLAW
LORENTZ:
Les ?rides de Pologne 1 The r n s of Polarid
70
JANUSZ
DURKO
: Les ~nz~&es
historiqz4es 1 The historical m u s e z ~ ~ s
82
KAZIMIERZ
KONIECZNY
: Le M i d e de karnte poloriaise Varsovie The Museum of the
Polish Arzg, Warsaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
. . .
. . .
107
OLGIERDCZERNER:
Le Mzise darchitecture, Wroctaw 1 The Miuezrm of Architecture,
Wrociaw
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
117
Ks. WLADYSLAW
SMOLEPS
: Les m d e s diocsains I The diocesati ~zz4sez~nzs
E. PRUFFEROWA:
Les nwses ethtiographiques 1 The ethriographical m!seu?ns
98
MUSES
SPCIALISS 1 SPECIALIZED
MUSEUMS
M d e de Zielona Gra
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wieliqka 1 The Rock-Salt Mzisem, Wielicxka . . .
GRABOWSKA:
Lexposition de lambre an Muse du Chteau de Malbork / The
exhibition of amber in the Malbork Castle Mz~sez~~n. . . . . . . .
121
124
JANINA
MUSEUM
C. LUGOWSKI
: L e Mme des sciences techniques, Varsovie 1 The Mztsezm of Techtiolog,
Le numro: 7 F. Abonnement annuel (4 numros ou numros doubles quivalents): 24 F
Each number: $2 or IO/- (stg.). Annual
subscription rate (4 issues or corresponding
double issues): $7 or 35/- (stg.)
[Al
Rdaction et dition / Editorial and Publishing
ofices
: unesCo,
place de Fontenoy, paris-7e
(France)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
w~~~~~
CHRONIQUE
cu~.66/11.88fAFSR
Printed b &vif?erland
Imprimerie Centrale S. A., Lausanne
129
/ MUSEUM NOTES
(La campagne contre la faim, exposition azj Mme National, New Delhi I Freedom
- -exhibition at National Musezm, New Delhi (D. Roy Choudhury) .
from Hmxer,
8 Unesco 1966
12j
I35
. . . . . . .
I37
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
XI
Muses de Pologne
Museums of Poland
Museum
Volume XIX
No
I 966
1. MJM
NARODOWE, warszawa. Vue densemble.
r . General view.
70
Ltat actuel des muses polonais, leur rpartition territoriale, le caractre et limportance de leurs expositions se rattachent, plus troitement que dans dautres pays,
lhistoire politique et sociale de la nation pendant les derniers sicles, et plus
particulirement depuis une cinquantaine dannes.
A part les 136 tapisseries de Bruxelles qui dcorent le Chteau royal de Wawel,
peu de choses nous sont restes des grandes collections du X V I ~sicle appartenant
aux derniers rois jagellons Sigismond Ier et Sigismond II Auguste. Des riches
trsors ecclsiastiques du moyen ge nont subsist que ceux des cathdrales de
Cracovie, de Gniezno et de Poznafi. Les magnifiques collections royales constitues
par les rois de la dynastie Wasa, dans la premire moiti du X V I I ~sicle, notamment
par Sigismond III, Ladislas IV et Jean Casimir, comprenaient des peintures, et
notamment des toiles de Rubens et de Rembrandt qui ornaient les murs du Chteau
royal de Wawel. Ces collections ainsi que la grande galerie des sculptures antiques
au Chteau Ujazdow, prs de Varsovie, furent pilles au cours des guerres polonosudoises du milieu du X V I I ~sicle. Les deux rois saxons Auguste II et Auguste III
agrandirent considrablement leurs propres collections, Dresde entre autres, par
des ceuvres emportes de Pologne. Aprs la perte de lindpendance, la charnire
du XVIII~et du X I X ~sicle, la belle collection de peintures appartenant au dernier roi
de Pologne, Stanislas Auguste Poniatowski, fut entirement disperse. Environ
zoo tableaux de cette collection sont aujourdhui conservs Varsovie dans le petit
Palais royal de Lazienki et au Muse national. Des grandes collections runies par la
haute noblesse au sicle des lumires, deux seulement ont subsist jusqu nos
jours, et encore ont-elles subi des pertes trs graves. I1 sagit de la collection des
princes Czartoryski rassemble dans leur domaine de Pulawy, IOO kilomtres
de Varsovie, noyau du Muse Czartoryski ouvert Cracovie en I 876 et actuellement
section du Muse national de Cracovie,
et de la collection des comtes Potocki,
runie au Chteau de Wilanow prs de
Varsovie, aujourdhui dpendance du
Muse national Varsovie.
Alors que, au X I X ~sicle, de grands muses publics taient institus dans lemonde
entier, les conditions cres par le partage
de la Pologne nuisirent leur dveloppement dans ce pays. Au dbut du X I X ~
sicle, la Socit varsovienne des sciences
entreprit lorganisation dun muse, mais
aprs linsurrection de I 8 3 0-18 3 I ses
collections furent disperses, ou mme lui furent enleves. Le Muse national de
Varsovie (fig. I), fond en 1862, stagna au cours des annes qui suivirent linsurrection de 1863-1864 et ne prit un certain essor quau dbut du X X ~sicle. Pendant
le dernier quart du X I X ~sicle, la faveur du courant libral qui se manifesta dans
la politique de lEmpire autrichien, un Muse national put tre ouvert Cracovie.
Jusqu la Premire Guerre mondiale, celui-ci constitua linstitution la plus importante de ce genre en Pologne, rassemblant les uvres dart polonaises et dautres qui
se rapportaient au pays. Dans ces mmes conditions et grce la gnrosit de la
nation entire, surtout celle du Syndicat des enseignants et des socits chorographiques et touristiques, on procdait, ds que les autorits occupantes - savoir,
lAutriche, partir du dernier quart du XI@ sicle, et la Russie, aprs la rvolution
de 19oj-1906- en accordaient lautorisation, la fondation de muses rgionaux
et du terroir. Par contre, la Prusse, pratiquant une politique antipolonaise, noctroyait
mme pas une telle libert. A la mme poque, hors du territoire polonais, prenait
naissance h Rapperswil, prs de Zurich, en Suisse, le Muse national polonais, qui 2. PAEACw LAZIENKACH
(hIuzeum Narodowe),
Warszawa. Intrieur du palais du bord de leau :
runit surtout les souvenirs historiques nationaux.
collection des peintures.
Ce nest quune fois la libert reconquise, en 1918, quon a pu envisager de fonder 2. Interior of the SVater garden palace: picture
de grands
muses nationaux et dtablir un programme dans ce domaine lchelle gallery.
de ltat. Viennent en tte les muses nationaux de Cracovie et de Varsovie. Le
Ch2teau royal de Wawel, important monument historique, est transform galement
en muse. A Poznar, prend naissance le Muse de la Grande Pologne, institution
complexe divise en plusieurs sections. Parmi les muses spcialiss, il convient de
signaler le Muse darchologie et celui des sciences naturelles de Varsovie ainsi
que les muses dethnographie Varsovie et Cracovie, et celui de lindustrie et de
lagriculture Varsovie. Plusieurs de ces muses dploient une trs grande activit
sur le plan des recherches scientifiques et de la collaboration internationale, ne ft-ce
que le Muse des sciences naturelles et le Muse national devarsovie, qui dirigent
en gypte des fouilles archologiques conjointement avec lInstitut fransais darchologie orientale, au Caire. Sur le plan social et ducatif, des activits de plus large
envergure ont t entreprises par le Muse national de Varsovie. Le nombre des
muses rgionaux se multiplie trs vite. Lorsque les hostilits clatrent en 1939,
notre pays comptait 180 muses en tout.
La guerre et loccupation hitlrienne, de 1939 1945, sonnrent le glas de la
culture polonaise en gnral, et des muses polonais en particulier. Tous furent
ferms, les collections les plus prcieuses emportes en Allemagne, pilles, disperses ou dtruites. Aprs la guerre, on russit rcuprer une partie de ces collections,
mais le sort de nombreuses uvres, voire de collections entires, demeure inconnu
aujourdhui encore. A titre dexemple, nous citerons le Portrait de j e m e hofizirze de
Raphael, qui appartenait aux collections du Muse Czartoryski Cracovie.
La rorganisation des muses au lendemain de la libration, en 1945, dbuta par la
72
reconstruction des anciens muses. Mais ce plan ne fut pas toujours ralisable, du fait
que certaines collections taient compltement dtruites et que d'autres avaient subi
de telles dtriorations qu'il n'tait pas possible de les reconstituer. D'autre part, les
villes et les villages o elles taient installes ont connu d'importantes transformations. En gnral, on a pu remettre sur pied les muses d'avant-guerre les plus
importants, mme avec des collections sensiblement rduites ou modifies. En outre,
non seulement il a fallu restituer aux muses les biens culturels qui, avant la guerre,
faisaient partie de leurs collections, mais aussi tenir compte de ceux qui appartenaient
aux glises et que les Allemands avaient enlevs et placs dans divers dpts. Des
uvres de grande valeur, tel le retable de Wit Stwosz, du matre autel de l'glise
Notre-Dame Cracovie, qui a t6 soumis durant plusieurs annes un traitement
de conservation minutieux dans les ateliers d'tat, ont t restitues leurs glises
d'origine. Des milliers de cas similaires pourraient tre cits. De mme, les trsors
des diocses de Gniezno et de Poznari, confisqus par les Allemands, ont t rendus
aux. glises. Mais beaucoup d'glises n'ont pu tre reconstruites; la population de
certaines localits a chang et n'a plus la mme foi qu'avant la guerre; les difices du
culte, notamment la plupart des synagogues qui n'ont pas t dtruites pendant la
guerre, y restent ferms. La rforme agraire a pos galement de nouveaux problkmes, entre autres ceux de l'affectation des uvres d'art appartenant aux rsidences
et maisons de campagne.
I1 a sembl que les grandes difficults rsultant d'une situation aussi complexe
seraient plus faciles rsoudre si la direction des muses et de la protection des biens
culturels incombait un seul organisme officiel. A ces fins, on a institu, en fvrier
194j, auprs du Ministre de la culture et des arts, la Direction gnrale des muses
et de la protection des monuments historiques. A l'chelle internationale, cette mme
tendance se manifeste dans l'intime collaboration du comit national polonais du
Conseil international des muses (ICOXI)
et celui du Conseil international des monuments et des sites (ICOMOS).
Aprs la dernire guerre mondiale, les bases lgales de l'organisation des muses
ont compltement chang. Nous avions hrit du X I X ~sicle, poque de dpendance,
une situation o la plupart des muses appartenaient des personnes prives, alors
que, maintenant, la grande majorit appartiennent l'tat.
Parmi les plus grands, plus de diu sont rattachs au Ministre de la culture, les
autres relevant de diffrents ministres. Dans les seize vovodies et dans quelques
grandes villes galement, le muse le plus important joue le rle de muse rgional
et dpend du Conseil national de la vovodie, charg des petits muses du terroir
de son ressort. I1 leur prte assistance en ce qui concerne leurs activits scientifiques
et ducatives, ainsi que les travaux de conservation et d'administration. D'autre part,
ces muses de moindre importance sont directement subordonns aux conseils
nationaux de district. Un rseau part est constitu par les muses des grandes institutions et instituts scientifiques, tels que les muses rgionaux et les muses du terroir
appartenant des organisations sociales, notamment la Socit polonaise chorographique et touristique. Huit muses diocsains dpendent directement des autorits
ecclsiastiques. La nouvelle loi de 1962 concernant les muses et la protection des
biens culturels, qui conditionne actuellement toute activit en ces domaines, assure
la protection des collections prives inscrites l'inventaire national par leurs propritaires. Ces collectionneurs bnficient de certaines facilits en matire de locaux
ainsi que, le cas chant, d'une aide gratuite des ateliers de conservation officiels.
Certains collectionneurs ont spontanment ouvert leurs galeries au public. Au cours
de ces dernires annes, un grand nombre de muses rgionaux et du terroir ont t
crs des fins sociales. I1 existe mme de petits muses dans des villages jouissant
d'une certaine tradition. I1 en rsulte que le nombre des muses polonais est actuellement de 300.
Les trois grands muses de Varsovie, de Cracovie et de Poznafi portent le titre de
muses nationaux. Ce sont des muses d'art et d'arts appliqus universels, institutions
complexes comprenant plusieurs sections et services.
En vertu de la loi de 1945, le Muse national de Varsovie joue le rle d'institution
centrale reprsentant les muses polonais l'tranger comme l'intrieur du pays.
En outre, il est charg d'activits gnrales de plus grande porte, notamment de
l'organisation des grandes expositions internationales en Pologne et des expositions
73
74
En ce qui concerne les muses historiques, le plus grand est Varsovie. D'autres
sont installs Cracovie, Poznad (dans l'htel de ville Renaissance), Wroclaw
(dans l'htel de ville gothique). Des muses ou des sections historiques se trouvent
dans de nombreuses villes, o ils sont installs dans d'anciens btiments (portes de
ville, beffrois et htels de ville). Les muses de l'arme, notamment celui de Varsovie
et de Poznah, s'inscrivent galement dans ce groupe de muses historiques, de mme
que l'Arsenal de Wawel et les sections d'art militaire de plusieurs grands muses.
Un autre type de muse historique est reprsent par les muses d'histoire des rvolutions sociales, dont les principaux se trouvent Varsovie, LdS, Poznari et Bialpstok.
Au mCme groupe appartiennent plus de dix muses biographiques, entre autres les
muses de Copernic Frombork et Torud, les muses Frdric Chopin Zelaaowa
Wola et Varsovie, le hluse de Jean Matejko Cracovie.
D'autres muses ont un caractre spcial: les muses vous au souvenir des
hommes de diverses nationalits qui furent martyriss pendant la guerre sur le territoire de la Pologne. Ils sont amnags dans l'enceinte des camps d'extermination
hitlriens OSwiecim [Auschwitz] (fig. J), Majdanek (prs de Lublin), Stutthof,
Lambinowice, etc.
Cette revue ne tient pas compte des muses des sciences naturelles, ni du Muse des
sciences techniques, ni de ses dpendances it2 sitrL. Toutefois, pour donner un apercp
de l'ktat actuel de la musologie en Pologne, il faut encore citer les principaux muses
spcialiss, savoir celui de l'universit Jagellon Cracovie, qui illustre l'histoire de
la science en Pologne, le Muse du sel gemme Wieliczka prs de Cracovie, le Muse
d'histoire des textiles LdS, les muses maritimes de Gdadsk, Gdynia, Szczecin,
la collection centrale des instruments de musique [dpendance du Muse national de
Poznar] (fig. 4, le Muse des tlcommunications Wroclaw, le hluse du feu
Bystrzyca ICIodzka (Silsie), ainsi que le Muse des jouets qu'on projette d'installer
aux environs de Varso'iTie, soit Plock, soit Pultusk. Les muses amnags dans
d'anciens chteaux et palais sont galement empreints d'un caractre particulier ;
si les muses de Wawel, de Gohchw et de Lazienki ont t institus depuis
longtemps, d'autres ont t ouverts bien plus tard. Les principaux sont ceux des
chteaux de Malbork, Labcut, Pieskowa Skala, et Baranw ainsi que des anciennes
rsidences de Wilanw, Nieborw (fig. 7),Pszczyna et Rogalin.
Actuellement, pour tous les muses, y compris ceux de moindre importance, des
programmes de recherches scientifiques et d'activits ducatives, mme de modeste
envergure, sont en cours d'laboration. Des recherches, parfois trs longues, effectues par quipes sont entreprises, comme celles qui portent par exemple sur les
origines de la formation de l'tat polonais, commences en 1948 et qui se poursuivent
encore aujourd'hui dans le cadre du Millnaire de la Pologne. A ces recherches
prennent part les muses archologiques et les instituts de l'Acadmie des sciences
polonaise et des coles suprieures. On prpare actuellement la clbration du
cinq centime anniversaire de la naissance de Nicolas Copernic, qui doit avoir lieu
en 1973 : muses et institutions scientifiques participent ces travaux, comme
d'ailleurs les organismes chargs de la protection des biens culturels.
rtablissement d'un programme pour le dveloppement des muses polonais
jusqu'en 1980 est en cours. On prvoit un important accroissement de leur nombre
et surtout une extension du rseau des muses spcialiss dans le domaine de la
technique, de l'agriculture, de la sant, etc., en rapport avec le dveloppement gnral des autres muses. On cherche galement perfectionner les activits sociales et
ducatives des muses et stimuler le rle culturel de ces derniers. On espre surtout
collaborer troitement avec les institutions telles que bibliothques, maisons de la
culture, centres communautaires, clubs du livre et de la presse qui, depuis la fin de
la guerre, fonctionnent sur tout le territoire et atteignent aujourd'hui le chiffre de
5 000. II s'agit en somme d'largir et d'intensifier l'activit scientifique des muses
de Pologne dansrleurs disciplines respectives.
[ Tradrd dta polonais]
I
75
II
by Stanislaw Lorentz
In Poland, museums owe their present status, distribution, character and the importance of their exhibitions very much more to the political and social history of recent
centuries, particularly that of the last fifty years, than is the case in other countries.
Apart from the 136 Brussels tapestries which decorate the Royal Castle of the
Wawel, little remains of the great 16th-century collections belonging to the last
Jagellonian kings, Sigismund I and Sigismund II Augustus. Of the rich ecclesiastical
collections of the Middle Ages, only those of the cathedrals of Krakw, Gniezno
and Poznaft remain. The magnificent royal collections built up in the first half of
the 17th century by the kings of the Vasa dynasty, in particular Sigismund III,
Ladislas IV and John Casimir, consisted of paintings by such masters as Rubens and
Rembrandt and adorned the walls of the Royal Castle of the Wawel. These, like
those in the great gallery of ancient sculpture at Ujazdw Castle near Warsaw, were
pillaged during the Swedish War in the middle of the 17th century. Works taken
from Poland considerably enlarged the Dresden collections of the two Saxon kings,
Augustus II and Augustus III. With the loss of independence at the turn of the
18th century, the fine collection of paintings owned by the last king of Poland,
Stanislas Augustus Poniatowski, was completely dispersed, although some
zoo pictures from it are now preserved in the small Royal Palace of L a z i e 4 and in
the National Museum, Warsaw. Of the large collections built up by leading members
of the nobility in the age of enlightenment, only two have survived, but with
very heavy losses: the collection of the Princes Czartoryski, built up on their Pulawy
estate 60 miles from Warsaw (this was the nucleus of the Czartoryski Museum opened
in Icrakw in 1876 and is now a section of the Krakw National Museum), and the
collection of the Counts Potocki, built up at Wilanow Castle and today attached to
the Warsaw National Museum nearby.
Whereas in the 19th century great public museums had been set up all over the
world, the conditions created by the partition of Poland impeded their development
in that country. At the beginning of the 19th century the Warsaw Society of Sciences
started to organize a museum, but its collections were dispersed or even taken away
from the society after the 1830-3 I insurrection. The Warsaw National Museum,
founded in 1862 (fig. I), stagnated during the years which followed the 1863-64
insurrection, and did not succeed in making any headway until the beginning of the
20th century. During the last quarter of the 19th century it proved possible, thanks
to the liberal trend which emerged in the policy of the Austrian Empire, to open a
National Museum in Krakw and, up to the First World War, it was the most important institution of its kind in the country, housing Polish art works and works relating
to Poland. On this basis and thanks to the generous support of the entire nationand above all the Teachers Union and regional historical societies-regional and
homeland museums were founded as soon as authorization was granted by the
occupying power, i.e., Austria, as from the last quarter of the 19th century, and
Russia, after the 19oj-o6 revolution. Prussia, on the other hand, applying a brutal
anti-Polish policy, did not allow even that freedom. At the same time, outside
Polish territory, at Rapperswil, near Ziirich, in Switzerland, the Polish National
Museum came into being, concentrating mainly on the collection of historical
national relics.
It was not until Poland regained its freedom in 1918 that it could consider founding great national museums and drawing up a nation-wide programme for the
purpose. First came the National Museums of Krakw and Warsaw. The Royal
Castle of the Wawel, a major historical monument, was also transformed into a
museum. Poznaft was made the site of the Museum of Greater Poland, a comprehensive institution divided into several sections. Among the specialized museums,
mention should be made of the Archaeological Museum and the Natural History
Museum in Warsaw, the Ethnographical Museum in Warsaw and I<rakw, and the
Museum of Industry and Agriculture in Warsaw. Several of these museums were
very active in scientific research and international collaboration-for example, the
Natural History Museum and the Warsaw National Museum, which directed
archaeological excavations in Egypt in concert with the French Institute for Oriental
Archaeology, Cairo. On the social and educational side, the Warsaw National Museum
extended its activities enormously. Regional museums sprang up on all sides. When
hostilities broke out in 1939, Poland had a total of 180 museums.
The Second World War and the Nazi occupation struck a heavy blow at Polish
culture, including the museums. All were closed down, and the most valuable
collections were taken away to Germany, pillaged, dispersed or destroyed. After the
war part of these collections was recovered, but the fate of many works, and even
whole collections, is still unknown. Raphal's Portrait r ~ f a Yoiq r l h from the
collections of the Czartoryski Museum in ICrakw is a case in point.
The reorganization of the museums after the Liberation in 194j began with the
reconstruction of the old museums. This was not always feasible, for certain collections had been completely destroyed and others had suffered so sorely that their
reconstitution was out of the question. Furthermore, the towns and villages where
they had formerly been established had greatly changed. However, it proved
generally possible to restore the major pre-war museums even when collections had
undergone substantial reductions or changes. Another problem was that account
had to be taken not only of the cultural property which formed part of the museum
collections before the war, but also of the church property which the Germans had
removed and placed in various depositories. Works of great value, such as the
Altarpiece, by Wit Stwosz, from the high altar of the Church of Our Lady at I<rakw,
which for several years were painstakingly treated in the State conservation work4 . R/TUZEUhr W TORUNIU,
Torun. Aiicien hGtel
de ville, salle gothique; : section d'artisanat
rtgional.
4. Old Town Hall, Got:hic room: section of
regional crafts.
77
level, the same trend is reflected in the close collaboration of the two Polish National
Committees, for the International Council of niIuseums (Icohr) and the International
respectively.
Council of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)
After the Second World War, the legal bases of the organization of museums
changed completely. From the 19th century, the age of dependence, we had inherited
a situation in which most of the museums belonged to private individuals. Today
the great majority of them belong to the State.
Over ten of the most important come under the Ministry of Culture, and the
others under a number of different ministries. In the sixteen vovodships, and in a
few big towns also, the most important museum serves as a regional museum,
coming under the National Council of the vovodship and required to take an interest
in the small museums of a purely local nature which it assists in their scientific and
educational activities, and in conservation work and administration. These lesser
museums, meanwhile, come directly under the District National Councils.
The museums of the great scientific institutions and institutes such as the Academy
of Sciences and the higher educational establishments form a separate network.
Many of the regional and homeland museums belong to social bodies such as the
Polish Chorography and Tourism Society, while eight diocesan museums come
directly under the ecclesiastical authorities. The new 1962 law concerning museums
/. PA~STWOWE
h$UZEUhl W osw:
cim-Brzezinka. ExpositionI dans
J . Exhibition in Block 17.
:II1IIu,
bloc
and the protection of cultural property-the legal basis for all activity in these
respects-provides for the protection of private collections registered in the national
inventory by their owners. These collectors enjoy certain facilities as regards premises and free assistance, if necessary, from the oficial conservation workshops.
Some collectors have thrown open their galleris to the public. A great many
regional and local museums have latterly been set up for social purposes. Some of
the small villages with a traditional record have actually opened their own museums.
The result of all this is that Poland now has 3 0 0 museums.
The three major museums of Warsaw, I<rakw and Pomat are designated as
national museums. They are museums of universal fine and applied arts, comprehensive institutions made up of several sections and departments.
Under the law of 194j the Warsaw National Museum is the central institution,
representing Polish museums as a whole both at home and abroad. Moreover, it is
responsible for general activities of a wider scope such as the organization of important international exhibitions in Poland and Polish exhibitions abroad. It is also the
headquarters of the Polish National Committee for ICOM.
Meanwhile, some museums are regarded as central institutions in Poland in their
field of specialization: the State Archaeological Museum, the Ethnographical
Museum, the Military Museum, the Museum of the History of Social Revolutions,
the Natural History Museum, the Geological Museum and the Museum of Technology, all in Warsaw.
6. MUZEUMINSTRUMENTW MUZYCZNYCH
(Muzeum Narodowe), Poznan. Salle dexposition.
6. Exhibition hall.
The main centres of museology, as of cultural life in general, are Warsaw and
Krakw. They are followed by Poznar, Wroclaw, Gdarsk and other towns with
higher educational establishments. Each of them has its special character. It is not
the practice to concentrate collections in the capital, or even in the main cultural
centres; on the contrary, it is felt that museums should be allowed to develop freely
within the context of local traditions and present-day trends and demands.
For Mediterranean art and archaeology, the most significant collections are in the
Warsaw National Museum, where they constitute the department of Ancient Art
(Egypt, Greece and Rome) and the new section of Copto-Byzantine Art stemming
from the recent archaeological excavations at Faras, in Nubia. The museum, jointly
with Warsaw University, has for a long time been conducting research work and
excavations in Egypt, Sudan, Syria, Cyprus and in the Crimea (with a team from the
Hermitage Museum in Leningrad collaborating).
As regards the archaeology of prehistoric and early mediaeval Poland, intensive
work is being done by the archaeological museums of Ldi, Poznar, Krakw, Wroclaw and Gdalisk, and of course the Warsaw Archaeological Museum. Next in importance are the archaeological departments of the non-specialized museums of Szczecin,
Lublin, Bytom, Bialystok, Opole, Olsztyn, Kielce, Torur, Koszalin, Rzeszw, Zielona
Gra and dozens of regional and homeland museums. The main archaeological
reserve it1 sita-run by the Warsaw Archaeological Museum-is at Biskupin near
Znin. Other minor sites have been organized, such as the one opened at Czcstochowa in 196j. Several of the archaeological museums, in agreement with the institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the university institutes, are conducting
research and excavations abroad (e.g., in Italy and France).
In the held of ethnography, the Warsaw Ethnographical Museum, apart from its
collections representative of Polish ethnography and folk art, has a section for the
cultures of Africa, the Pacific and other non-European regions. The Krakw Ethnographical Museum, in addition to its particularly valuable local collections, has others
of Cameroonian and Indonesian origin. The Szczecin Museum is systematically
building up collections reflecting the cultures of the African peoples. Similarly the
Ldi Ethnographical Museum has collections of objects from Africa, the Pacific
and South America in addition to its large Polish collections. The Toruli PvIuseum
is one of the most active, but those of Gdalisk, Wrocaw,Bialystok, Lowicz, Lublin,
Bytom, Kielce and Zakopane also have impressive collections, mainly illustrative of
the cultural life of their respective localities. In addition, other ethnographical
sections are to be found in some ninety regional and local museums. Moreover,
thirteen SkansenYy-typeopen-air museums have been opened, and others are in
prospect. They are usually located in the smaller towns, Sanok, Olsztynek, Kluki,
Nowogrd, Lombyliski and Wdzydze being cases in point.
As for the most famous foreign art collections, they are in the Czartoryski Museum,
79
branch of the I'rakw National Museum (which has Leonardo da Vinci's L n 3 with
the Emim, a landscape by Rembrandt, and 14th- to 16th-century Italian works,
80
etc.), in the Warsaw National Museum (particularly rich in Dutch and Flemish
paintings), the Poznad National Museum (Spanish, Italian, Flemish, Dutch and
German paintings), the Gdadsk Museum (emphasis on Dutch paintings), the Wawel
Castle in I'rakw, and Wilanow Castle and the Lazieng Palace, in Warsaw (fig. 2).
Mediaeval Polish art is best represented in the National Museums of Warsaw,
I'rakw and Poznad, and in the collections of the Silesia Museum, the Wroclaw and
Tarnw Diocesan Museums and the Torud, Gdarisk (fig. 3) and Szczecin Museums.
Art objects relating to religious worship are housed in eight other diocesan museums,
the most important being those of Plock and Sandomierz. Polish painting from the
16th to the 20th century is represented in the three National Museums, the Wroclaw
Museum and the Museums of Lublin, Torud, Bytom and Bydgoszcz. Modern
Polish art is represented in many museums, but the most important collections are
to be found in the Warsaw National Museum, including the Wilanow park and
orangery, where a pavilion is being built to house an exhibition of posters, and in
the museum of the sculptor Xavier Dunikowski, in the small palace known as the
Krolikarnia, in Warsaw. Next come the I'rakw National Museum, the Poznari
Museum and the LdS Museum of Art, which illustrate the main trends of modern
European and Polish art over the past forty years.
Collections of Polish and foreign decorative art are to be found in all the fairly
large museums and in many regional museums. The most important are those of
the National Museums, the Wawel Castle, Nieborw and Rogalin, along with the
Gdarisk, Torud (fig. 4 ) and Wroclaw museums.
The largest collections of drawings and prints are housed in the National Museum,
the National Library and the University Library in Warsaw; in the National Museum,
the Jagellon Library and the Polish Library in I<rakw; in the National Museum in
Poznad; in the Ossolineum State Library in Wroclaw; and in the Gdadsk Museum.
The largest and the most valuable numismatic collections are those of the National
Museum and the State Mint in Warsaw. In I'rakw, the best collection is at the
National Museum (Czapski section). There are other collections at the Poznad
National Museum, the Polish Academy of Sciences' printing house, the Wroclaw
Museum of Medals, the LdS Archaeological Museum, and elsewhere.
The largest of the historical museums is in Warsaw. There are others in ICrakw,
Poznari (in the Renaissance Town Hall) and Wroclaw (in the Gothic Town Hall).
Small historical museums or exhibitions are to be found in many towns, housed in
ancient buildings, gateways, belfries and town halls. The Military Museums,
especially those of Warsaw and Poznafi, also come under the head of historical
museums, as do the Wawel Arsenal and the military art departments of several large
museums. The museums of the history of social revolutions represent another type
of historical museum. The main ones are in Warsaw, LdB, Poznad and Bialystok.
Also historical in character are the dozen or so biographical museums, such as the
Copernicus Museums in Frombork and Torufi, the Frederic Chopin Museums in
Zelazowa Wola and Warsaw, and the John Matejko Museum in Krakw.
There is also in Poland a very special type of museum: those dedicated to the
memory of the victims from different nations who suffered martyrdom on Polish soil
during the war. These museums have been installed in the former extermination
camps at OSwiecim (Auschwitz) (fig. J ) , Majdanek (near Lublin), Stutthof, Lambinowice and in other places.
The present review does not cover natural science museums or the Museum of
Technology and its branches iti sit.^. To give some idea of the present position of
museology in Poland, however, some mention of the principal museums specializing in science, technology and other fields must be made. They include the Jagellon
University Museum, in I'rakw, illustrating the history of science in Poland, the
Rock-salt Museum at Wieliczka, near I'rakw, the Museum of the History of
Textiles (Ldg), the Gdalisk, Gdynia and Szczecin Maritime Museums. The central
collection of musical instruments (branch of the Poznali National Museum) (fig. 4,
the Telecommunications Museum in Wroclaw; the Museum of Fire in Bystrzyca
I'lodzka (Silesia) and a museum of toys which it is planned to set up near Warsaw,
either at Plock or at Pultusk. The museums installed in old castles and palaces are
'
also of a special character: those at the Wawel, Goluchw and Lazien$i are long- 71 PAEAC w NIEBOROWIE,Nieborbw. La
established; whereas others were opened much later. The main ones are in the castles bibliothkque.
of Malbork, Laricut, Pieskowa Skala and Baranw and former mansions at Wilanow, ?* The library.
Nieborw (fig. 7),Pszczyna and Rogalin.
Programmes of scientific research and educational activities, if only on a limited
scale, are at present being drawn up for every museum, even the smaller ones. Team
research work, sometimes extending over a very long period, is being undertaken
along the lines of the survey of the origins of the Polish State launched in 1948
and since pursued in connexion with Poland's millennia1 celebrations. The archaeological museums and the institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences and higher
educational establishments are all participants. At present, preparations are being
made to celebrate the five-hundredth anniversary (in 1973)of the birth of Nicolaus
Copernicus, in conjunction with scientific institutions, museums and organizations
responsible for the protection of cultural property.
Meanwhile, a plan is being prepared for the development of Poland's museums
between now and 1980. Many more are to be opened, with the emphasis on the
establishment of specialized museums of technology, agriculture, public health, etc.,
in correlation with general development of the other museums. Other efforts will
focus on making the social, educational and cultural work of museums more effective.
Above all, it is hoped that they will continue to collaborate with such institutions as
libraries, cultural centres, community centres and book and press clubs, of which
some j,ooo have sprung up in Poland since the war. The aim, in short, is to ensure
that Polish museums extend their scientik activities, both in breadth and depth.
[Trandatedfrom Polsh]
82
Bien que le terme de muse historique soit gnralement appliqu aux muses consacrs l'histoire d'un monument ou d'un site, l'histoire des rvolutions sociales, la
biographie d'un personnage minent, au souvenir des martyrs, l'histoire de la
science, l'histoire de la technique ou l'histoire de l'arme, il sera trait dans cet
article exclusivement des muses qui runissent des collections relatives l'histoire
des villes et des rgions.
Les muses archologiques qui, en prsentant des monuments lis la culture matrielle, illustrent le dveloppement d'une socit, les muses ethnographiques qui
rassemblent les vestiges historiques d'une culture populaire pourraient galement
tre considrs comme des muses historiques ; de mme, des muses tels que les
muses d'ducation physique et des sports, ou les muses de pdagogie, sont, d'un
certain point de vue, des muses historiques. Les muses historiques pourraient donc
couvrir un domaine trs vaste, mais la spcialisation a conduit certains types de
muses - ceux d'ethnographie, d'archologie, et des sciences techniques - se
dtacher des autres, bien que l'histoire constitue toujours l'objet de leurs recherches.
La constitution au sein du Conseil international des muses (ICOM)
de commissions
et comits spcialiss runissant les muses d'un mme type - Comit de ~'ICOM
pour
les muses des sciences et de la technique, Association des muses d'armes et d'histoire militaire affilie l'1co11.1,Comit de ~'ICOM
pour les muses et collections
ethnographiques, etc. - tmoigne de cette tendance la spcialisation.
Le muse historique, tout comme la science historique, s'intresse aux probkmes
de l'volution sociale. I1 incombe aux spcialistes d'un muse historique autant qu'aux
historiens de prciser les faits sur la base des documents, d'en tablir les rapports,
puis, au moyen d'expositions, de donner du processus historique une vue d'ensemble
qui fasse ressortir les rythmes d'volution des socits et de discerner les lois qui
rgissent cette volution - autant de tches dlicates.
La Pologne compte aujourd'hui les muses historiques suivants : Muse historique
de Varsovie ; Muse de Cracovie ; ancien htel de ville de Poznari ; section du
Muse national de Poznari ; section historique du Muse de la Silsie, Wroclaw ;
Muse de la ville de Chorzw (section du Muse de la Haute-Silsie Bytom) ;
Muse de l'histoire de Wawel (section des collections d'art de Wawel) ; Muse
historique des rvolutions sociales Ldt ; Muse historique du mouvement ouvrier
polonais Poznari, ddi la mmoire de Marcin Kasprzak ; Muse historique du
mouvement ouvrier Bialystok ; muses Lnine Varsovie, Cracovie, Poronin ;
Muses d'tat d'OSwiCcim-Brzezinka (Auschwitz-Birkenau), et de Majdanek
(anciens camps de concentration hitlriens) ; Muse des martyrs Varsovie (dans le
btiment occup par la Gestapo pendant la guerre) ; Muse du Pawiak Varsovie
(prison fonde par le tsar pour les dtenus politiques et qui servit aussi durant l'occupation hitlrienne) et Muse du Dixime Pavillon (autre prison du tsarisme, situe
dans la citadelle de Varsovie).
Dans prs de trente muses rgionaux existent des sections historiques illustrant
l'histoire d'une ville ou d'une rgion. Ces sections comprennent aussi, en rgle
gnrale, des collections archologiques et ethnographiques, parfois des collections
de sciences naturelles. Mais le trait commun de ces tablissements, assez divers par
ailleurs, est de constituer des centres de recherche scientifique et ducatifs. Toutefois,
il n'est pas souhaitable que le muse historique se transforme en un institut de
recherche au dtriment de ses fonctions essentielles : runir et abriter des collections,
les rendre accessibles au public, les illustrer, perfectionner de plus en plus la prsentation des objets, organiser des expositions temporaires des fins ducatives. Les
rsultats des tudes effectues au sein d'un atelier pendant de longs mois - cartes
gographiques, graphiques, plans, tracs, etc. - conditionnent la clart de l'exposition. Ces tudes aboutissent galement, dans une perspective didactique, l'la-
9- M U ~ E HISTORYC~NE,
~M
\ V a ~ a w a -Partie de
lexposition Dbvelo$penzent de la cultwe scienfifique arm X V P et X V I P sicles.
9. Part of the exhibition: The deilelopment of
scentfic culfrire in the I 6fh and 17th cetitrarie.r.
86
by Janusz Durko Although it has become customary to use the term historical museums to describe
all museums that deal with the historical aspects of a wide range of subjects, including monuments, localities, social revolutions, famous persons, martyrdom, science,
technology, the armed forces, etc., in this article it will refer exclusively to those
museums whose collections relate to the history of cities and of regions.
Archaeological museums, displaying examples of material culture that illustrate
the process of social development, or ethnographical museums with their accumulated relics of folk cultures, can of course equally well be considered historical museums.
The same applies to museums devoted to such subjects as physical education and
sports or pedagogical methods. The term can thus be extended to cover a very wide
range of institutions. However, the destructive specialization of some museumsethnographical, archaeological and technical science museums in particular-has
caused them to be classified separately, although the historical approach is still
fundamental to their research.
The establishment of various committees and commissions to represent museums
of the same nature within the general framework of the International Council of
Museums (ICOM)bears witness to this trend towards specialization. These include,
for example, the ICOM
Committee for Museums and Collections of Science and
Technology; the International Association of Museums of Arms and Military
History, affiliated to ICOM,
the ICOM
Committee for Museums and Collections of
Ethnography, etc.
Just as the study of social evaluation forms part of the science of history, so it is
also an aspect of the work of historical museums. It is the responsibility of specialists
in such museums-and a delicate one at that-first to provide a clear outline of
events on the basis of documentary evidence and to establish a connexion between
them; then to build up by means of exhibitions a general picture of the historical
process in question, showing the varying rhythms of social development.
Historical museums in Poland today include the following: the Warsaw Historical
Museum; the Krakw Historical Museum; the old Poznar Town Hall, a section of
the National Museum, Poznari; the Historical Section of the Silesian Museum,
Wroclaw; the Chorzw City Museum (a branch of the Upper Silesian Museum,
Bytom); the Wawel Historical Museum (a branch of the State Collections of Art in
the Wawel); the Historical Museum of Social Revolutions, Ldb; the Historical
Museum of the Polish Workers Movement, Poznar, dedicated to the memory of
Marcin Kasprzak; the Historical Museum of the Workers Movement, Bialystok;
the Lenin Museums in Warsaw, Krakw, Poronin; the State Museums at OSwiqcimBrzezinka (Auschwitz-Birkenau) and Majdanek (former Nazi concentration camps);
the Museum of Martyrology in Warsaw (housed in the building occupied by the
Gestapo during the war); the Pawiak Museum in Warsaw (a prison founded by the
Czar for the detention of political prisoners, also used during the Nazi occupation);
the Museum of the Tenth Pavilion (another prison of Czarist times, in the Warsaw
citadel).
About thirty regional museums have historical sections illustrating the history of
a town or a region. Usually, these sections include archaeological and ethnographical
collections and, in some instances, natural history collections. But though the individual characteristics of these museums differ, they all have the common feature of
being centres of both scientific research and education. For it is important that
historical museums should not become institutions of research at the expense of
their essential mission, which is to build up and safeguard their collections, to make
them accessible to the public, to bring out their true significance, to improve the
quality of permanent exhibits and to organize temporary exhibitions for educational
purposes.
The success and clarity of an exhibition depend not only on the choice of exhibits
but also on months of carefd study in the museum workroom to develop the best
and most appropriate aids to presentation: maps, diagrams, charts, sketches, etc.
And of course this work may also result in the production of educational materials
such as catalogues, guide books, yearbooks, historical outlines and monographs.
In a brief survey such as this we cannot possibly discuss the scientific activities of
the historical sections of the regional museums or historical museums in general in
any detail, so widely do they vary.
For instance, the scientific research
carried out by the Warsaw Historical
Museum on the history of the city is
based chiefly on the study of economic,
social, political and cultural problems,
from the earliest times up to the present
day (including the most recent plans for
the expansion of the city). The chronological coverage of the Icrakw Historical
Museums research programme is much
the same.
The National Museum in Pomar carries out research on the culture and art of
the city and of the region up to 1918.
Research in the historical section of the
Silesian Museum in Wroclaw covers the
records of Silesian material culture, numismatics and strategy, as well as phenomera connected with the development
of production and economic and social
relations in the region.
The Warsaw Historical Museum deals
with the citys seven-century-old history,
including the development of town
planning and the changes made from
the 15th century up to our times;l the
inhabitants of the city; the development
of the citys architecture at different
periods of its history and the changes
recorded in its economic, social and
ethnic structure from the I 5 th to the 20th
century; the importance of Warsaw as a
productive and trading centre (from the
I 5 th century onwards) ; the municipal
administrations and their work; Warsaw
as a centre of political activity (from the
I 5 th century onwards); the development
of the workers movement in Warsaw
in the 19th and 20th centuries; the citys intellectual and cultural development
from the I j t h to the 20th century (fig. #-II). This methodically planned research
is the basis not only of a permanent exhibition that is constantly improved and
brought up to date but also of various publications: indeed, among the fifty temporary exhibitions organized by the Museum between 1950 and 1964 were a number
of very important monographic exhibitions. During those same years the Museum
also put out thirty publications, including the first two volumes of the Bibliograpb
of War~aw,published in 1957 and November 1964 respectively. The subsequent
volumes are being prepared.
The Historical Museum of Krakw has devoted its new permanent exhibition to
questions such as the territorial development of the city from its origins to the
present day; the municipal administrations and their work; the citys commercial,
administrative, political and cultural life (fig. zz), its social and political trends
and the growth of a working class in the urban population; industries, theatres,
r r . MUZEUM
HISTORYCZNE,
Warszawa. Salle de
lartisanat des X V I ~et X V I I ~sicles.
I r . Gallery of handicrafts of the 16th and 17th
87
Krakw. Sec:tion
MuzEuai HISTORYCZNE,
de Ilhistoire des Juifs.
I.?. Jewish History section.
I.?.
88
educational institutions, social assistance, etc. The principal tools used for this
research were the general bibliographical files and a card-index system, classified
alphabetically and according to subject. These reference files are kept up to date
by the museum and contain information on questions broached by the daily press
(reports on archaeological excavations within the territorial limits of the city,
historical information concerning monuments and their conservation, etc.). The
museum organized thirty-eight temporary and twenty-one travelling exhibitions
on themes of particular interest during the years 1947-1964. Publications such as
catalogues, folders and an information bulletin (of which seven issues have now
appeared) are directly concerned with the museums regular activities.
The historical section of the National Museum in the old Town Hall in Poznari
(fig. ~ 3 ) deals particularly with the theoretical and cartographic documentation of
the citys urban units; its Renaissance architecture and sculpture; its iconography up
to 1918; the iconography of the towns of Greater Poland; the heraldry and sphragistics of Poznai; old photographs of Poznari (before 1939); the citys romanesque
architecture, sculpture and handicrafts; buildings and monuments connected with
guilds and the development of trade and commerce. Card-index files with descriptions and photographs of these subjects have also been compiled.
The Historical Section of the Silesian Museum at Wroclaw is divided into four
sections: objects showing the development of material culture, numismatics, sphragistics and artillery. The first section is engaged in the study of the technology of
Silesian glass manufacture during the Middle Ages, and in archaeological excavations
on the site of the ancient glass factory near Szklarska Porcba. The numismatic
section i s building up a collection of I jth- to 17th-century coining dies-the only
one of its kind in Poland-and is also responsible for the treasure of I Ith-century
coins found at Legnica. Research in the sphragistics section deals particularly with
the subjects depicted on seals of the Silesian guilds up to the end of the I 8th century.
The Museum of the History of the Polish Revolutionary Movement, founded in
Warsaw in 1957, is devoted to the history of the pioneering social movements from
1794 to modern times, and particularly to the workers movements and to the history
of socialism in the Polish Peoples Republic. Between 1958 and 1964, the museum
organized fourteen large-scale exhibitions illustrating the different problems of the
workers movement and the institution of socialism in Poland.
The research work of the OSwicim (Auschwitz) Museum is far-reaching. It
covers the history of the concentration camps (1933-1945) and particularly that of
OSwiecim itself: objectives and structure of the Nazi concentration camps; the layout and enlargement of the OSwicim camp; the prisoners living conditions (housing, food, work, punishments, sanitation, experiments); prisoners used as labour for
the big industrial trusts and as sources of income for the SS; the extermination of
the Jews, and the final solution of the Jewish problem; the looting of personal
belongings, the economic exploitation of corpses, resistance movements among the
prisoners. This research work is based on the examination of files and of some
900,000 index cards bearing the names and numbers of prisoners, and a further
900 reports from former prisoners or people who lived in the neighbourhood of the
camp. The permanent exhibition is concerned essentially with the history of the
OSwiGcim camp, while the temporary and travelling exhibitions deal with specific
aspects of camp life (Mother mid Child, OSwigcim it2 A r t , etc.). The museum has its
own periodical bulletin, Z e q f y Ohvigcimkie, of which there is also a German edition.
The eight issues already published deal with the following subjects: the bunker,
criminal sterilization experiments, SS punishments inflicted on prisoners, calendar of
topical events, the liquidation of the camp, escapes. The museum has also published
a guide-book on the exhibition in Polish, German, English, French, Russian and
Czech. A catalogue of artistic activities and memoirs of prisoners have been published
in Polish, German and English.
The scientific research of the Majdanek State Museum also covers the period
1939-1947. It refers to the history of the Majdanek concentration camp and its
annexes, as well as other camps in the Lublin region: the marking, numbering and
transport of prisoners; women and children, the implementation of Cyclone B,
and prison labour: the trade in human hair carried on by camp administrative staff;
Co-existence among the prisoners, help given to the prisoners by the people of the
Lublin region; the Majdanek criminals; analysis of the death registers.
The documentation used consists mainly of outlines of the camps organization,
pictures showing the structural features of the different kinds of hut, the serial
register of prisoners consisting of zo,ooo cards. Today, the index of prisoners hab
41,000 entries and it is still being compiled.
The documentation of the museum now also includes files containing deciphered,
classified and listed legislative documents of the former German Chancellery. During
the period 1944-1962, the museum organized three permanent exhibitions, foqr
travelling exhibitions and two temporary exhibitions; it also published or prepared
for publication a guide book, four information bulletins, and four scientific studies.
Although so short an article as this can scarcely touch upon many of the problems
connected with the scientific work of historical museums, such as inventories of
collections, methods of conservation, educational work, popularization of knowledge, etc., it will at least have demonstrated that the historical museums of Poland
have become centres of complex scientific study engaged at the same time in educa+
tional and social activities of undeniable utility.
[Translatedfrojjz Polish]
13. MUZEUM
NARODOWE,
Poznan. Ancien htel
de ville construit en 1js0-1j60 par Giovanni
Battista Quadro. Aujourdhui, sitge du muste.
13. Old Town Hall built in 1jj0-1560by Giovanni Battieta Quadro. Today, headquarters of
the museum.
9O
Le but d'un muse moderne consacr l'histoire militaire est de recueillir des
souvenirs militaires, de les conserver, de les inventorier et de les prsenter au public,
tout en s'occupant de recherche et de vulgarisation. A cela s'ajoute la publication
des revues et des bulletins d'information, ainsi que la collaboration avec des institutions similaires.
En Pologne, les muses militaires ne sont plus des collections d'armes ni des
arsenaux. I1 y a longtemps qu'ils ont cess d'tre des sortes de temples o l'on professait le culte du pass hroque ; aujourd'hui ils sont des institutions scientifiques.
L'exposition permanente constitue l'une des principales proccupations du muse.
Elle est, pour ainsi dire, le rsum et l'aboutissement de tous ses autres travaux, y
compris des publications. Elle porte ordinairement sur les collections les plus prcieuses et les objets de valeur illustrant la culture matrielle, conformment aux
objectifs du muse. Les expositions tmoignent de l'tat des collections, de la tenue
des inventaires, ainsi que des rsultats de la recherche. Ce sont des miroirs de l'activit
du muse. Un muse moderne, dans la poursuite de ses activits scientifiques, ne
peut se dsintresser du public qu'il touche par ses expositions permanentes. D'o
l'importance qu'attache celles-ci le personnel du muse, aussi bien celui des services
scientifiques que celui des services techniques.
L'exposition permanente du Muse de l'arme polonaise retrace l'histoire des
faits de guerre polonais du x e sicle nos jours ;elle prsente l'arme polonaise sous
tous ses aspects (armes, quipement, uniforme, etc.). L'vocation des souvenirs
militaires permet de montrer des spcimens de la culture matrielle, ouvrages de
corporations d'armuriers, de manufactures ou d'usines d'armement, documents
iconographiques, textes imprims ou manuscrits.
Le nlIuse de l'arme polonaise illustre donc l'histoire millnaire des forces armes
en retrasant l'volution de l'art militaire, et met en relief les pages les plus glorieuses
du pass de la Pologne et particulirement ses traditions progressistes ainsi que tout
ce qui a servi ce progrs, du point de vue tant idologique que technique. La nouvelle
conception qui prside la prsentation des collections de notre muse n'est pas
ne subitement ; elle a ncessit des annes d'expriences, de dbats, voire de controverses. Une srie de nouveaux principes ont t tablis et l'on s'est efforc de les appliquer logiquement dans l'agencement des vingt-six salles d'exposition du muse.
En premier lieu, seuls des objets originaux sont prsents, qu'il s'agisse d'armement, d'quipement et d'habillement ou d'uvres d'art, d'iconographie militaire, de
textes imprims, de manuscrits ou de souvenirs. Quant la peinture, la gravure et la
sculpture, ne sont considrs comme documents que les objets datant de la priode
qu'ils reprsentent.
La conception gnrale des salles d'exposition du muse consiste dans une confrontation d'objets provenant de trois sources : armes historiques illustrant la civilisation
matrielle, iconographie et crits. Seule cette confrontation peut fournir d'amples
renseignements sur l'volution de l'armement, l'histoire de l'uniforme, etc. Les
documents crits servent complter l'histoire de l'arme, en ce qui concerne son
organisation, son armement, la tactique, la stratgie, etc. Quant l'iconographie,
elle est reprsente, jusqu'au xvne sicle, par des photographies de documents originaux de l'poque. Du X V I I ~sicle nos jours, les tableaux de batailles, gravures,
etc., sont des originaux de l'poque. Puis, partir du milieu du X I X ~si6cle, on se
sert nouveau de photographies de documents puiss aux sources mmes de
l'histoire.
I1 va sans dire que, dans ces sections, les Oeuvres d'art plastique datant des X I X ~et
x x e sicles, mais traitant de sujets qui se rapportent des poques antrieures, sont
exposes part, dans des salles rserves la peinture militaire et sont classes non
selon le sujet, mais selon l'tcole, la priode et l'artiste.
Le muse touche des milliers d'individus et son action est considrablement largie
par le film et la tlvision.
On a tch d'viter la monotonie dans l'arrangement des Clments de l'exposition,
de mme que l'accumulation d'un trop grand nombre d'objets dans les salles. Notre
but essentiel est d'attirer le public. Un ensemble de spcimens peu nombreux, mais bien
choisis, doit exercer insensiblement une influence sur l'esprit du visiteur, sans le
lasser. C'est pourquoi certaines pices, mme trs belles, ont d tre relgues dans
les magasins de rserves, o elles sont la disposition des chercheurs ; elles peuvent
galement tre prtes d'autres muses.
Mais une exposition moderne doit reflter galement le caractre du xxe sicle,
marqu par le progrs de la science, des techniques et de l'architecture d'intrieur.
I1 faut moderniser les salles, agencer les intrieurs, prvoir un quipement technique
pour protger les collections.
L'quipement technique du muse doit contribuer rapprocher les objets du
public. Nous utilisons beaucoup le verre en rduisant le plus possible les parties de
bois et de mtal, afin que le cadre n'entre pas en comptition avec les pices prsentes. En mme temps, nous prenons des mesures contre la dtrioration et le vol des
spcimens ; c'est une des principales raisons pour lesquelles, entre autres, les menus
objets sont gards dans des vitrines, mais les spcimens de grandes dimensions, par
exemple les armures, ont pu tre prsents l'air libre grce aux progrs de la chimie
ainsi qu'aux procds modernes de conservation, qui permettent d'viter les effets
fcheux du contact des doigts des visiteurs. Les textiles sont exposs conformment
tous les principes de conservation ; on a renonc certains modes de prsentation
plus spectaculaires, qui auraient pu leur tre prjudiciables. On peut, cet gard,
signaler la manire dont sont suspendus des centaines de drapeaux dans les galeries
de notre muse (fig. rq, I)).
Les vitrines modernes et autres amnagements ont t excuts sur les plans du
14. MUZEUM
WOJSKAPOLSKIEGO,
Warszawa.
L'arme polonaise au sicle des lumires
(seconde moiti du S V I I I ~siitcle). Vue partielle
de la salle. Dans la vitrine clairte, adosse au
mur, des uniformes et des armes du temps de
l'insurrection de Kosciuszko (179-1.). Les drapeaux surmontant la vitrine ont t suspendus
de manire viter les plis, qui dtriorent plus
rapidement les tissus.
14. The Polish Army in the Age of Enlightenment (second half of the 18th century). Partial
view of the gallery. In the lighted show-case set
against the mall, uniforms and weapons of the
time of the Kosciuszko Insurrection (1794). The
flags above the show-case have been hung in
such a way as to avoid creases, liable to hasten
the deterioration of the fabric.
91
il
les caractres sont visibles. Afin dillustrer les grands vnements, des cartes et des
plans relatifs au thtre des batailles ont t placs dans toutes les salles. Ils sont
conus de manire discrte pour ne pas rivaliser avec les objets de muse. Les cartes
aident le visiteur se former une ide de lart militaire, de la tactique et de la stratgie
des diffrentes poques en fonction des armes dont on disposait.
Dans toutes les sections, dautres cartes montrent la rpartition des mtiers, des
manufactures et des usines darmes sur le territoire polonais.
Pour donner chaque poque son cachet particulier, les spcimens originaux
doivent eux-mmes voquer pour le visiteur celle laquelle ils correspondent: par
exemple, les formes aigus des armures montes sur leurs podiums, sans cloison ni
vitrine, rappellent le style gothique ; les armures maximiliennes et les armures
dapparat repousses, mailles et graves tmoignent du progrs de larmurerie et
des arts dcoratifs lpoque de la Renaissance. I1 en est de mme du baroque ou du
rococo, etc.
Chaque section prsente diffrents corps de troupes illustrant lvolution de
larmement. Ainsi, partir du moyen ge, les armes offensives et dfensives de la
cavalerie ayant appartenu soit aux compagnonsyydes ducs du x e sicle, soit aux
chevaliers des X I V ~et m e sicles refltent
les phases successives de cette volution.
A ct, nous montrons les armes portatives du fantassin, des armes de jet et
des armes feu.
On a prsent de la mme fason lartillerie mdivale, du simple canon fix
sur billot jusqu la bombarde monte
sur afft roulant. Les armes dhast de
linfanterie, hallebardes, piques, pertuisanes, plansons, etc., ne sont pas ranges
comme dans un arsenal, mais elles sont
prsentes telles que sen serviraient les
fantassins pour rsister aux charges de
cavalerie. Cest pourquoi elles sont plantes obliquement et fixes au mur. Point
nest besoin de recourir aux mannequins
de jadis. Nous estimons, en effet, que
chaque visiteur est dou dune certaine
imagination et que, par consquent, il
suffit de ranger les armes de la manire
dont elles taient employes sur le
Warszawa.
champ de bataille. Ainsi, les arbaltes, les arquebuses, etc., doivent garder leur 16. MuzEuhi WOJSKAPOLSKIEGO,
Section turque. Sur un fond, constitu par un
position horizontale (fig. 27). Cette manire de prsenter les objets invite le visiteur panneau de tente turque, armes et harnais sont
se reprsenter des troupes au combat. I1 convient de noter aussi les efforts du muse disposs dans une vitrine isole tquipte dun
clairage spcial.
/-pour crer des cadres propres prsenter les diffrents corps de troupes, par exemple
16.Turkish section. The side of a Turkish tent
les salles du X V I I ~sicle.
forms the background for weapons and military
Cest prcisment de cette poque que date en Pologne la division de la cavalerie equipment displayed in a separate showcase
en trois groupes : la cavalerie lgre, arme dun sabre et dun mousqueton, mais sans equipped with special lighting.
cuirasse ; la cavalerie moyenne, qui a adopt larmement turc (fig. 26) ; enfin la grosse
cavalerie, avec son armement complet. A ct de la cavalerie figurent des soldats de
linfanterie paysanne dans la salle dite de la leve polonaise.
De mme, pour linfanterie de lpoque de la Renaissance, des demi-armures
surmontes de leurs armes se dtachant sur des dizaines de hallebardes et de guisarmes, voquent un carr repoussant une charge de cavalerie (fig. 18).
Linfanterie du X V I I ~sicle, celle dite de la leve trangre est groupe dune
manire analogue. Des demi-armures, des morions et de longues piques symbolisent
les piquiers ; de lourds mousquets appuys horizontalement sur leurs fourquines en
position de tir figurent les mousquetaires. tant donn que ces derniers ne portaient
pas de demi-armures, seuls sont prsents leurs morions et leur attirail, savoir des
poires poudre, des amorsoirs espagnols, etc.
Pour rendre plus lisibles les enseignes de linfanterie du X V I I ~ sicle, nous avons
plac proximit un immense drapeau de troupes de mercenaires et, ct, 1a:photo-
93
graphie d'une frise datant de 160j qui ornait autrefois le Chteau royal de Varsovie
et qui se trouve aujourd'hui au Livrustkammaren de Stockholm. Cette frise reprsente une compagnie d'infanterie en colonne de marche.
Sous Jean Sobieski, qui a supprim les piquiers, l'infanterie tait arme de mousquets et de bardiches : les mousquets sont appuys sur les bardiches de fason que
le visiteur comprenne aisment que la bardiche est venue remplacer la fourquine et
qu'en mme temps elle a servi au fantassin d'arme blanche et d'outil de sapeur.
Mme la manire dont sont ranges devant la porte les armes d'hast de l'poque
saxonne est symbolique. Ces armes voquent les temps o les magnats entretenaient
des troupes auprs de leurs chteaux, tandis que l'arme ne jouait plus qu'un rle
infime. C'est ainsi qu'est prsente l'poque de la dcadence de l'art militaire polonais. Des procds analogues ont t employs pour voquer les aspects des autres
priodes de l'histoire (fig. ~ j 19).
,
[Tradzkt dh polotzais]
94
engravings and sculpture, only those dating back to the period they represent are
considered as documents.
The method generally used in the arrangement of the exhibition rooms of the
museum is to bring together objects from three different sources: namely, historical
weapons illustrating material civilization, iconographic material and written texts.
Only in this way can full information be provided on questions relating to the evolution of weapons, the history of uniforms, etc. The written texts supplement the history
of the army from the point of view of organization and equipment, tactics, strategy, etc.
For the period up to the 17th century, the pictorial element is supplied by photographs of original documents of the period. From the 17th century to the present
time, the iconographic material-paintings of battle scenes, engravings, etc.-is
original. From the middle of the 19th century, photographs of documents derived
from the very sources of history are used once more.
Of course, works of plastic art of the 19th and 20th centuries depicting subjects
relating to earlier periods are shown separately, in the rooms set aside for military
paintings. They are classified not according to subject but according to school,
period and artist.
Thousands of people are interested in our museum, and its influence is considerably
extended by filins and television.
We try to avoid monotony in the arrangement of the elements of the exhibition
as well as the massing of too many objects in the rooms. Our chief concern is to
attract the public. A group consisting of a few well-chosen items should imperceptibly exert an influence on the mind of the visitor without tiring him. It is for
this reason that even some very beautiful pieces have been relegated to the store-rooms
where they can be seen by research workers and may also be lent to other museums.
But a modern exhibition must also reflect the character of the 20th century, so
strongly marked by the advances of science and technology and of interior design.
Galleries have to be modernized, rooms rearranged, and technical equipment provided for the protection of the collections.
17. MUZEUM
WOJSKAPOLSKIEGO,
Warszawa.
La salle des armes europennes. Les spcimens
illustrant lvolution de diffrents types darmes
sont prsents hors vitrine pour que le visiteur
puisse les examiner de tous les cts.
17. Room of European weapons. The specimens illustrating the evolution of different types
of weapons are displayed without show-cases
so that visitors may examine them from all sides.
18. MUZEUM
WOJSKAPOLSKIEGO,
Warszawa.
Armes et armures du fantassin de la Renaissance groupes de manikre voquer les formations de combat. Au premier plan, partie de
harnais du xwe sicle.
18. Arms and armour of Renaissance infantrymen, grouped so as to represent battle formation. In the foreground, part of a 16th-century
harness.
The technical equipment of our museum is devised in such a way as to bring the
public and the exhibits as close together as possible. We use a great deal of glass,
and reduce the wood and metal components to a minimum, so that the show case
cannot distract attention from the objects shown. At the same time measures are
taken to protect the exhibits from deterioration and theft. The smaller items are
therefore always kept in show-cases. But large objects, such as suits of armour, are
no longer enclosed since the advances made in chemistry and modern methods of
conservation enable these objects to be protected from the harmful effects of fingering by viewers. The display of the textiles conforms to all the principles of
conservation and any risk of damage through the use of more spectacular methods
is avoided. In this connexion, the manner in which hundreds of flags have been hung
in the galleries is worth noting (fig. 14, II).
The modern show-cases used for the display and protection of the smaller objects,
as well as other fittings, were made according to the designs of the well-known
Warsaw architect, Professor Jean Boguslawski, and with the assistance of the
museum's curators and technical staff.
Several types of show-cases have been used: built-in cases for the display of
weapons found in the course of excavations; two types of vertical show-cases placed
against the wall and adapted to the size of the objects displayed (for example, cases
for the protection of pistols and swords, or for uniforms which must also be protected-especially from dust) (fig. 14, 16) and a new type of horizontal show-case,
which is also placed against a wall, for smaller objects such as decorations, mementoes, etc. All these show-cases have their own lighting, independent of the main
lighting of the rooms, which is gradually being reduced to a minimum.
Changes were made recently in the arrangement of the rooms, with the result that
visitors now follow a one-way course. There is a plainly visible title above the
entrance to each section. Every object is accompanied by a brief and thoughtprovoking label. In each section there are also historical notices providing detailed
information on economic, social and political questions. We try to follow a fixed
pattern in the display of these notices, so that visitors do not have to look for them.
The principal ones have accompanying translations in English and Russian. Most of
the visitors to the museum do without the services of a guide; indeed, there will
always be a shortage of guides since the daily average number of visitors is 1,500.
'
For the notices we use a transparent plastic material so that only the inscription is
visible. For the illustration of important events, maps of theatres of war and of
battlefields are displayed in every room, though in such a way as not to distract
attention from the exhibits. These maps help the visitor to form an idea of the art of
war, tactics and strategy at different periods, in terms of the weapons then in use.
In all sections there are other maps, showing the distribution of the various
guilds, armouries and armaments factories throughout Poland. With the aim of
giving each period its particular stamp, original specimens must themselves suggest
the period to which they correspond. For example, the pointed shapes of the suits of
armour, mounted on their platforms without partition or show-cases, recall the
Gothic style; the Maximilian armour and the embossed, enamelled and engraved
armour used for ceremonial occasions bear witness to the progress achieved in the
making of armour and in the decorative arts by the time of the Renaissance. The
same applies to the Baroque and Rococo styles, which can be recognized in the
weapons of those periods.
In each section there are examples of different bodies of troops, illustrating the
change undergone by the weapons from one period to another. For instance, from
the Middle Ages onwards, the offensive or defensive weapons of the cavalry belonging to the companions of the Dukes of the 10th century or to the knights of the
14th and I 5th centuries reflect the successive phases of that change. Beside these are
shown examples of the weapons carried by infantrymen-missile weapons and
firearms.
The same principle has been observed in displaying examples of mediaeval artillery,
from a simple cannon mounted on a block to a bombard set on a gun-carriage. The
shafted weapons of the infantry, such as halberds and pikes, are not arranged
as in an arsenal; they are shown in the position in which the infantrymen would have
held them in resisting a cavalry charge, and have therefore been stood obliquely and
secured to the wall.
We felt that the use of dummies could be dispensed with. Considering that visitors
have a fairly lively imagination, it seemed enough to arrange the weapons in the way
they were used on the battlefield. Thus, cross-bows, harquebuses, etc., are shown
in a horizontal position (fig. 27). By this method of exhibition, the visitor is led to
imagine the troops in action. Efforts have also been made to provide appropriate
settings for the display of various bodies of troops, for instance in the 17th-century
galleries.
It was from this period that the Polish cavalry was divided into three sectors: the
light cavalry armed with swords and carbines but without breastplates, the medium
cavalry which adopted Turkish arms and armour (fig. 16), and the heavy cavalry
completely armed for defence or attack. Examples of the armour and weapons of the
peasant infantry are likewise displayed in what is called the Room of the Polish
Levies.
Another example is the display of the Renaissance infantry. Half-armours topped
by closed helmets stand out against a background of dozens of halberds and of
hooked pikes conveying the impression of a square of foot-soldiers repelling a cavalry
charge (fig. 28).
The exhibit of the infantry of the 17th century, known as the foreign levy is
similarly arranged. Half-armour, morions and long pikes recall the pike-bearers;
heavy muskets, resting horizontally in a firing position on their iron forks, recall
the musketeers. Since the latter did not wear half-armour, only their morions and their
fighting gear, such as powder flasks, Spanish primers, etc., are shown.
To bring out more clearly the significance of the infantry colours of the 17th century, we have placed nearby an enormous flag which was carried by mercenary
troops, as well as a photograph of a frieze dating from 1605 which formerly adorned
the Royal Castle in Warsaw and is now in the Livrustkammaren in Stockholm. This
frieze depicts a company of infantry on the march.
Under John Sobieski, who abolished the pike-bearers, the infantry was armed
with muskets and shafts that could be used as thrusting weapons: the muskets are
shown resting on the shafts, thus enabling the visitor to see at once how these
replaced the former iron fork and how, in addition, they served the infantryman as
side-arms and as sappers tools.
Even the arrangement of the shafted weapons of the Saxon period in front of the
door is symbolical. These arms recall the time when the magnates maintained
troops in their castles, while the part played by the army was insignificant. In this
way, we depict the period when the art of war was in decline in Poland. In illustrating other historical periods, similar methods have been used (fig. IJ, 19).
[Tramlafedfrom Polish]
19. MUZEUMWOJSKAPOLSKIEGO,
Warszawa.
Vue partielle de la salle de la Victoire. Une
mosaque colore symbolisant les glorieux itinraires sert de fond aux drapeaux historiques
des units de Iarmte polonaise qui ont contribut la prise de Berlin en mai 1943.Au premier
plan, la pitce de 76 qui a servi aux artilleurs
polonais dtruire les derniers nids de rtsistance nazis Berlin.
19. Part of the Victory Room. A coloured
mosaic, symbolizing the glory-filled routes
taken by the Polish Army, serves as a background for the flags of the units which helped
to take Berlin in 1945.In the foreground, the
76-mm. gun used by the Polish artillery to
destroy the last pockets of Nazi resistance in
Berlin.
97
..
.."..
- _ _ - ,
" -.,-,
21. ~ ~ Z E U
DIECEZJALNE,
M
Plock. Salle d'euPosition gnrale.
21. General exhibition gallery.
99
comprend huit salles consacres la statuaire gothique, l'art populaire, aux monnaies et mdailles, aux portraits, la peinture flamande, fransaise, espagnole, hollandaise et allemande (fig. 20, 21). La bibliothque compte plus de mille volumes.
Le muse possde en outre un catalogue et des archives photographiques. Ses collections comptent au total j 080 objets rpartis en plusieurs sections : art, ethnographie, histoire naturelle, etc. L'une des uvres les plus prcieuses est la statue
gothique de la Vierge, d'environ 1440, du type dit "de la vierge souriante". Ces
collections font l'objet de recherches et d'tudes scientifiques.
Le Muse diocsain de Poznari, qui remonte 1893, est install dans l'ancienne
acadmie de Lubranski. I1 comprend trois salles d'exposition et un magasin de
rserves. L'atelier de conservation est en cours d'organisation. Un inventaire a t
dress, mais le catalogue et la documentation sont en prparation. Le muse compte
au total I 467 objets rpartis en plusieurs sections : tableaux, sculptures, cramique,
tissus, objets d'arts dcoratifs, monnaies et mdailles. L'exposition prsente des
objets appartenant diverses poques, depuis l'art roman jusqu' l'art rococo. Elle
comprend la peinture et la sculpture gothiques, celles d'poques plus rcentes, ainsi
que les arts appliqus. Elle a t organise par les sminaristes des fins didactiques.
Les collections sont tudies par l'universit de Potnafi.
Le Muse diocsain de PrzemySl a t cr en 1902 et son exposition occupe
sept salles de l'ancien collge des Jsuites. Son magasin de rserve est install dans
bIUZEUd DIECEZJALN
'E, Przemj
d'e xposition.
22. Exhibition gallery.
22.
Salle
MUZEUM
I~IEC EZJAL NE , Sandomie:rz. Salle
xposition.
Exhibition gallery.
IO0
Dans lexposition figurent part les tissus, les portraits, la ckramique, les armures,
la sculpture (de lpoque gothique lpoque baroque), la peinture des XVIII~ et
X I X ~sicles, la verrerie et la porcelaine, lart populaire.
Le Muse diocsain de Tarnw remonte 1888. Install dabord dans le sminaire,
puis lhtel de ville, il occupe, depuis 1950, deux maisons reconstruites - lcole
du X V ~sicle et lcole canoniale du X V ~sicle dj reconstruite au X V I ~sicle ainsi que deux autres btiments du mme collge, dune date postrieure (fig. 24).
Ces btiments, relis par des passages couverts, sont attenants la cathdrale. Les
objets prsents sharmonisent aux intrieurs historiques.
Lexposition, qui compte environ 5 o00 objets, a trait surtout lart gothique,
lartisanat et lart populaire. La plupart des uvres gothiques - peintures et
sculptures - sont connues pour tre particulirement reprsentatives de la culture
polonaise (fig. ZJ). I1 convient de signaler aussi les textiles (3 j o environ), notamment
des chasubles datant de lpoque gothique, de la Renaissance jusqu la fin du
X I X ~sicle et provenant de tous les pays. Lart populaire est reprsent essentiellement par I Z O petites peintures sur verre dune trs haute qualit artistique, originaires
de Roumanie, de Hongrie, dUkraine, de Pologne, de Tchcoslovaquie, dAllemagne
et dAutriche (fig. 26).
Les objets dart gothique sont installs dans deux grandes salles. Trois salles
moins grandes sont consacres la Renaissance et au baroque, et trois autres salles
M U Z E U h l DIECEZJALNE,
TarnW.
densemble des btiments.
24. General vie:w of the buildimgs.
24.
contiennent des objets dart populaire. Les magasins de rserves sont amnags de
fason systmatique.
Le muse possde un atelier de conservation bien quip, des inventaires, des
catalogues, une documentation photographique complte en ce qui concerne lart
gothique et lart populaire, partielle pour ce qui est des autres objets dart. Il est
galement pourvu dune bibliothque et dune collection de reproductions
destampes, ainsi que dune salle de lecture. I1 fait figure de muse modle. I1 contrle
trs efficacement tous les monuments historiques des paroisses du diocse de Tarnw
et conseille judicieusement les prtres et les artistes qui travaillent la conservation
et la dcoration de nouvelles glises. Ses collections sont un objet dtude pour
toutes les coles suprieures de Pologne, et plus particulirement pour luniversit
catholique de Lublin.
Le Muse diocsain de Wroclaw, qui remonte 1898, est install dans la salle
de la bibliothque de la collgiale, agrandie au X I X ~sicle. I1 compte cinq salles
dexposition et quatre magasins. Actuellement, les expositions ont lieu dans les
glises reconstruites aprks la seconde guerre mondiale, notamment dans lglise
Notre-Dame Na Piasku (autels gothiques) et dans lglise de la Sainte-Croix
Vue
101:
I.
I02
by ICs. Wladyslaw Smoleli Now, as in the past, rich collections of historical monuments and works of art
belong to the Church. The parishes-especially those in rural areas-with their
innate conservatism, maintain in use for divine worship objects from bygone days,
chiefly Gothic altars, or paintings and statues, which, treated and restored, continue
to fulfil their function. Towards the end of the 19th century, however, a strong
tendency made itself felt for renewal in the neo-Gothic style and, in the resulting
change, many of the old, well-used objects were removed from the churches. After
ceasing to be used for worship, they were either consigned to attics or odd corners
where, often, they were destroyed by fire, or found their way into private collections.
But the owners of these collections did not always know what to do with such truly
priceless objects whose worth was not recognized by contemporary connoisseurs.
Hence the necessity to provide at all costs repositories where objects no longer used
for worship might be housed.
The members of the Polish clergy were traditionally devoted to the protection of
precious liturgical objects. This care had earlier been imposed by Papal Bulls of
Martin V, Etsi czinctoram, in 1425 , and Pius II, Ckm a h a m no.r&a?z eccZe.rium, in 146.5.
In 1894, Leo XII1 directed the members of the clergy to take special care of all
literary and artistic treasures in churches. In 1907, Pope Pius X instituted diocesan
museums, intended for the protection of liturgical objects no longer used for worship.
The Canon Law of 1917, which made the clergy responsible for the furnishing
of churches as far as works of art were concerned, marked the first step in the
direction of safeguarding valuable pieces by placing them in diocesan museums.
Ecclesiastical laws in Poland require members of the clergy to show concern for
works of art and, from the time of the Concilium of Zamosc in 1720, the deans were
requested to draw up reports on the state of the pictures in the churches coming
within their jurisdiction. An ecclesiastical centre for archives, libraries and museums
was founded in 19j5 as an advisory body and is working in co-operation with the
University of Lublin.
The history of the diocesan museums falls into three periods. In the first (late 19th
and early 20th century), the collections of objects no longer used for worship were
stored in repositories. Between the two world wars, the diocesan museums took on
the form of organized institutions and enlarged their collections. In the third period,
following the Second World War, the rate of expansion of the collections was
somewhat slowed down owing to the reluctance of parishioners to see their churches
denuded of works of art. Moreover, the ecclesiastical and governmental authorities,
and the scientific institutions, are mainly concerned with the organization of collections belonging to the Church, from the standpoints of safeguarding, conservation, research, documentation and display.
The devastation wrought during the Second World War was responsible for
serious losses to the buildings and collections belonging to the Church. A number
of the damaged diocesan museums have been rebuilt with the help of the competent
ecclesiastical and governmental authorities. The buildings allotted to these museums
have been adapted, specialized staff has been engaged, conservation workshops have
been fitted up, and exhibitions organized on modern lines.
xposition
26. ~ ~ ~ J Z E DIECE~JALNE,
U M
Tarnw. Ex~osiThe Hock diocesan museum, established in I 907, occupies a building comprising
tion dart populaire : la peinture sur verre.
eight galleries, in which are displayed Gothic sculptures, examples of folk art, coins
26. Exhibition of folk art: Paintings on glass.
I04
and medallions, portraits and Flemish, French, Spanish, Dutch and German paintings (fig. 20, 21). Its library contains more than a thousand volumes. It also has a
catalogue and photographic archives. In all, the collection consists of j ,080 objects,
divided between several sections: art, ethnography, natural history, etc. One of the
most precious pieces is a Gothic statue of the Virgin (circa 1440) of the Smiling
Virgin type. This collection is the subject of scientific research and study.
The Poznafi diocesan museum, which dates back to I 893, is housed in the former
Lubranski Academy. It comprises three exhibition galleries and a store-room. The
conservation workshop is in process of organization. An inventory has been drawn
up but the catalogue and documentation are in the preparatory stage. The museum
contains a total of 1,467 objects, divided between various sections: paintings, sculpture, ceramics, fabrics, works of decorative art, coins and medallions. The objects
shown in the exhibition belong to various periods, ranging as they do from Roman
art to rococo. They include paintings and sculptures of the Gothic and more recent
periods, as well as applied arts. The exhibition was organized by the seminarists for
educational purposes. The collections are being studied by the University of Poznafi.
The PrzemySl diocesan museum, dating from 1902, occupies seven rooms, used as
exhibition galleries, in the former Jesuit College. The store-room is housedin the tower
of the cathedral church which is connected to the body of the conventual building.
The museum has an inventory and also photographic archives. Approximately a
thousand objects are displayed in the following sections: painting, sculpture, applied
arts, vestments, graphic art, coins and medallions (fig. 22). The 17th-century Gobelins
tapestries are the most noteworthy pieces, as well as vestments, the fabrics of which
are part of the booty from the victoryof Sobreski over the Turks beforeVienna in
1683. With few exceptions, there is no systematic arrangement of the exhibits.
The Sandomierz diocesan museum, opened in 190j, has been housed since 1937
in a very fine historical monument, the house of Jan Dlugosz of the I j th century.
In this, seven exhibition galleries and some store-rooms have been fitted up. In
addition to an inventory, catalogues and photographic archives, a bulletin is published on the museums collections. The museum comprises the following sections:
painting, sculpture, decorative and applied arts (fig. 23), the art of war, prehistoric
archaeology, coins and medallions.
Mention may be made, in particular, of the Romanesque statue of the Modorma atzd
Child, the Gothic painting of Three Saif2t.r (circa 1440)~the Madoma with the ChiZd,
and Sf. Catherifze, by Cranach.
The following are shown separately in the exhibition: fabrics, portraits, ceramics,
armour, sculptures from the Gothic period to the Baroque, paintings of the 18th
and 19th centuries, glassware and porcelain, folk art.
The Tarnw diocesan museum has been in existence since 1888, was first installed
in the seminary and then in the town hall. Since 19jo it has occupied two rebuilt
houses: the I j th-century school, the old I jth-century college (rebuilt in the
16th century), and two other buildings ofthe same college but of later date (fig. 2 4 .
These buildings, linked by covered passages, adjoin the cathedral. The objects displayed are in harmony with the historical setting of the buildings.
The chief interest of the exhibition, which comprises about j,ooo objects, lies in
the spheres of Gothic art, handicrafts, and folk art. The majority of the Gothic
works (paintings and sculptures) are very well known as objects representative of
Polish culture (fig. 2 ~ ) Also
.
noteworthy are the textiles (about 3 5 o), including
chasubles ranging in date from the Gothic and Renaissance periods up to the end
of the 19th century and coming from various countries. Popular art is mainly
represented by IZO small paintings on glass, of a very high artistic quality, originating from Romania, Hungary, the Ukraine, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Germany
and Austria (fig. 26).
The collections of Gothic art are displayed in two large galleries, Renaissance and
Baroque art in three smaller galleries, and folk art in three other rooms. The storerooms are arranged systematically.
The museum has a fully equipped conservation workshop, inventories, catalogues
27. MUZEUM
DIECEZ
ILNE, Wrodaw. Petite
salle prkcdant la salle gothique.
27. Small room preceding the Gothic gallery.
28. MUZEUM
DIECEZJALNE,3C:law. Corridor
du premier tage.
28. Corridor on the first flc
Its collections are an object of study for all the institutions of higher education
in Poland and more especially for the Catholic University of Lublin.
The diocesan museum of Wroclaw, dating back to I 898, is established in the Gothic
hall library (enlarged in the 19th century) of the collegiale church. It comprises
five exhibition galleries and four store-rooms. At the present time, exhibitions are
held in churches that have been rebuilt since the Second World War, more particularly in the Church of Our Lady . V ~ ~ j i a s (Gothic
k~i
altars) and the Church of
the Holy Cross (Gothic pictures).
The museum is now installing a conservation workshop. It has an inventory and
is preparing photographic documentation. Two guide-books have already been
published.
The exhibits, numbering z,j 00, are grouped in the following sections: sculpture,
Gothic painting, applied arts, textiles, silverware (hg. 27, 28).
The collections are the subject of scientific studies throughout Poland but
especially at the University of Wroclaw and the Silesian I\/Iuseum.
106
[Translatedfrom Polisb]
MUZEUMETNOGRAFICZNE,
Torun. Salle
consacre la pche (dessin de pcheur).
30. Fishery gallery (drawing by a fisherman).
30.
IO8
Torur. Salle
31. MLJZEUM
ETNOGRAFICZNE,
consacre la pche.
31. Fishery gallery.
dans les universits, o auprs des chaires d'ethnographie ils constituent des collections de dmonstration, dans les coles, les maisons de la culture, etc.
Les m&es de pleiti air. Actuellement, la Pologne possde quatre grands muses de
type Skansen Sanok (fig. 3)) (vovodie de Rzeszw), Nowogrd (vovodie de
Bialystok), Olsztynek (vovodie de Olpsztyn), Zubrzyca Grna (vovodie de
Krakw).
En outre, il existe deux petits muses reprsentant l'intrieur d'une maison paysanne ou un hameau.
De nombreux muses de ce genre, c o n p s en vastes parcs ethnographiques, sont en
cours d'organisation, par exemple: Ldi, o ils engloberont des rues entires de
tisserands et des fermes rurales ; Chorzw, dans la vovodie de Katowice ;
Varsovie, Poznali, aux abords du lac de Malte, etc. A Toruli, un petit parc ethnographique doit constituer une sorte de prolongement des expositions du muse.
A c t h i t scientz3que e t ducatille des ,viuses. Cette activit a pour base une conception
gnrale de la spcialisation et de la porte territoriale de chaque muse. Les travaux
scientifiques des muses et des sections ethnographiques consistent surtout en investigations in sitti, en rassemblement d'objets historiques, en organisation d'expositions,
en publications scientifiques, en diffusion de catalogues. L'activit des muses se
limite parfois des recherches sur la culture locale de la rgion envisage : Mazovie,
Haute-Silsie, rgion d'Opole, Grande Pologne, Kujawy, etc. Dans les villages choisis, on effectue des recherches portant sur les principaux domaines de la culture populaire en tenant compte de l'indpendance conomique du village, de la population,
des migrations et des relations extrieures.
Les muses riches en objets d'art et possdant d'minents spcialistes s'intressent
aux domaines suivants : sculpture, peinture sur verre, art graphique populaire de
l'ancienne Pologne, artisanat du jouet, tissage, dcoupage, etc. Les problmes thoriques lis au caractre spcifique du muse constituent un autre sujet d'tude. En
outre, les musCes dressent l'inventaire de leurs objets et effectuent des travaux spciaux que leur demandent diverses institutions. Les sries monographiques telles
que 1'AtZas des costtmes poptl(aires e92 Pologrte, publi Wroclaw par l'Association
ethnographique de Pologne et dont 40 cahiers ont dj paru, se fondent en grande
partie sur les matriaux que dtiennent les muses.
A ct d'autres institutions, les muses ethnographiques dirigent aussi des
recherches et dressent l'inventaire des monuments immeubles de la rgion. Ils
s'occupent de la cration de parcs ethnographiques et de la protection des monuments it2 situ. Certains muses ont galement amorc des enqutes de nature sociologique sur le rle des muses, etc.
Les recherches sur le terrain sont compltes par la collecte de matriaux par voie
IO9
T.
32. MUZEUM
ETNOGRAFICZNE,
Poznan. Expo-
I IO
des matriaux iconographiques, des cartes, des diagrammes, etc., et parfois des
vestiges archologiques.
Les expositions d'art populaire et d'artisanat organises conjointement avec le
Ministre de la culture et des arts sont les plus riches et les plus frquentes.
Elles embrassent les vieilles traditions nationales et l'uvre cratrice actuelle du
peuple dans des branches telles que la sculpture, la peinture (notamment sur verre),
la gravure sur bois, le travail de l'osier, de la paille, du bois, de l'argile, le costume,
la broderie, la dentelle, la production de pain d'pice, la ferronnerie, les jouets, la
dcoration des intrieurs. Des expositions d'art populaire et d'artisanat sont consacres par presque tous les muses des rgions donnes ou un groupe de rgions
et parfois une unit administrative. Nous nous contenterons de mentionner la
rgion des Kaszuby, de la Varmie, de la Mazurie et du PowiSle, de la Mazovie, des
Icurpie, de Cracovie, etc. D'autres expositions illustrent l'uvre de diffrents artistes
populaires.
Les muses en possession de collections extra-europennes organisent des expositions dans diffrentes villes (art plastique ngre, art ocanien, art de l'Afrique centrale et orientale, etc.).
Les muses montent aussi de petites expositions dans les coles, les entreprises,
et organisent des cycles de confrences accompagnes d'une prsentation d'objets,
d'une projection de film, de musique, d'un spectacle de danse, etc.
Les expositions trangres apportent une riche contribution au travail ducatif
des muses. On apprcie notamment celles qui concerne l'art populaire - par
exemple bulgare, ukrainien, lituanien, estonien, norvgien, africain, mexicain. A
cette occasion, certains muses organisent des cycles de confrences sur la culture
du pays donn, avec projection de films 2.
Le Muse d'ethnographie de Varsovie a organis depuis 1948 des expositions sur
un bateau qui, du printemps la fin de l'automne, visite les villages et les villes situs
sur les rives de la Vistule entre Cracovie et Gdalisk.
Conjointement avec les sections culturelles des conseils nationaux de district, les
muses ethnographiques accordent leur aide aux artistes populaires.
Certains muses dirigent, depuis plusieurs annes dj, des cycles de confrences
ethnographiques ou des stages d'tudes pour les animateurs culturels, et, en collaboration avec les associations scientifiques, font fonctionner une "universit collective populaire" dont l'enseignement est fond sur les disciplines reprsentes
dans les muses locaux. De leur ct, la presse, la radio, le cinma et la tlvision
participent un grand nombre d'activits des muses. Des socits ou cercles d'amis
des muses apportent galement ces derniers leur assistance sous diverses formes.
Fornmtioiz dtL personnel. Dans presque tous les muses ethnographiques, les tudiants
des universits peuvent suivre des travaux pratiques de musologie. Dans le cadre
du cours d'ethnographie, les universits polonaises organisent des confrences sur
la musologie.
Le personnel scientifique des muscs se perfectionne en participant des stages
d'tudes universitaires qui les prparent au doctorat.
En 196511966, un cours d'ethnologie destin aux musologues a t organis
l'Universit N. Copernic de Toruli.
Les coles polytechniques organisent chaque anne des camps d't pour former
les spcialistes qui dresseront les inventaires des constructions folkloriques. Le Muse
du btiment folklorique de Sanok organise de son ct des cours pour prparer des
spcialistes de la technique de travaux du type Skansen et de la conservation. L'Institut d'art d'tat (section d'tudes sur les arts populaires) organise des camps d't de
recherches, auxquels participe parfois le personnel des muses.
Enfin, les muses les plus importants mettent sur pied, l'intention du personnel
des muses, des cours d'ethnographie, de technique musographique, de langues
trangres, de photographie et de cinmatographie. Des voyages d'tudes I'tranger
ont galement lieu.
[Tradfitdid polomis]
III
by E. Prufferowa
II2
As a consequence of the Second World War, ethnographical collections of incalculable value were destroyed in Poland, including those of the museums of Warsaw,
ISrakw, Katowice, Lublin, Poanar, Torur, Zakopane and of lesser centres. In
194j the task of reconstructing the ethnographical museums was initiated under the
General Directorate of Museums and of the Protection of Historic Monuments of
the Ministry of Culture and Arts.
Today, museum activities are truly flourishing. Ethnographical museums and
ethnographical departments of regional and local museums, ethnographical parks
and premises equipped as museum rooms, are alike being set up and developed.
The task facing ethnographical museums was to solve the various problems of
documenting and presenting, from the historical standpoint, the material, spiritual
and social aspects of folk culture concerned.
The first stage, which was marked by the regrouping of collections after the war,
was followed by a second-that of widening the range of research equipment,
modernizing working methods and substantially increasing the number of museum
publications. Ethnographical museums are being progressively transformed; they
are no longer mere archives containing the traditional type of specific and varied
documentation on folk culture, but are becoming scientific institutions, laboratories
of ethnographical science.
The law of I j February 1962 concerning museums and the protection of cultural
property was based on the principle that, in addition to their principal didactical and
educational activities, museums conduct scientific research and publish the results
of their findings, and can therefore claim elevation to the rank of scientific research
institutes. In consequence, steps have been taken in Poland to obtain recognition
of some forty museums-including the ethnographical museums-as being centres
of scientific research and coming under the same jurisdiction as scientific institutes
and universities.
The ethnographical museums also have social and educational functions, and are
becoming, or are tending to become, institutions equipped with the most modern
means for training and educating members of tomorrows society.
The general trend among the Polish museums is to associate their work with the
life of the nation and with the social and cultural requirements of a given region, to
disseminate culture, to campaign for progress and to promote the idea of international
brotherhood.
Another duty of ethnographical museums and museum departments is to bring to
light new forms of folk art, to encourage folk art and to foster the introduction of
its most valuable elements into contemporary life.
Ethnographical misezms ami departments. Their characteristics. The total number of
ethnographical museums, ethnographical departments of large museums, ethnographical sections of regional and local museums, and social institutions possessing
ethnographical collections, including open-air museums, now stands at over I IO, as
against 70 before the war. As for the number of ethnographical items in Poland, it
exceeds I 80,000.
Most of the collections date from the second half of the 19th century and later;
only a few go back to the first half of that century, or to the 18th or the 17th century.
They reflect the traditional aspects of Polish agrarian economy: fishing in the north
and stock-breeding in the south. They are concerned also with the other occupations
and craft activities pursued throughout the country, with particular emphasis on
Polish folk art which, even when measured against that of other European countries,
is incomparably rich.
By 196j there were fourteen open-air museums as against the four that existed
before the war. They consist of a group of buildings or a hamlet, with the peasants
huts and cottages serving as museum rooms. Another ten of these museums are now
being organized.
Since the decentralization of cultural institutions in I 9 j 8, the ethnographical
museums and departments coming under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Culture
and Arts are controlled either by the vovodships and district national councils or
by other institutions by way of exception. However, the State Ethnographical
Museum in Warsaw is directly controlled by the Ministry.
The Polish ethnographical museums had been set up by the central authority,
taking into account the initiative of amateur collectors and the needs of society.
These museums cover fairly large ethnographical regions.
All the larger museums are equipped with conservation and carpentry workshops,
photographic laboratories, libraries and archives. A few of them are in buildings
constructed specifically for the purpose, but most are in historical buildings adapted
to their present use. A list of the major museums is given below together with
brief notes :
The Warsaw State Ethnographical Museum (since 1946, Museum of Folk Culture,
and then Museum of Folk Art and Culture), has a scientific staff of zo and possesses
.ZAI&KIE, Zakopane. Intt3f. MUZEUMTATR
rieli r montagn ard.
33. Room in a mou1itaineers home.
ZACHODNIEGO,
S2:czecin.
34. Mu2:EUM POMORZA
Cul.ture des pays d'Afrique occidentale.
34. Culture c)f the West African countrie S.
approximately 40,000 items. In view of the total loss of its pre-war collections, a
thorough search and research drive was made throughout the region in 1946.This
museum at present covers the whole of Poland and other parts of Europe and the
world, with particular emphasis on Africa and Oceania. It is still operating under
difficult conditions, for some of its collections are at present located in storerooms in the Briihl Palace at Mlociny, near Warsaw, as well as on the opposite
bank of the Vistula at Tarchomin (fig. 29). It is to be permanently housed in a
building in the heart of Warsaw which has been specially prepared for it, and
where a considerable parr of its collections have already been installed.
The Krakw Ethnographical Museum, which covers the whole of Poland, the Slav
countries, and Africa and America, has a scientific staff of 13, and approximately
30,000 items. The work of building the collections began in 1301.
The Toruri Ethnographical Museum, which covers the whole of Poland, has a
scientific staff of I I,and 8,000items. The collections were started in 1946(fig. 3 0 ~ 3 1 ) .
The Ld6 Archaeological and Ethnographical hhseum, which covers the whole
of Poland, has a scientific staff of IO, and over IZ,OOO items. The collection was
started before the Second World War.
The Wroclaw Ethnographical Museum, which is a department of the Museum of
Silesia, has a scientific staff of 13, and about 4,000 items. It covers Lower and
Upper Silesia and the Opole region.
The Poznad Ethnographical Museum, which covers the whole of Poland, with
emphasis on Great Poland (fig. 32) and the Territory of Lubusk, has approximately
j,ooo items. Its collections, which were started in 1910,include material from
Mexico, Africa and New Guinea.
The Tatra Museum, in Zakopane, has large and varied collections relating to the
culture of the local mountain folk (fig. 33).
The Lowica (LdS Province) Regional Museum, which is a branch of the Warsaw
National Museum, has approximately 4,000 items.
Then there are the ethnographical sections of the following regional museums:
Bialystok, Gdadsk, Bytom, Icelce, Slupsk, Lublin, Olsztyn, Opole, Rzeszw,
Szczecin (fig. 34) and Zielona Gra.
Ethnographical collections are also exhibited in other local museums, that of
Rabka, with its 1,5 00 items, being particularly noteworthy. There are also collections
in the arts and crafts sections of national and regional museums, as well as specialized
museums such as the Ld6 Museum of the History of Textiles.
There are exhibits of religious folk art in diocesan museums and attached to
churches, in universities (where the collections are used for demonstration purposes
in the study of ethnography) and in schools and cultural centres.
Open-air mt/se/ms. Poland now has four large museums of the Skansen type-at
Sanok (fig. 3 j), (in Rzeszw Province), Nowogrd (Bialystok Province), Olsztynek
(Olsztyn Province) and Zubrzyca Grna (ICrakw Province)-as well as nine small
museums showing the interior of peasant houses or hamlets.
Many more museums of this kind, designed as large ethnographical parks, are
now being organized, as in Ldb, where they will embrace whole streets of weavers
and country farms; at Chorzw, in Katowice Province; in Warsaw; and at Poznar,
in the neighbourhood of the Malta lake. In Torur, a small ethnographical park
will form an extension, as it were, of the museum exhibition.
Jcient$c and edricatiotial activit_l, of the nmsetms. These activities are based on the
general concept of specialization and territorial coverage by each individual museum.
The scientific work of ethnographical museums and sections consists primarily of
research iti sita, the collecting of historical objects, or the organization of exhibitions,
the compilation of scientific publications and the diffusion of catalogues. In some
cases, their work is confined to research on the local culture of a given region:
Mazovia, Upper Silesia, Opole, Great Poland, Kujawy, etc. Research in the selected
villages is focused on the main aspects of folk culture, taking due account of the
independent economic relations of the village, its population movements and its relations with the outside world.
Those museums which have large collections of art objects,and are staffed by
leading specialists, deal with sculpture, painting on glass, the graphic folk art of old
Poland, and the crafts of toy-making, weaving and collage. The theoretical problems
linked with the specific character of museums are also studied. In addition, these
museums compile inventories of their exhibits and perform special tasks at the
request of various institutions. Series of monographs such as the Atlas of Polish
Natioional Cost,wes, published in Wroclaw by the Polish Ethnographical Association (forty in the series have already appeared), are largely based on museum
collections.
The museums likewise co-operate with other institutions in conducting research
work and drawing up inventories in connexion with immovable monuments in their
region. Their other tasks include the establishment of ethnographical parks and the
protection of monuments in situ. Some of them have embarked on sociological
research on the role of museums and kindred subjects.
Field research work done locally is supplemented by the collecting of material
by post (questionnaires and surveys). The original drawings made by villagers
illustrating, for example, the use of a particular instrument are of special interest,
It is increasingly becoming the practice to make scientific films about various
aspects of country life and tape recordings of songs and music, and also of spoken
texts.
The museums in Warsaw, Bialystok, Bytom, Lublin, Ldb, Olsztyn, Opole and
Wroclaw are the only ones that have their own regular publications.1 The other
museums have their articles published in local periodicals, or in the publications of
the Polish Academy of Sciences, universities and scientific associations.
The ethnographical museums research and educational work is, above all, teamwork based on collaboration-and often very close collaboration-with the scientific institutions of the Polish Academy of Sciences such as the Institute of History
of Material Culture and the State Institute of Arts, and especially with the Plastic
Arts Study Centre in Icrakw. In many cases their main collaborators are the universities, polytechnical schools, the Polish Ethnographical Association, scientific
societies, institutions and other bodies, Polish and foreign museums, and social and
cultural institutions of many kinds; while members of their staffs attend international
conferences and congresses on museographical problems.
Exhibitions are one of the major forms of their educational work, and the tendency
in these is to stress the latest findings of scientific research in Poland. Since 1946
there has been a series of permanent and temporary national exhibitions. The small
permanent ones normally consist of collections of items illustrating the different
aspects of economy, arts and crafts, traditions, etc., in the geographical, historical,
economic and social context of a given region, using iconographic materials, maps,
diagrams and sometimes archaeological remains.
MUZEUM
BUDOWNICTWA
LUDOWEGO,
Sanok.
Parc ethnographique : le moulin eau de Wola
Komborska (district de Krosno), construit vers
JJ.
1853.
I.
hl~ise~inz
of Folk A r t atid Cdtwe (also in foreign
The largest exhibitions of folk art and of crafts, attracting the biggest crowds, are
those organized in conjunction with the Ministry of Culture and Arts, and illustrating both the old national traditions and the present-day creative work of the people
in such fields as sculpture, painting (especially on glass), wood engraving, basketry,
straw-weaving, woodwork, clay moulding, costume decoration, embroidery, lacemaking, gingerbread baking, iron work, toy-making and interior decoration. These
exhibitions, organized by nearly all the museums, relate to specific ethnographical
regions or groups of regions, and in some cases an administrative unit. In consequence, the number of exhibitions covering such regions as of the Kaszuby, Warmia, Mazuria, PowiSle, Mazovia, Kurpie, Krakvia, etc., have been begun. Other
exhibitions concern the work of particular folk artists. Meanwhile, those museums
which possess extra-European collections organize exhibitions of Negro plastic art,
say, or the art of Oceania, Central and East Africa, and so on, which are shown in
different cities.
Apart from large-scale exhibitions, the museums organize smaller exhibitions
and displays in schools and factories, as well as lecture courses accompanied by
exhibitions, films, music, dance performances and the like.
Foreign exhibitions contribute substantially to the educational work of the
museums. Those on the folk art of Bulgaria, the Ukraine, Lithuania, Estonia,
Norway, Africa and Mexico for example, have been particularly appreciated. On
these occasions the museums sometimes organize a series of film lectures on the
country or region concerned.2
Since I 948 the Warsaw Ethnographical Museum has held exhibitions on board
ships which from spring until late autumn call at villages and towns along the Vistula
between Krakw and Gdalisk.
In conjunction with the cultural departments of the District national councils,
the ethnographical museums provide protection fr folk artists.
For a number of years some of the museums have been organizing series of
ethnographical lectures or seminars for cultural leaders, and, in collaboration with
scientific associations, running a Collective Peoples University where the instruction
is based on the disciplines represented in the local museums.
The press, radio, cinema and television help the museums by supporting many
of their activities. Assistance of various kinds is also given by associations or clubs
of museum patrons and friends.
Training cf staf. Nearly all the ethnographical museums provide practical courses
for university students on museum techniques, while for the course on ethnography
the universities include lectures on museology as part of the syllabus.
The scientific staff of the museums improve their knowledge by attending university seminars which prepare them for a doctors degree. In 1965-1966, a course
of ethnology for museum specialists was organized at the Copernicus University
in Toruli.
Every year, the polytechnical schools organize summer camps for training the
specialists who will draw up the inventories of specimens of folk building; the
Museum of Folk Buildings at Sanok has organized courses for training specialists
2. The Warsaw Ethnographical Museum has
in the technical aspects of Skansen-type projects and of conservation, while the
organized a large number of exhibitions in
Poland and abroad dealing particularly with Folk Art Study Section of the State Art Institute organizes summer camps for
folk art (exhibition of Polish folk art at the research work in which members of museum staffs sometimes participate.
Muse dart Moderne in Paris, 1957, exhibitions
Lastly, the leading museums offer internal courses in ethnography, museum
at the Polish emigrants centres in France, 1960:
techniques,
foreign languages, photography and cinematography to the members
exhibitions in Stockholm, Oslo, Bergen, Copenof their staff. Study trips abroad are also arranged.
hagen, Bruges and Antwerp.
[Translatedfrom Polish]
I 16
Muses spcialiss
Specialised museum
==7
36. ~ ~ J Z E U ARCHITEKTLW
M
Wroclaw. Ancienne sacristie.
36. The former sacristy.
118
I20
I21
from 1830.
The Viticulture Section of the Zielona Gra Museum is the only one of its kind
in Polish museums. The traditions of this vineyard town are such that it was the
obvious choice for a museum collection dealing with wine growing and the manufacture and consumption of wine, particular emphasis being given to the neighbourhood of Zielona Gra itself and the district of Lower Silesia.
The chronicles relate that, beginning in the 14th century, there was a great
extension of the vineyards at Zielona Gra which, helped by the favourable climate,
were destined to become an important source of income, second only to weaving,
fathe local people,
Many years passed before the vine stocks, imported from the south, became fully
acclimatized; the fruit was smaller and sharper in taste than the grapes which ripened
in sunny France or in the Rhineland. Over the centuries, however, a variety suitable
for the local climate was successfully produced. It was in the 17th and I 8th centuries
that wine growing was most profitable to the inhabitants of Zielona Gra and to a
great extent this was due to the experience they had acquired in earlier days. Their
products were sold not only on the local market but also in foreign countries. Still
today, at Zielona Gra and Warka, near Warsaw, there are very extensive vineyards
and the Lubuska Wytornia Win Company in Zielona Gra is one of the countrys
largest firms, their Monte Verde and Laur being well known beyond the Polish
frontiers.
The Zielona Gra Regional Museum turned these traditions to account and, after
assembling suitable objects, opened its Viticulture Section in I 960.
The three aspects of wine: growing, manufacture and consumption, are presented
in chronological perspective in this exhibition. By way of introduction, there is a
group of antique vessels characteristic of Greek and Roman festivities in ancient
times. The display includes amphoras, mixing bowls, chalices, cups and receptacles
of various shapes, the most remarkable piece being the product of an Etruscan pottery
(2nd or 1st century B.C.), bearing the forms of a Silenus and a Maenad. An idea of
the methods of manufacturing wine in the days of antiquity is given by the plaster
model of a wine-press, discovered in 195 6 at Mirmeki, in the Crimea, by a Polish
expedition led by Professor K. Michalowski. The part of the exhibition which is
devoted to wine growing in Poland, especially in Lower Silesia and at Zielona Gra,
consists essentially of a collection of implements, among which a kind of pruning
knife found at Micdzyrzec (vovodship of Zielona Gra) is particularly noteworthy.
Plans of the town in the 18th century, indicating the vineyards, as well as old
engravings depicting work among the vines, are also most interesting.
The second part, however, devoted to the manufacture of wine, is the most
attractive to visitors. The principal object is a large wine-press, made of oak, with
two screws operated by hand (fig. 39); it belonged in the 19th century to one of the
wine-growing companies in Zielona Gra. Note should be taken of a smaller press,
a manual crusher with two rollers and a trough hollowed out of solid wood-the
oldest and simplest of fruit-pressing devices (fig. 4 0 ) . The trough, which later was
used to collect the must, formed an integral part of the press. A collection of casks,
large and small, complete this exhibition. The numerous bolts which closed the
holes in the cask heads bear witness to the skill of the craftsmen of Zielona Gra in
those times; hand-made by craftsmen coopers, they were often decorated with interlaced clusters of grapes or vine leaves. The same applies to the collection of cask
heads, on which bacchanalian scenes accompany the engraved phrases, dates and
initials.
The most numerous objects, however, are indisputably those relating to the
drinking of wine, more particularly the examples of art glassware and of glasses
for everyday use, grouped according to their intended purpose. One of the oldest, a
I 7th-century glass, has a white enamel decoration. The collection of Polish glasses
must also be mentioned, for it contains very rare pieces which were made in the late
18th or early 19th centuries in glass factories at Uraecze and Naliboki. The flute
glass with an engraved sigillation is particularly worthy of note. Completing this
exhibition are products of Silesian I 9th-century glass works-champagne glasses,
wine glasses and tumblers, some of which are truly masterpieces of engraving.
Among the metal cups, the most remarkable is the silver Silesian Wedding Cup,
presenting the silhouette of a man whose torso forms the hollow part of the cup.
Another piece of silver-ware of similar design but of different shape comes probably
from a workshop in Nuremberg. It represents a cocks head and from the 18th century onwards it has been the commemoration cup of the confraternity of marksmen.
The majority of the cups, goblets and pewter W ~ l l k o ~ ~ zare
~ z slocal
,
reproductions by
the Zielona Gra trade guilds, formed during the 17th~18th and 19th centuries.
The exhibition concludes with a reconstructed mediaeval wine shop, with
furniture, vessels, barrels and casks. The atmosphere of this wine shop is particularly
appreciated by visitors.
[Tramlatedj5ro.z Polish]
123
Les cavits des mines de sel gemme de Wieliczka, creuses 1 3 5 mtres sous terre
et d'o l'on extrait le sel depuis le X V I I ~si&cle,ont t converties en muse entre 1950
et 1960.
Ce muse rassemble surtout des vestiges relatifs l'histoire de la technique minire
en Pologne et notamment des outils, machines et dispositifs d'extraction minire
(fig. 41, 4z), des restes archologiques, des minraux, des spcimens gologiques,
des tmoins de la vie animale et vgtale des poques rvolues. En plus, le muse
possde des archives, une collection d'estampes et de peintures reprsentant la vie
des mineurs, des plans et des documents divers se rapportant l'histoire gnrale
des mines et l'histoire de Wieliczka en particulier.
L'exposition se droule sur une tendue de j o00 mtres carrs dans I Z grottes
d'aspect romantique creuses dans le rocher et amnages, selon les besoins de
l'exploitation, avec les supports et les dispositifs de protection utiliss du XVII" au
SIX^ sicle.
La visite des mines s'effectue le long de corridors souterrains qui mnent ces
grottes. Une chapelle consacre sainte Kings - une princesse polonaise - est
creuse dans le sel et dcore d'ornements et de statues, tous en sel.
Le muse comprend une salle de confrences et de projection et une salle destine
aux festivits, toutes deux souterraines.
En tant qu'institution scientifique et centre de recherche, le muse s'occupe
d'tudes historiques sur la technique minire, la gologie, les gisements de sel, la
production et le commerce de ce produit, ainsi que sur la vie des mineurs.
Les rsultats de ces recherches sont donnes dans diverses publications, notamment celles du muse, largement diffuses.
On a enregistr au cours de l'anne 1965 plus de 300 o00 visites.
[Trad~titdu polonais]
the animal and vegetabie iife of past ages. They ais0 include archives, a collection
of prints and paintings depicting the life of miners, together with various charts and
documents relating to the history of Wieliczka and to mining history in general.
These collections are displayed in the romantic setting of twelve grottoes hewn
out of the rock and spreading over an area of nearly two square miles. The grottoes
are arranged to illustrate mining activities, with the props and security devices used
from the 17th to the 19th centuries.
The route taken by visitors to the mine follows underground passages opening
on to the grottoes. There is a chapel dedicated to Saint Kinga, a Polish princess,
which is hewn out of the salt and adorned with ornaments and statues also of salt.
The museum has a lecture room equipped for showing films or slides, and a room
for recreational evtnts, both of them underground.
In its capacity as a scientific institution and research centre, the museum conducts
historical studies covering mining technology, geology, salt deposits, the production
and marketing of salt and the life of miners. Its research findings are disseminated
in various publications, more particularly in the widely circulated publications issued
by the museum itself.
In the year 196j, more than 300,000 visits were recorded.
[Translated from Polish]
43. MUZEUM
ZAMKOWTE,
Malbork. Exposition
de l'ambre : vitrine as'ec uvres d'art provenant
des muses de Pologne, ou emprunttes la collection de Dresde. Gobelet par Andr Meier
(1608-1647), ICrolemiec, provenant de la collection Czartoryski, Cracovie, et vaisselle fabriqute Krolewiec vers 1610.
43. Amber exhibition: showcase with specimens
on loan either from Polish museums or from
the Dresden collection. Drinking cup by
Andr Meier, Krolewiec (1608-1647) from the
Czartoryski collection, Krakw; and tableware
manufactured at I<roleTviec (circa 1610).
I26
EAd;:
beginning of the best period of craftsmanship in amber and which was to continue
until the middle of the 18th century. With the amber objects of the Renaissance and
the Baroque periods-numbering about forty, out of some hundreds which existed
before the war in the collections-the exhibition reaches its culminating point. The
objets dart of massive amber, bringing to mind gold or silver work, testify to the
superlative skill in handling this fragile substance. The objects from the Krolewiec
workshops (16th century and first half of the 17th) are distinguished by their outstanding technical excellence. Suffice it to mention here the magnificent dish bearing
the arms of Brandenburg and the goblets wonderfully engraved by Andr Meier,
in which amber is combined with gold (fig. 43). In the second half of the I 7th century,
however, the craftsmen of Gdarisk surpassed the master amber-workers in ICrolewiec. Taking full advantage of the variety of colours offered by amber, their workshops produced such masterpieces as the hexagonal bottle made in 1680, and the
sarcophagus pnels whose transparent surfaces reflect small scenes of towns and
ports. There is also a casket made in Gdarisk at the beginning of the 18th century
in which a wooden structure is covered with amber plaques.
The exhibition comprises, in all, about a thousand pieces illustrating the history
of artists work in amber: peasant necklaces, 19th-century jewellery and a kind of
fashion jewellery which Poland exports to the majority of European countries, the
United States, the Near East, Japan and Australia. The historical continuity of the
arrangement was made possible through the help of several Polish museums and
church collections which lent certain pieces. The Dresden State Collection gave most
valuable support by lending to the Malbork Museum, for the duration of the exhibition, five pieces originating from the Krolewiec and Gdarisk workshops (fig. 43).
A hall covering nearly 6,000 square feet is filled with show-cases, the framework
As the exhibits
of which has been made as unobtrusive as possible (fig. 44, 4~).
require a certain amount of humidity and are sensitive to heat, incandescent lighting
has been used to diffuse light over the whole exhibition, concentrating it only on
pieces of exceptional artistic worth.
The exhibition has been much appreciated by the 300,000 or so Polish and foreign
tourists who visit Malbork Castle every year, and it is described in the Polish Press as
the exhibition which for many years past has been owed to the Baltic seaboard.
128
De temps autre, le gnie humain met entre les mains de la socit un nouvel instrument dont lusage modifie profondment les rflexes des individus qui la composent.
Limprimerie fut une invention de cet ordre. De nos jours, la photographie, la
radio, le cinma, la tlvision... Nous pouvons, sans forcer notre propos, y ajouter
le muse, qui, tenant la fois du livre et de lcran, du texte imprim et de limage
projete, est, sa manire, un instrument dont le mcanisme, longuement rod, nen
est pourtant encore qua ses premiers perfectionnements...) - tels sont les mots prononcs par M. Georges Salles la quatrime confrence gnrale de lIcohr en 19j6.
Aujourdhui, les muses disposent de toute une gamme de moyens modernes et
dun quipement universel, celui des usines et des laboratoires. Pour la dmonstration
du fonctionnement des machines et des installations, ils utilisent le son, la couleur,
la lumire, le cinma, la tlvision, le magntophone et font appel aux ressources de
divers arts plastiques. Ainsi, grce aux moyens perfectionns quils mettent en ceuvre,
les muses sont amens exercer une influence particulirement profonde dans le
domaine de la didactique et des expositions.
Ce sont ces principes qui ont inspir la reprise, en 19s 5 , de lactivit du Muse des
sciences techniques, qui continue luvre accomplie avant la guerre par le Muse de
la technique et de lindustrie, ouvert en 1933,qui dpendait du Muse de lindustrie
et de lagriculture (fond en 187j).
La dernire guerre avait ananti le patrimoine - btiments et instruments - du
Muse de la technique et de lindustrie et dispers ses cadres. Aussi na-t-il pu reprendre son activit sous un nouveau nom quen 195 5 , aprs lamnagement des locaux
qui lui taient destins.
Aujourdhui, le Muse des sciences techniques est le seul en Pologne qui embrasse
toutes les branches de la technique et qui, depuis dix ans, fonctionne en tant quinstitution centrale pour les questions de vulgarisation de la technique.
Cette institution moderne se fixe comme tche de contribuer au dveloppement de
la culture nationale par les moyens suivants :
Protection des objets techniques: le muse conserve, pour la science et pour la
culture nationales, les tmoins de la construction mcanique et du gnie civil
polonais, en soulignant leur rle davant-garde ainsi que lapport de la science
et de la technique polonaises la culture universelle (fig. 46).
Expositions permanentes : le muse fait mieux connatre les problmes techniques
et y initie la jeunesse (organisation, en collaboration avec les coles, de classes
techniques, dans les salles du muse) (fig. 47).
Expositions temporaires : le muse, en collaboration directe avec les diverses
branches de lindustrie, favorise la vulgarisation des nouveauts techniques
(fig. 48).
Le muse labore le programme historique et scientifique de lexposition, tandis
que lindustrie fournit les machines et les quipements les plus rcents. La collaboration constante du muse avec les secteurs techniques lui permet de se tenir au
courant des ralisations les plus rcentes (fig. 49).
Le programme ducatif du muse est bas sur le principe que le visiteur doit
prendre part lexposition.
Cest ainsi que celui-ci participe diverses expriences (physique, chimie, rcepteur
ondes courtes, radio, tlvision, etc.), quil essaie des machines-outils, quil sassocie
des expriences psychotechniques et autres, quil se repose dans la salle de confrences et de projection en assistant la prsentation de films consacrs aux plus
rcentes dcouvertes scientifiques et techniques dans le monde.
Le muse dispose dun service permanent de consultation et dinformation o des
professionnels donnent des conseils, fournissent des renseignements sur les coles,
les ateliers, les instituts de recherche, les muses, les bibliothques, etc. Le visiteur
par C. Lugowski
est ainsi renseign de fason prcise et complte. Les expositions et les dmonstrations
qui les accompagnent illustrent les principaux problmes du monde contemporain,
le dynamisme de son dveloppement et le rang que la Pologne occupe parmi les
autres pays.
Le Muse des sciences techniques est bien une institution spciale qui montre,
entre autres, de quoi sont faits les temps modernes et prsente galement tout ce
que le citoyen moyen ne peut voir ailleurs (fig. JI, j z ) : problmes de production et
de productivit, application des isotopes, histoire de laronautique, industrie minire
et ralisations de lindustrie nergtique ou radiotechnique, principes de la physique,
mcanisation de lagriculture, rcepteurs ondes courtes, etc. I1 a d assumer toutes
les tches qui incombaient avant la guerre sept muses techniques diffrents,
compltement dtruits pendant les hostilits. Plusieurs superbes monuments de la
culture matrielle, illustrant les progrs techniques dans lhistoire polonaise, ont pu
&re sauvegards.
Ainsi, on a cr Slupia Nowa le Muse des fonderies antiques proximit de
fours vieux de plus de deux mille ans, qui ont t conservs intacts nonseulement
pour les visiteurs, mais avant tout pour les chercheurs, au service desquels on a
dailleurs construit un laboratoire spcial dans le voisinage du muse.
Le Muse du bassin antique Sielpa Wielka a t organis dans une laminerie
du X V I I I ~sicle dont les visiteurs peuvent voir les principales installations historiques,
qui fonctionnent encore.
Par ses expositions temporaires, le muse a. non seulement particip la vulgarisation des progrs techniques en Pologne, mais il a aussi pu obtenir de la sorte de
nombreux objets pour ses collections. Chaque mois, une nouvelle exposition sur le
progrs scientifique et technique, tel est le programme du muse. Ce programme a
grandement contribu la formation de jeunes musologues, qui ont pu ainsi affronter les diverses tches de leur profession, organiser eux-mmes des expositions et
les accompagner lors de tournes en Pologne ou ltranger.
I1 faut souligner aussi que les expositions prsentant les nouveauts de la radiotechnique, de laviation ou de lastronautique (fig. J o) sont particulirement apprcies du public, et en premier lieu des jeunes.
Le muse est un institut menant de front la recherche scientifique, la protection
des monuments techniques, lorganisation dexpositions sur les progrs techniques,
et exersant aussi, en liaison avec les coles, une activit ducative. Partant du principe
que le muse est au service des coles, il collabore troitement depuis plusieurs annes
avec les autorits scolaires. Actuellement, les classes viennent au muse en autocar
pour assister des lesons techniques, les instituteurs ayant r e p au muse une prparation pralable. A cet effet, on a organis un club des instituteurs oh schangent des
ides sur les tendances actuelles de la science et de la technique, sur la technique et
laction ducative, sur Iutilisation en ce domaine de films polonais et trangers.
Des cercles techniques spcialiss ont t organiss au muse lintention des
jeunes qui manifestent de lintrt pour telle ou telle branche de la technique. Dautre
part, de petits muses techniques ont t crs dans les coles. Consus dans un esprit
moderne, organiss avec les objets du muse lui-mme et grdce son aide technique,
ils facilitent le travail des matres et stimulent ZintrCt de la jeunesse.
Voici, par exemple, quelques thmes de ces expositions : Les appareils de tfiesziredans
laz/tomatqiie imkstrelle ; Le progrs techiqiie dans lmiiistt-ie des ~ i h i c ~ d eipiofezirs
s
; Les
machms-outils tltkommfidespar programvie pralahement ktabli ; L thlisatiotides matires
y i t h i)tiqlies e t autres.
Lexposition De Coperriic ci la pla&te artificielle a t inaugure le 28 octobre 1963, +8. ~ ~ U Z E U TECHNIKI,
M
Warszawa. Partie de
par le couple de cosmonautes sovitiques W. Tierechkova et W. Bykowski.
lexposition De la rame la propulsion atomiqire,
Pour orienter les jeunes dans le choix dune profession ou pour certaines tudes, + J . Part of the exhibition: From oars to atomic
un cabinet de consultation sur les mtiers techniques (fig. j3) a t organis au muse prop~llsiotz.
avec la participation dun psychologue, dun technicien pdagogue et dun mdecin.
Des confrences y sont faites par des spcialistes, des pdagogues, des psychologues,
etc. Des projections de films et des visites dentreprises font partie du programme.
Le muse possde cinq dpendances en province. A Varsovie, une section o est
rassemble une riche documentation (instruments scientifiques, uvres, prix,
diplmes et souvenirs) illustre la vie et luvre de Marie Sklodowska-Curie, dont la
carrire scientifique a dbut, en 1890-1891, auprs du professeur Bojuslu, dans un
des laboratoires de physique du muse. Les savants et les collectionneurs du monde
entier consultent souvent cette collection.
Durant les dix dernires annes, on a organis plus de 140 expositions temporaires, plus de 1 2 o00 projections de films, sous le titre de Nouveauts de la
technique, plus de 3 o00 confrences, stages dtudes et discussions se rapportant
aux problmes techniques.
Au total, le nombre des visiteurs au muse central, aux dpendances et aux expositions itinrantes, pour les annes 19jj-196jY a dpass le chiffre de 4 millions
et demi.
[TraduitdiL polonais]
by C. Lugowski
not have a profound impact when it comes to providing instruction and staging
exhibitions.
It was these principles, accordingly, which guided the resumption in 175 j of the
activities of the Museum of Technology in Warsaw, which is carrying on the prewar work of the Technical and Industrial Museum, opened in 1933 and itself an
offshoot of the Museum of Industry and Agriculture, founded in 1875.
As a result of the war, the equipment owned by the Technical and Industrial
Museum-its buildings and instruments-had been destroyed, and its staff scattered;
and it was for that reason that it was unable to resume activity under the new name
until I 7 j 5 , when the former buildings had been reconstructed.
The Museum of Technology is today the only museum in Poland which covers
all branches of technology; and for the past ten years, it has been the central institution for popularizing technical knowledge.
This modern institution contributes to the development of national culture in the
following manner:
49. MUzEUILI
TECHN1lC1,
Warszaara. Partie de
lexposition Les bliGOpfres ef Zews i&lsatiom.
49. Part of the exhibition: Helcopfers and ill&
mes.
JO. MUZEUM
TECHNIKI,Warstawa. Salle de
lastronautique.
JO. Astronautics gallery.
132
Meanwhile, through its temporary exhibitions, the museum has not only contributed
towards the popularization of technical progress in Poland, but it has obtained
many valuable items for its collections. These programmes, based on the principle
of a new exhibition every month, on scientific and technological advances, have
been an important factor in training young museum o&cials to cope with the
various tasks of their profession and organize exhibitions and tour with them in
Poland and abroad.
Exhibitions dealing with innovations in radio-technology, aviation or astronautics (fig. J O ) have been particularly appreciated by the public, and especially by
young people.
In effect, the museum is an institution engaging simultaneously in scientific
research, protection of technical monuments, organization of exhibitions on technical progress, and educational activity in liaison with the schools.
Under the principle that the museum serves the school, it has for some years
directed activities based on work with the schools in close collaboration with the
education authorities. Classes visit the museum by motor-coach to attend technical
lessons, for which the teachers receive advance preparation at the museum. T o this
end, a teachers club has been formed where ideas are exchanged on present trends in
science and technology, technical and educational activities, and the use of Polish
and foreign films for those purposes. Other facilities include the special technical
J I . MuzEuhr TECHNIKI,
Warstam. Salle des
moyens de transport et de communication.
JI. Transport and communications gallery.
I33
j z . M m E m TECHNIKI,
Warszawa. Salle des
industries alimentaires.
j z . Food industry gallery.
j 3 . MUZEUM
TECHNIGI,
Warszawa. Cabinet de
consultation pour la formation technique :
simulateur de conduite de voiture automobile.
j 3 . Advisory Bureau on Technical Careers: cardriving simulator.
discussion groups, held in the museum building, for young people interested in
technical subjects.
As a parallel action, small technical museums planned on modern lines and
organized with the technical help of the museum and with exhibits loaned by it,
are installed in the schools themselves. In this way, teachers work is simplified and
the pupils interest aroused.
The exhibition themes have included: ilfeas~iringappliances zlsed in i m h t r i a l azitorzation; Technicalprogress i t 2 the motor-vehicle i ~ ~ d m tRemote
y;
cowtrol cf machine tools according
to set prograninzes; U.re of y t h e t i c ma terials.
One such exhibition, From Copertziciis t o the artijcialp~atzet,was opened on 28 October 1963 by the two Soviet cosmonauts, Valentina Tereshkova and Valery Bykovsky.
And when the time comes for young people to choose a profession or to decide
upon certain studies, suitable guidance is given by an Advisory Bureau on Technical
)
by the museum, using the services of a psychologist, a
Careers (fig. ~ 3 organized
technical instructor and a physician. Lectures are given by specialists, teachers,
psychologists and so on, films are shown, and visits to industrial firms are arranged.
The museum has five branches in the provinces. Particularly noteworthy, in
Warsaw itself, js its collection of scientific instruments, prizes, diplomas and relics
illustrating the life and work of Marie Sklodowska-Curie, whose scientific career
began in 1890-1891 under Professor Boguski in one of the museums physics
laboratories. Scientists and collectors from all over the world have often consulted
this collection.
To give some general figures, more than 140 temporary exhibitions have been
organized over the past ten years, while there have been over 12,000 film showings
under the heading of Technical Innovations and over 3,000 lectures, periods of
instruction and discussions on technological subjects. In all, the number of visitors
to the Central Museum and to its branches and mobile exhibitions during the years
19j 1-1961 has exceeded 4.j million.
[Tramlated.from Pol.d]
Chronique
Museum notes
D. ROYCHOUDI~URY
j,t. N a r r o ~ hfUSEtJM,
a~
New Delhi. Exposition
L a campagne contre la faim ; vue gnrale. On
aperoit droite une jarre provisions de
Mohenjo Daro. Statue de pierre (env. 1200 ap.
J.-C.) de Lakshmi, desse de la prosprit.
14. Freedom from hiing~rexhibition. A general
view. Right, a Mohenjo Daro storage jar. Stone
sculpture (circa A.D. 1200) of Lakshmi, the
goddess of prosperity.
j6. NATIONAL
~~USEUM
New
,
Delhi. Exposition
L a camjagtie cotitre la fanz. Section illustrant la
seconde tape de la civilisation humaine dans la
lutte contre la faim : Lhomme apprend produire la nourriture. Des outils de cette priode
sont exposs dans la vitrine tandis que des photographies illustrent les divers travaux de
lagriculture primitive ainsi que la domestication des animaux commence la mme poque.
j6. Freedomfrom hzitger exhibition. Section illustrating the second stage of human civilization in
the struggle for freedom from hunger: Man
learns food production. The tools of this
phase are displayed on the shelf, while photographs illustrate various agricultural operations
and the domestication of animals which also
started during this phase.
~ j NATIONAL
.
MUSEUM,
New Delhi. Exposition
L a campagtie cotitre la faim. Section illustrant la
premire ttape de la civilisation humaine dans
la lutte contre la faim: La recherche de la
nourriture. On voit les diffrentes manieres chasse, peche et cueillette - de se procurer la
nourriture aux temps prthistoriques. Les outils
de pierre rudimentaires des hommes de cette
poque sont prsents dans la vitrine, tandis que
de grossiers instruments de cueillette et de
chasse utiliss par des tribus primitives, vivant
actuellement en Inde, sont disposs sur les
panneaux pour montrer que le mime niveau de
culture se retrouve chez diffrents groupes
humains trs loignts dans le temps comme dans
lespace.
jj. Freedom.fionz hmger exhibition. Section illustrating the first stage ofhuman civilization in the
struggle for freedom from hunger: Search for
food. The photographs illustrate the various
methods of food procurement such as hunting,
fishing and gathering in prehistoric days.
Crude stone implements used by prehistoric
people are exhibited on the wooden shelf, while
crude food-gathering and hunting implements
of living primitive tribes of India are shown on
the panels to illustrate how the same level of
culture can exist among different human groups
widely separated in time and space.
18. NATIONAL
~ ~ U S E New
U M ,Delhi. Exposition
L a campagm rontre la.faiiiz. Un coin de lexposition avec la traditionnelle charrue indienne et
des photographies illustrant les efforts de lInde
indtpendante pour se librer de la faim.
18. Freedom from birnger exhibition. A corner of
the exhibition showing the traditional Indian
plough and photographs illustrating the efforts
in free India to achieve freedom from hunger.
19.
GOSUDARSTVENNA
JA
TRET
JAKOVSKA J A
GALEREJA,Moskva. Maquette et plusieurs
auteurs du projet.
~ 9 Model
.
of the project, with architects and
engineers.
p.NATIONAL
MUSEUM,
New Delhi. Exposition
L a campagne contre la f a i 9 ~ .Section illustrant la
dernire tape de la civilisation humaine dans la
lutte contre la faim: Lhomme produit un
surplus de nourriture. En mme temps
apparaissent lentreposage, le commerce et
lindustrie. Prsentation de photographies des
vestiges archologiques de Mohenjo Daro,
Harappa et Lothal, ttmoignant de lexistence
dune vie citadine organise, de la construction
de greniers et dentrepts, et des dbuts du
commerce dans la civilisation de lIndus (env.
2500 1500 av. J.-C.). A ct, photographies
illustrant les moyens modernes de culture et
dentreposage des ckrales.
17. Freedomfiom bringer exhibition. Section illustrating the third stage of human civilization in
the struggle for freedom from hunger: Man
produces surplus food, with the concomitant
development of storage, commerce and
industry. The photographs illustrate archaeological remains at Mohenjo Daro, Harappa and
Lothal which give evidence of an organized city
life, construction of granaries and warehouses,
and the beginning of commerce during the
Indus Civilization of India (circa 2500 to
I 500 B.C.). Side-by-side are a few photographs
illustrating modern agricultural operations and
storage of food grain.
veau et de le combiner avec une salle des expositions de lUnion des artistes peintres sovitiques.
Ce sera un palais de trois tages, en pierre
blanche dorures et autres ltments dcoratifs
traditionnels, qui dressera sa faade de z6 mtres
de haut sur la rive de la Moskva, en face dun
parc de verdure (fig. 60, 61).De forme strictement rectangulaire, il aura 2 5 0 mtres de long
sur IOO metres de large et sa surface utile sera
de 17 720 mtres carrs, contre une surface
correspondante de 5 zoo metres carrs dans le
btiment actuel.
Laspect extrieur a t conu en fonction
des particularitts du paysage environnant. La
faade accuse un contraste entre laspect atrien
de la colonnade de ltage infrieur et la surface
tout unie des murs quelle supporte. Cette
colonnade, qui fait le tour complet du btiment,
est dailleurs impressionnante par ses dimensions mimes : chaque colonne a 7,50 mtres de
hauteur, la distance entre deux colonnes est de
g mtres, et le pristyle ainsi form a galement
g mtres de profondeur (fig. 62).
Le btiment aura une carcasse mtallique,
canevas audacieux de g x g mtres, supportant
un dallage de plaques de bton arm de
g x 3 mtres. Les murs exttrieurs seront faits
essentiellement de panneaux prfabriqus, rapports sur la carcasse. Les plafonds seront: soit
en verre, soit en travertin. Les vestibules seront
revStus de marbreou dunautre mattriau naturel.
Le muse occupe entirement les deux ttages
et, partiellement, le pristyle et la cour intrieure.
Les motifs dcoratifs seront raliss en mtal
tordu, et lauvent de lentre principale, qui
aura la forme souple et ondule du tapis
magique des contes de fes, fera ressortir par
contraste le caractre uni du mur qui le domine.
Les murs en verre des deux premiers ttages
permettent au btiment de se fondre en quelque
sorte avec le paysage environnant - le parc et
la rivire. Plus tard, on dessinera un parc des
arts, avec des sculptures et des mosaques.
Sans entrer dans le detail des subdivisions
intrieures du muses, indiquons quil comportera cinq principaux dpartements : Russie
ancienne ; Fin du X V I I I ~ siecle et dbut du
X I X ~ sicle ; Seconde .moiti du X I X ~ sikcle ;
Dbut du xxe sicle ; Ere sovitique.
60.
GOSUDARSTVENNAJA
TRETJAKOVSKAJALa visite complte reprsentera un parcours
GALEREJA,
Moskva. Maquette : faade.
de 2.5 kilomttres. Mais le visiteur pourra
spargner un aussi long trajet : les architectes
Bo. Model: faade.
61. GOSUDARSTVENNA
JA
TRETJAKOVSKAJA
GALEREJA,
Moskva. Maquette : vue densemble.
6r. Model : general view.
62.
GOSUDARSTVENNAJA
TRETJAeOvsKaJA
GALEREJA,
Moskva. Maquette avec dtail de
l'kclairage par le toit.
62. Model, with detail of lighting from the
roof.
I39
63.
GOSUDARSTVENNAJA
TRETJAKOVSKllJA
GALEREJA,
Moskva. Maquette : composition
intrieure.
63. Model: interior structure.
IVAN
AGAFONOV
'
Resumen
Peslo~e
6.
MUZEUMINSTRUMENTW
MUZYCZNYCH
XI
XII
P. Wladyslaw Smolen
por tres etapas: fines del siglo XIX y principios del siglo xx, instalacin de depsitos
para los objetos retirados del culto; ,en el
intervalo entre las dos guerras mundiales,
creacin de los museos diocesanos; despus
de las devastaciones de la idtima guerra,
reconstruccin de los monumentos histricos pertenecientes a la Iglesia y reconstitucin de las colecciones de objetos de arte
dispersados.
E n 17jG se organiz el Centro de Archivos de la Biblioteca y de los Museos de las
catorce Iglesias, dependiente de la Universidad Catlica de Lublin, que a partir de
entonces organiza seminarios, cursos experimentales y publica una revista al mismo
tiempo que elabora los estatutos, reglamentos y memorias sobre los museos que
pertenencen a la Iglesia.
El presente artculo da unas indicaciones
acerca de los museos diocesanos ms importantes de Polonia, sobre todo los de las
siguientes ciudades: Plock, Poznat, PrzemyS1, Sandomierz, Tarnw, Wroclaw, organizados todos ellos segn principios bien
definidos. Instalados en antiguos edificios
histricos, reconstruidos parcial o totalmente despus de la guerra, estn organizados en secciones en las que figuran objetos
de diversas pocas histricas. Los catlogos
y la documentacin fotogrfica existen ya o
estn en vas de realizacin.
Algunos de ellos, como el de Tarnw,
que, desde cualquier punto de vista, constituye el museo modelo, poseen almacenes
ordenados siguiendo una clasificacin racional y talleres de conservacin bien equipados.
Todas esas colecciones son objeto de
estudios e investigaciones cientficos, dirigidos por las universidades o por escuelas
superiores.
MUZEUM
DIECEZJALNE,
Rock
2 0 . Sala de pintura alemana.
.u.Sala de exposicin general.
22. MUZEUM DIECEZJALNE, PrzemyS1. Sala de
exposicin.
23. MUZEUM
DIECEZJALNE,
Sandomierz. Sala
de exposicin.
MUZEUM
DIECEZJALNE,
Tarnw
24. Vista general de los edificios.
ZJ. Sala de exposicin de obras gticas.
26. Exposicin de arte popular: pintura sobre
vidrio.
MUZEUM
DIECEZJALNE,
Wroclaw
27. Antecmara de la sala gtica.
28. Corredor del primer piso.
XII1
XIV
popular.
El personal de los museos etnogrficos de
Polonia completa sus estudios en diversos
pases, en virtud de intercambios internacionales.
29.
MUZEUM
KULTURY
I SZTUKILUDOWEJ,
War-
pescador).
31. Sala de instrumentos de pesca.
32. MUZEUM
ETNOGRAFICZNE,
Poznah. Exposicin de arte popular de la Gran Polonia, 1961.
33. MUZEUM
TATRZ~SK
Zakopane.
IE,
Interior
montas.
34. MUZEUM
POMORZA
ZACHODNIEGO,
Szczecin. Cultura de los paises de Africa occidental.
3 j . MUZEUM
BUDOWNICTWA
LUDOWEGO,
Sanok.
Parque etnogrfico. El molino hidrulico de
Wola Komborska, distrito de Krosno (construido hacia 1853).
nas.
t u p KRAKOWSKICH,
Wieliuka
MUZEUM
41. Antiguo dispositivo de extraccin.
42. Malacate movido por caballos para la
extraccin de la sal (tipo polaco).
EL MUSEO DE CIENCIAS
TCNICAS
por J. Grabowska
Esta exposicin en el Museo del Castillo
de Malbork, muestra al pblico el origen
del mbar y su historia hasta nuestros das.
A la entrada, hay un gran bloque que pesa
z o00 gramos. Sigue una presentacin del
mundo animal y vegetal de los bosques que
producen el mbar, estalactitas con diferentes capas de evaporacin y trozos de mbar
de numerosos tintes desde el blanco,
pasando por todas clases de amarillos y
pardos hasta el negro.
Se observa luego cmo interviene el
hombre en la historia del mbar y la trayectoria histrica de este producto como uno
de los principales medios de pago en las
relaciones comerciales desde la poca neoltica. Despus de las prdidas causadas por
la ltima guerra, slo queda de la poca
gtica la escultura de una virgen de mediados del siglo xv. El medalln de la reina de
Polonia Ana Jagellon inaugura el periodo
que va del Renacimiento hasta mediados del
siglo XVIII, la mejor poca en la artesana
del mbar. Los objetos, que proceden sobre
todo de los talleres de Krolewiec, se caracterizan por la maestra con que est tratada
la materia prima. En el siglo XVII los de
Gdaisk son en cambio los de ms calidad.
La exposicin muestra adems la produccin contempornea de objetos y de alhajas
que Polonia exporta hacia la mayora de los
pases europeos, Estados Unidos, Prximo
Oriente, Japn y Australia. En conjunto,
la exposicin contiene aproximadamente
I o00 objetos. Una sala de j j o m2 est llena
de vitrinas que semejan acuarios de vidrio y
cuyos armazones se han reducido al mnimo
xv
Crnica
EXPOSICIdN LA CAMPANA
CONTRA E L HAMBRE,
MUSEO NACIONAL, D E L H I
>
XVI
NATIONAL
MUSEUM,
New Delhi
~ 4Vista
.
general de la exposicin. A la derecha
se ve una tinaja de Mohenjo Daro. Estatua de
piedra (hacia 1200 antes de J.C.) de Lakshmi,
diosa de la prosperidad.
JJ. En esta seccin se presenta la primera etapa
de la civilizacin humana en la lucha contra el
hambre: La bsqueda de alimentos. Se
observan las diferentes manera de procurarse
alimentos con la caza, la pesca y los diversos
productos de la tierra en los tiempos prehistricos. En la vitrina se exponen intrumentos
rudimentarios de piedra utilizados por el hombre de aquella poca, y en los paneles toscos
instrumentos de recoleccin y de caza de las
tribus primitivas que viven actualmente en la
India, mostrndose as que se vuelve a encontrar el mismo nivel de cultura en grupos humanos diferentes muy alejados en el tiempo y en
el espacio.
j6. Seccin que muestra la segunda etapa de la
civilizacin humana en la lucha contra el
hambre: El hombre aprende a producir alimentos. Los instrumentos de este periodo se
exponen en la vitrina, y las fotos ilustran los
diversos trabajos de la agricultura primitiva y
la domesticacin de los animales comenzada en
la misma poca.
~ 7 Tercera
.
seccin, en la que se expone la
ltima etapa de la civilizacin humana en la
lucha contra el hambre: El hombre produce
un excedente de alimentos; al mismo tiempo
aparecen los aspectos accesorios de esa produccin: el almacenamiento, el comercio y la
industria. Presentacin de fotografas de los
vestigios arqueolgicos de Mohenjo Daro,
Harappa y Lothal, testimonio de una vida
urbana organizada, de la construccin de graneros y almacenes y de los comienzos del
comercio durante la civilizacin del Indo (de
2500 a I ~ O Oantes de J.C., aproximadamente) en
la India. Al lado, los medios modernos de agricultura y almacenamiento de cereales.
j 8 . Un rincn de la exposicin con el tradicional
arado indio, y fotografas que muestran los
esfuerzos de la India independiente por llegar a
liberarse del hambre.
E L N U E V O EDIFICIO DE LA
GALERANACIONAL DE PINTURA
DE LA URSS, MOSCU
La antigua Galera Tretiakov fue en sus
orgenes una coleccin privada de pinturas
que haba comenzado a formar, hace ciento
diez aos, el industrial ruso Pave1 Tretiakov
en su residencia privada. Desde la revolucin de 1917 la coleccin se ha cuadruplicado con creces, convirtindose en el ms
importante de los fondos de arte figurativo
ruso. Actualmente, no slo se exponen en
la Galera pinturas, sino tambin dibujos y
grabados, as como esculturas. E n total hay
all cerca de 36 o00 obras. El nmero de
visitantes ha pasado de 1 5 0 o00 a zoo o00
antes de la Revolucin a I d n y medio
en la actualidad.
Maqueta. Fachada.
61. Maqueta: vista general.
62. Maqueta con detalle de la iluminaci6n por
el techo.
63. Maqueta. Composicin interior.
60.
GALE-
l . M u z ~ u n r N ~ ~ o nWarszawa.
ow~,
06JqiBBn~.
2. PALAC
w LAZIENKACH
(Museum Narodowe),
113 8am0~
RBopqa;
Warszawa. J I a s e a x ~ OAITH
.
KapTnHHaR raJrepefi.
3. MUZEUM
POMORSKIE,
Gddsk. @parmeHT
BLJCTaBKEl TOTIIKI?.
4. MUZEUMW TORUNIU,
Torn. BbIBlJIaFl paTyma. rOTHYeCKH& 8aJI, BbICTaBKa XyAOXeCTBeHHOrO peMeCJr8. 06JIaCTH.
5. P A I ~ T W OMUZEUM
WE
w OSWI~CIMIU,
OSwicim-Brzezinka. COBPeMeHHaFI BbICTaBKa.
BJIOK
v.
6. MUZEUMINSTRUMENT6W MUZYCNYCH
(MUzeum Narodowe), POZnd. BHYTpeHHll& BITA.
7. PAEAC
w NIEBOROWIE,
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s p e m K a K nemenbMy3efiHOrO p a 6 0 ~ ~ 1n ~
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HISTORYCZNE,
Warszawa.
XVIII
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I szruKI LUDOWEJ,
WarSZaWa. BbICTaBHa HapOAHbIX TEEaHeG I
EEOBPOB.
MUZEUM
ETNOGRAFICZNE,
Toruli.
30. BbICTaBOYHbIR aaa pbI60JIOBCTBa (pXICyHOK,
BbIIIOJIHeHHbIB PbIbaKOM)
31. ~ T H O ~ ~ ~ @ E I T ~ C E E I I~yaeik
Z~.
rop. TOPYHH.
%JI pbIbHOIJ[JIOBJIH.
32. MUZEUM
ETNOGRAFICZNE,
Poznak BHcTaBenwoii noab-
B K a HapOAHOrO DlTBOpYeCTBa
IIIH. nOBHaHb 1961 r.
pemii BxiZ
KyJIbTypa CTpaH
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35. MUZEUM
BUDOWNICTWA
LUDOWEGO,
Sa-
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XXI
MUZEUMTECHNIKI,
Warszawa
46. TOpXeCTBa no CJIyYaIO Henem 3tlDJlITbI
TeXHMYeCKEIX IIaMFITHHKOB B Bapmase.
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XXIII
AUTEURS
OLGIERDCZERNER
KAZIMIERZ
KONIECZNY
XXIV
STANISLAW
LORENTZ
1 CONTRIBUTORS
CZESLAW
LUGOWSKI
N en 1911.Diplm des sciences techniques.
Sptcialis dans la musographie et plus particulitrement dans ses aspects didactiques (depuis
1933). A contribu la cration du Muse des
sciences techniques Varsovie, dont il est le
directeur. Instigateur du Centre du progrts technique en Pologne et du Muse des sciences
techniques modernes. Membre actif de ~IcoM.
Auteur de nombreuses tudes et publications
de musologie, ayant trait aux sciences techniques.
Born 1911.Graduate in technical sciences. Has
specialized in museography , more particularly
the educational side, since 1933. Helped in the
setting up of the Warsaw Museum of Technical
Sciences, of which he is director and launched
the idea of the Centre of Technical Progress in
Poland and the Museum of Modern Technical
Sciences. Individual member of ICOM.
Author
of many studies and publications on museology with particular reference to the technical
sciences.
WZADYSEAW
SMOLE~~
N en 1914.Prtre. A tudi, lUniversit
Jagellon de Cracovie, la thologie, lhistoire et
lhistoire de lart. Docteur de luniversit de
Poznat. Directeur des archives et du Musee
diocsain de Tarnow. Matre de confrences
luniversit catholique de Lublin (histoire de
lart sacr). Chercheur, enseignant et pdagogue,
PHOTOGRAPHES
/ PICTURE CREDITS
xxv
SWEDEN I S&DE
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