SUBJECT:

PHYSICS

CLASS:

SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL 1

TERM:

SECOND
 SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPIC

1 Heat Energy – Concept of Heat and Temperature, Effect of Heat,

Temperature expansion, Sources/Uses of heat
2 Thermometer – Types and Simple calculations
3 Expansivity – expansion of solids, effects and application
4 Expansivity – Linear, Area, Volume, Anomalous expansion of water,
Real and apparent
5 Heat transfer – Conduction, Convection, Radiation, and their
applications and sea breeze, thermo flask

Mid-term project

6 Electric charges production – types, Distribution, and Storage

7 Gold leaf electroscope – its uses
8 Field – Concept and types of field
9 Electric field – Lines of force, properties of line of force and
properties of force field
10 Production of continuous Electric Current – Via Chemical, Heat,
Mechanical and Solar energy
11 Revision
12 Examination
13 Examination
 WEEK ONE

HEAT ENERGY

 Concept of Heat and Temperature

 Effect of Heat
 Temperature expansion
 Sources and Uses of heat

Concept of Heat and Temperature

Heat is a concept of physics that deals with the study of relative motion of fluid
(liquid and gas) from one body to another. It is a form of energy that can be
transferred from one body due to temperature differences.

Effect of Heat

When heat is applied to a body the following effect may occur

1. Expansion: when heat is applied, volumes increases while density

decreases.
2. Change in temperature: When heat is added on a body, the temperature
increases
3. Change of state: melting, freezing, condensation, evaporation etc
4. Thermion emission : Addition of heat on metal may result in the emission
of electron from the surface of the metal

Photo electric emission: The emission of electron when sufficient light of high
frequency is illuminated on a metal surface e.g. zinc plate.
Temperature expansion

Temperature is the degree of hotness and coldness of a body or an object. It is a

scalar quantity, measured in Kelvin. Heat and Temperature are similar but not
the same

Differences between Heat and Temperature

1. Heat is a measure of the total internal energy of a body while temperature

is the degree of hotness or coldness of the body.
2. Heat takes place due to temperature difference while temperature occurs
due to slight change of substance.
3. Heat is measured in joules while temperature is measured in Kelvin /
Celsius.

Sources and Uses of heat

CLASSWORK 1
1. Define heat?
2. What is the SI unit of heat energy
3. Highlight three usefulness of heat

ASSIGNMENT 1

SECTION A

1. Which of these is odd? (a) Kelvin (b) Joules (c) Celsius (d) Fahrenheit
2. Which of these is the correct SI unit of heat? (a) joule (b) watt (c) newton (d)
Pascal
3. Which of these is not true of heat (a) exposure to heat causes warmth (b)
heat can cause change of state (c) heat can cause chemical change (d)
decrease in temperature can bring about decrease in heat
4. The degree of hotness and coldness of a body is (a) heat (b) temperature (c)
boiling (d) evaporation
5. Which of these statements is true of temperature? (a) temperature is another
word for heat (b) temperature is inversely proportional to heat (c) Fahrenheit
is one of the units of temperature (d) temperature does not exceed 1000C
SECTION B

1. Enumerate five effect of heat

2. Using kinetic theory, explain heat

WEEK TWO

THERMOMETER

 Meaning
 Types
 Simple calculations

Meaning

A thermometer is an instrument for measuring temperature.

Thermometric substances are substances which changes in proportion to

temperature

Types of thermometer

S/N THERMOMETER THERMOMETRICAL PHYSICAL

SUBSTANCE PROPERTIES
1. Liquid in glass Mercury or alcohol Change in
volume with
temperature
2. Constant volume Gas Change in
gas thermometer pressure with
temperature
3. Thermoelectric Two different metal Change in
thermometer (iron and copper) potential
difference due to
temperature
difference
4. Resistant Resistant wire Change in
 thermometer resistant with
temperature
5. Bimetallic Two dissimilar metal Differential
thermometer (bras and iron) expansion of two
metals of the
bimetallic stripes

ADVANTAGES OF MERCURY AS A THERMOMETRIC SUBSTANCE

1. Mercury does not wet glass

2. Mercury response quickly to slight change in temperature
3. The liquid does not vaporize easily
4. Mercury is opaque Hence, it can be seen easily
5. It has a regular or uniform expansion.
DISADVANTAGES MERCURY AS A THERMOMETRIC SUBSTANCE

1. Mercury is expensive
2. Mercury cannot be used to measure very low temperature because it’s
freezing point 39˚C
ADVANTAGES OF ALCOHOL AS A THERMOMETRIC SUBSTANCE

1. Alcohol is less expensive than mercury

2. It has larger expansion on heating than mercury (it expands 6 times
more than mercury).
3. It can be used to measure very low temperature.
DISADVANTAGES OF ALCOHOL AS A THERMOMETRIC SUBSTANCE

1. It is not opaque and so must be coloured

2. It vaporizes easily
3. It wet glass
4. It has an irregular expansion
5. It has low boiling point of 78˚C

ADVANTAGES OF CONSTANT VOLUME GAS THERMOMETER

 1. It gives more accurate measurement of temperature than any other
thermometer
2. It is very sensitive and can measure wider range of temperature
DISADVANTAGES OF CONSTANT VOLUME GAS THERMOMETER

1. It is very expensive and so require handling with special care

2. It is very cumbersome
WHY WATER IS NOT USED AS A THERMOMETRIC

1. Water wet glass

2. They are colourless
3. It does not expand uniformly
4. It has small range of expansion (0˚C to 100˚C)
CLINICAL THERMOMETER

It is used for measuring the temperature of human body. The body temperature
ranges from (35˚C to 45˚C). It is not advisable to sterilize a clinical
thermometer in boiling water because a short range of 35˚C to 43˚C which shall
result to

i. Cracking or breaking of thermometer due to excessive expansion of

the mercury.
ii. De-malfunction of the thermometer due to over expansion of the
capillary tube and the mercury inside the bulb.

Evaporation and Boiling

Evaporation is the process where a liquid turns into vapour below its boiling
point. Evaporation takes place at all temperature. Wind assist evaporation

Boling is the change from liquid to vapour at the boiling point. It occurs
throughout the entire volume of the liquid. Wind has no effect on boiling

Simple calculations

FIXED POINT OF THERMOMETER

Fixed temperature/points are two reference temperature (usually upper and

lower fix point) chosen, when preparing a scale for reading temperatures.
Upper Fixed Point: is the temperature of steam from pure water at the normal
atmospheric pressure.

Lower Fixed Point: is the temperature of mixture of pure ice and water at
normal pressure.

Fundamental Intervals: is the interval between the upper and lower fixed point.
 2120F 1000C 373K

320F 00C 273K

Fahrenheit scale Celsius scale Kelvin scale

CLASSWORK 2

1. What is thermometric property?

2. Mention three types of thermometer, their thermometric substance and
physical property
3. Differentiate between evaporation and boiling

ASSIGNMENT 2

SECTION A

1. The ice and the steam points of a certain thermometers are -200 and 1000
respectively. Calculate the Celsius temperature corresponding to 700 on the
thermometer (a) 84.00C (b) 75.00C (c) 64.00C (d) 58.00C
2. The best thermometer used for measuring the temperature of human body is
……. (a) Resistant (b) Clinical (c) Thermoelectric (d) Bimetallic
thermometer
3. Mercury has an advantage over other liquids as thermometric liquid because
it (a) has low expansively (b) has higher conductivity (c) vaporizes easily(d)
has relatively low freezing point
4. Convert 70C to kelvin (a) 290K (b) 300K (c) 280K (d) 310K
5. Which of the following have effect on boiling? (a) solar energy (b) wind (c)
volume of the liquid (d) thickness of the container

SECTION B
1. Explain absolute zero temperature?
2. Why is it not advisable to sterilize a clinical thermometer in boiling water?
3. Mention five types of thermometer, their thermometric substance and
physical property

4. Why is water not used as a thermometric substance?

 WEEK THREE

EXPANSIVITY

 Expansion of solids
 Effects and application

Expansion of solids

1. When hot water is poured in a glass tumbler, it might crack due to the
uneven expansion of the inner wall of the tumbler.
2. The cracking noise of zinc roof during the day and night
3. Thermal expansion of solid is used in the construction of bridges in
which one side is fixed and the other is placed on rollers to allow for
expansion
4. The stopper of a bottle can be removed due to the expansion of the
glass.
5. In the construction of concrete pavement, little spaces are left within
the concrete to allow for expansion
6. Gaps are left in the construction of railway tracks to give room for
expansion
7. Bimetallic stripes are use in thermostat for controlling or regulating
the flow of electric current.

Effects and application

Advantages of Thermal Expansion of Solid

1. Fire alarm e.g. electric bell

2. The fittings of wheels in rims
3. Bimetallic thermometer
4. Red hot rivet in ship building
5. Bimetallic stripes used in thermometer e.g. electric cooker etc
Disadvantages of Thermal Expansion of Solid

1. Cracking of drinking glass when hot liquid poured inside

 2. If the balance wheel of a watch expands the time will be fast and if
the balance wheel of a watch contrasts the time will be slow
3. Expansion of metal of concrete bridges which can lead to eventual
after a long period
4. Sagging of overhead wire due to contraction in winter season
5. Expansion of railway tracks thereby forming distant railway tracks.
6. Bursting of water metal pipes.
CLASSWORK 3

1. Mention four effect of thermal expansion of solid

2. Mention four the advantages and disadvantages of thermal expansion of
solid
ASSIGNMENT 3

SECTION A

1. If hot water is poured into a thick glass cup, the cup cracks because (a)
the glass cannot withstand high temperatures (b)glass is an amorphous
substance (c) the inner and the outer walls of the cup expands at different
rates (d) coefficient of expansion of glass is high (e) none of the above
2. Gaps are left in the construction of railway tracks to give room for
…………. (a) contraction (b) evaporation (c) expansion (d) vaporization
(e) none of the above
3. The stopper of a bottle can be removed due to the ………… of the glass
(a) contraction (b) expansion (c) evaporation (d) condensation (e) none of
the above
4. The following are advantages of thermal expansion of solids except (a)
bimetallic thermometer (b) fire alarm (c) sagging of overhead wire (d)
fitting of wheels in rims (e) none of the above
5. If heat is removed from solids they (a) contract (b) evaporate (c) expand
(d) condense (e) none of the above
SECTION B

1. Mention four effect of thermal expansion of solid

2. Mention four the advantages and disadvantages of thermal expansion of
solid
 WEEK FOUR

EXPANSIVITY

 Linear Expansivity
 Area Expansivity
 Volume Expansivity
 Anomalous expansion of water
 Real and apparent

Linear Expansivity

Linear expansivity of a solid can be defined as increase in length per unit

length, per unit degree rise in temperature. It is denoted by (α) and measure in
per Kelvin or per degree Celsius.

Mathematical representation
increase∈length
linear expansivity=
original length × change∈temperature

L2 −L1
α=
L1 (Ө2−Ө1)

L1=the original length

Ө1=the original length

L2=thefinal length

Ө2=final temperature

ΔL=L2 – L1=change ∈length

∆ θ=θ2−θ1=change ∈temperature

ΔL
α=
L1 ΔӨ
 L2−L1
α=
L1 ΔӨ

L2=L1 +α L1 ∆ θ

L2=L1 (1+αΔθ)

EXPANSION IN SOLID

EXAMPLE

1. A brass rod is 2m long at a certain temperature. What will be the

length for a temperature rise of 100K , if the linear expansivity of
brass 18 x10-6K-1
Solution
L1=2 m, L2=? , ∆ θ=100 K , α = 18x10-6k-1

L2=L1 (1+αΔθ)

L2=2 ( 1+ ( 18 ×10 × 100 ) )

−6

L2=2(1+0.00018)

L2=2(1.00018)

L2=2.0036 m

Area Expansivity

The area/superficial expansivity is the increase in area of per unit area per degree
rise in temperature. It is donated by (β) and measured in per Kelvin and per 0C
A 2−A 1
β=
A 1 ( θ2−θ1 )

Recall
L2=L1 +α L1 ∆ θ

L2=L1 (1+αΔθ)
Similarly
b 2=b1 +α b1 ∆ θ

b 2=b1 (1+αΔθ)

A2=L1 (1+ αΔθ) ×b 1( 1+ αΔθ)

A2=L1 b1 (1+ αΔθ)(1+αΔθ)

A2= A 1 ¿

Where: (αΔθ)2 is neglible∧β =2 α

A2= A 1 (1+ 2 αΔθ)

A2= A 1 (1+ βΔθ)

Volume Expansivity

It is denoted by (γ). It is the increase in volume per unit volume per degree rise in
temperature
V 2−V 1
γ=
V 1 ( θ2−θ 1)

γ=3 α

Relationship between α: β: γ: = 1: 2: 3.

Expansion in Liquid

If the temperature of a liquid increases the volume of liquid is affected

Real and apparent

Real or absolute cubic expansivity ( γ r ): The real / absolute of the liquid is the
increase in volume by unit volume per degree rise in temperature

Apparent Cubic Expansivity ( γ a)

The apparent cubic expansivity is the increase in volume per unit rise when heated
in an expansible vessel.
(γ r )=(γ a )+ ɣ
Anomalous expansion of water

Most liquid except water expand when heated. This abnormal behaviour of water is
what is referred to as anomalous expansion of water. When water is heated from
00C, it contracts until it reaches 40C and beyond this point, water expands
normally. The anomalous expansion of water takes place between 00C and 40C.

CLASSWORK 4

1. Define these: (i) linear expansivity (ii) area expansivity (iii) cubic
expansivity
2. What do you understand by the term anomalous behaviour of water?
3. (a) A brass rod is 2m long at a certain temperature. What will be its
length for a temperature rise of 90K , if the linear expansivity of brass is
1.8 x 10-6K-1
ASSIGNMENT 4

SECTION A

1. A metal of length 15.01m is heated until its temperature rises by 600C.

If it’s new length is 15.05, calculate its linear expansivity (a) 0.0004/K
(b) 0.00004/K (c) 0.004/K (d) 0.04/K
2. The increase in volume of 10cm3 of mercury when the temperature
rises by 1000C is 0.182cm3. What is the cubic expansivity of mercury?
(a) 0.000182/K (b) 0.0000182/K (c) 0.000187/K (d) 0.000178/K
3. When water is heated between 00C and 40C, its density (a) increases
for a while and then decreases (b) decreases for a while and then
increases (c) increases (d) decreases (e) remains constant
4. A metal bar 50cm long at 150Cis heated to 850C. If it expands by
0.088cm, determine its linear expansivity (a) 4.0×10-5 0C (b) 2.5×10-5
0
C (c) 6.3×10-2 0C (d) 1.2×10-1 0C (e) none of the above
5. If the linear expansivity of a solid is 1.8 X 10 -6, the area expansivity
will be (a) 0.9 X 10 -6 (b) 3.6 X 10 -6 (c) 1.8 X 10 -6 (d) 5.4 X 10-6

SECTION B
1. Establish the relationship: A2= A 1 ( 1+ βΔθ )
2. The real and apparent cubic expansivities of a liquid in an expansible
container are 3.0×10-6 K-1 and 1.8×10-6 K-1 respectively. Calculate the
expansivity of the container
3. The linear expansivity of a metal P is twice that of another metal Q. When
these materials are heated to the same temperature change, their increase in
length is the same. Calculate the ratio of the original length of P and Q

WEEK FIVE
 HEAT TRANSFER

 Conduction
 Convection
 Radiation
 Applications - sea breeze, thermo flask

Heat can be transferred by conduction, convection or radiation

Conduction

This is the process of transfer of heat through a material by vibration of the

molecules fixed in position. N.B. Metals that allow heat to pass through them are
said to be good conductors of heat. Though all metals are classified as good
conductors, they differ in an ability to conduct heat. Non-metal (wood / plastic) is a
bad conductor that does not allow heat to pass through it. Thermal conductivity is
simply the ability of a metal to conduct heat.

PRACTICAL CONDUCTION OF HEAT

1. Kettle, pans and other utensils made of metals are provided with wooden or
ebonite utensils so that heat from to utensils is not conducted
2. house old source pans are made of metals because metals are good
conductors of heat and electricity
3. Thick brick walls are used in the construction of storage rooms. Bricks are
bad conductors of heat, so it will not allow heat to enter the storage room.
4. A stone floor feels cold to the feet than a rug or a carpet on the same floor
feels warm
Convection

Convection is the process by which heat energy is transferred in a fluid (liquid

or gas) by actual movement of the heated fluid. The direction of the motion of a
filter paper indicates the circulation of heated water. Circulation of a liquid is
called CONVECTION CURRENT.

Radiation
Radiation is the process by which heat is transferred or conveyed from one
place / point to another without heating the interview medium. In radiation
molecules are not involved, it differs from another method because it does not
require a medium for heat to be transferred. Heat from the sun reaches us by
this method. The energy given out as radiant heat is known as RADIANT
ENERGY. This energy displaces electrical and magnetic properties and it said
to be electromagnetic radiation and the name is INFARED.

RADIATION CAN BE DETECTED BY

1. Radiometer
2. Thermo pile
3. Leslie cube
Dark surface are good absorber of heat and poor he meter of radiation.
Highly polished surface are good he meter of radiation and poor he meter of
heat.

APPLICATION OFRADIATION

1. It is not advisable to wear a dark shirt in the tropical sun

2. Roofs of factories are coated with aluminum paint.
3. Shinning roofs and outside walls are painted with light colour in hot
climate to keep the house cool.
Cooking utensils are darkening at the bottom and polished in the upper surface.
The blacking surface will allow the heat while the silver surface won’t allow
heat to go out

Applications - sea breeze, thermo flask

Land and sea breeze

Heat energy from the sun is absorbed by the land and sea equally in the
daytime. The air close to the surface of the land is warmed by the land because
the land conducts better than the sea water. The warmed air becomes less dense,
rises and move towards the sea. Cold hair from the sea moves towards the land
to replace the rising warm air. This circulation of hot and cold air continues.

The cold breeze from the sea towards the land is called sea breeze.
Thermos Flask

A thermos flask is used to keep the temperature of its content constant. The
essential features of a thermos flask are as follows:

1. Cork stopper – Prevent heat loss by conduction, conduction and Evaporation

2. Vacuum in the double wall – Reduce heat loss or gain by conduction and
convection

3. Silvered wall surface – Minimise heat loss by radiation

4. Cork support – Prevent heat loss by conduction

Thermos flask is also known as vacuum flask.

CLASSWORK 5

1. Define the following terms (a) conduction (b) Convection (c) Radiation
2. Differentiate between convection and radiation
3. Differentiate between conduction and convection
ASSIGNMENT 5

SECTION A

1. When heat is applied to one end of a metal rod, molecules at the other
end begin to vibrate with greater amplitude than before because heat
has been transferred by (a) radiation (b) convection (c) conduction (d)
radiation (e) none of the above
2. Which of the following phenomena explains the fact that a house
whose roof is coated with white will be cooler in the hot season than
one coated with black paint? (a) conduction (b) convection (c)
refraction (d) radiation (e) none of the above
3. Which of the following colours of surfaces ill radiate heat energy
best? (a) red (b) white(c) black (d) yellow (e) blue
4. Which part of a vacuum flask prevents heat loss by radiation? (a) The
cork (b) the vacuum (c) the silvered surfaces (d) the pad at the bottom
(e) none of the above
 5. The heat from fire in a closed room reaches someone far away in the
room mainly by (a) reflection (b) diffusion (c) conduction (d)
radiation (e) convection

SECTION B

1. Draw and label a diagram showing the essential parts of a thermos

flask
2. Explain land and sea breezes

MID-TERM PROJECT
 Using a white cardboard, answer the question below:

GIRLS:

Draw a well-labelled diagram of a vacuum flask and explain the function

BOYS:

Draw a well-labelled diagram of a gold-leaf electroscope and explain the

function

WEEK SIX

ELECTRIC CHARGES PRODUCTION

  Electric charges
 Types of charges
 Distribution of charges
 Storage of charges

Electric charges

If a plastic pen is rub vigorously on the hair or on a coat and it is hold near a very
small piece of paper, the paper will be attracted by the pen. Some substances are
found to poses the ability to attract light objects once they are rubbed. The light
object as well as the rubbed material are said to be charged or electrified with static
electricity.

Types of charges

There are two types of charges- positive and negative charges. An ebonite rod
rubbed with fur has a negative charge, but a glass rod rubbed with silk has a
positive charge.

The fundamental law of static electricity or electrostatic states that like charges
repel will unlike charges attract.

Distribution of charges

Charges are unusually concentrated at places where the surface is sharply curved.
The charge density i.e. charge per unit area is highest at the sharpest point of the
conductor.

Storage of charges

The electrophorus is a device for transferring and storing charges. It produces

electric charges by electrostatic induction. Another device for the storage of
electric charges is the capacitor

CLASSWOR 6

1. State the fundamental law of electrostatic

 2. What is electrostatic

ASSIGNMENT 6

SECTION A

1. The ebonite rod in question 2 becomes (a) positively charge (b) negatively
charge (c) neutral (d) none of the above
2. Like charges (a) attract (b) repel (c) disappear (d) evaporate(e) none of the
above
3. Charges are usually concentrated at places where the surface is ………….
(a) straight (b) sharply curved (c) oval in shape (d) rectangular (e) none of
the above
4. When a biro rubbed on dry silk cloth is moved very close to a piece of paper
on dry table, the pen is found to pick up the paper. This is because (a) both
the pen and the paper are magnetized (b) the pen is magnetized but the paper
is not (c) the pen is charged while the paper is magnetized (d) both the pen
and the paper are charged (e) none of the above
5. When an ebonite rod is rub with fur, the fur becomes (a) positively charge
(b) negatively charge (c) neutral (d) none of the above
SECTION B
1. State the fundamental law of electrostatic
2. With the aid of a diagram, explain charge distribution

WEEK SEVEN
 GOLD LEAF ELECTROSCOPE

 Gold leaf electroscope

 Uses of Gold leaf electroscope

Gold leaf electroscope

An electroscope is a device which can detect electric charges. The casing is earthed
so as to screen the leaf from outside interference of influence. The leaf is the
sensitive or moving part of the instrument.

Uses of Gold leaf electroscope

1. It is used to test whether a material is a conductor or an insulator. The

material is made to touch the cap. Rapid collapse means that the charges
escape easily and hence the material concerned is a good conductor. A
slow collapse means that it is a poor conductor. No collapse means that it
is an insulator.
2. Use to test charges weather the charge is positive or negative. The gold
leaf electroscope to test the sign of the charge of an object. If an
unknown charge is brought near to a charged electroscope and the leaf
diverges more, the unknown charge is similar to the charge on the
electroscope.
Lighting and Lighting Conductor
The atmosphere is known to contain ions or charged particles, which have been
produced by radiation from the sun and by what is known as cosmic radiation,
which enters the atmosphere from outer space.

Lighting is a sudden discharge or neutralizing of electric charges, and it occurs

when charges build up in a cloud.

A lighting conductor is used to protect a building from lighting damage.

CLASSWORK 7

1. State two uses of an electroscope

2. What is the function of lighting conductors
ASSIGNMENT 7

SECTION A

1. Capacitor is a device that …………. charges (a) produces (b) emits (c) store
(d) accelerate (e) none of the above
2. The casing is earthed so as to screen the leaf from outside interference (a)
positively charge (b) negatively charge (c) neutral (d) none of the above
3. In using a gold leaf electroscope to determine the nature of electric charge
on a body, it is observed that hen the charges on the body and electroscope
are the same, the divergence of the leaves (a) decreases (b) increases (c)
cannot say (d) remains unchanged (e) disappears
4. Which of the following device is used to detect charge (a) Electrophorus (b)
Capacitor (c) Electroscope (d) Inductor (e) none of the above
5. A rod is brought near the cap of negatively charged electroscope. It is
observed that the leaf of the electroscope diverges farther showing that the
rod is (a) positively charged (b) not charged (c) an insulator (d) negatively
charged (e) none of the above
SECTION B
1. What is lighting?
2. Draw a well label diagram of an electroscope

WEEK EIGHT
 FIELD

 Concept of field
 Types of field

Concept of field

Field can be defined as the region or space under the influence of some physical
agency such as gravitational, electricity and magnetism.

Types of field

Fields are of various types namely: gravitational, magnetic and electric field.

1. Gravitational Field

Gravitational field is any region or space around a mass in which the gravitational
force of the mass is felt. Gravitational field always point inwards to the mass
producing it.

Acceleration due to gravity

The magnitude of acceleration due to gravity is approximately 10m/s2. Ancient

Greek thought bigger masses fell faster than smaller masses when dropped from
the same height at the same time. This was first proven wrong by Galileo Galilei
and later by Isaac Newton. It was concluded that if objects of different masses are
dropped in a vacuum from same height and at the same time, they will land at the
same time on the ground. Thus, the non-landing at the same time is observed to
have been caused by air resistance.

In trying to determine the acceleration due to gravity of a falling object, the

formula below was experimentally arrived at:
2h
g= 2
t

CLASSWORK 8
 1. Define field
2. Mention three types of field known to you

ASSIGNMENT 8

SECTION A

1. In a vacuum, when an iron ball and a paper is released at the same time (a)
the iron reaches the ground earlier before the paper (b) the paper reaches the
ground earlier before the iron (c) the iron and the paper reaches the ground
at the same time (d) no concrete conclusion can be made (e) none of the
above
2h
2. Acceleration can be calculated using which of these formulas (a) g= 2 (b)
t
2h h h
g= 3 (c)
g= 2 (d) g= 2 (e) g= 2 h
R t 2t t
3. A region or space under the influence of some physical agency or force is
called (a) force station (b) field (c) gravitational field (d) field station (e)
none of the above
4. The unit of force is (a) Joules (b) Watt (c) Newton (c) Tesla (e) All of the
above
5. Which of these is not a type of field? (a) gravitational field (b) electric field
(c) magnetic field (d) metallic field (e) none of the above

SECTION B

1. Explain why a stone will reach the ground first when dropped from a height
with a feather at the same time
2. Explain gravitational field
 WEEK NINE

ELECTRIC FIELD

 Electric field
 Lines of force
 Properties of line of force
 Properties of force field

Electric field

It is simply the space or region around an electric charge where a force is

experienced. There are two types of charges namely: positive and negative charges.

Lines of force

Lines of force are imaginary lines that shows or indicate in the path of fore in a
field

Properties of line of force

1. They are imaginary

2. They do not cross each other
3. They begin with a positive charge and end with a negative charge.
4. Electric flux representing uniform field are straight parallels and
uniformly space
5. While the one representing in non-uniform field are curves
Electric field pattern
a. Electric field pattern of an isolated positive and negative charges
b. Electric field pattern of two charges
c. Electric field pattern between two parallel plates
CLASSWORK 9

1. Define electric line of force

2. Draw a field pattern of two negative point charges
3. State four properties of line of force
ASSIGNMENT 9

SECTION A

1. The direction of positive electric charge is (a) inward (b) outward (c) at a
fixed point (d) unnoticed (e) none of the above
2. The direction of negative electric charge is (a) inward (b) outward (c) at a
fixed point (d) unnoticed (e) none of the above
3. A force of repulsion was experienced when a charge P was brought close to
charge S. which of the following statements is correct? (a) P is positively
charged while S is negatively charged (b) S is positively charged while P is
negatively charged (c) both P and S are negatively charged (d) P is
uncharged while S is negatively charged (e) none of the above
4. Which of these is correct about electric lines of force? (a) They do not cross
each other (b) they are not imaginary (c) They can cross each other (d) they
are unnoticed (e) all of the above
5. The space surrounding and electric charge in which electric force is
experienced is called (a) electric field (b) electric flux (c) electric point (d)
electric pole (e) none of the above

SECTION B

1. Draw a field pattern of two positive point charges

2. Draw the field patter for an isolated positive point charge and an isolated
negative point charge
 WEEK TEN

PRODUCTION OF CONTINUOUS ELECTRIC CURRENT

 Production of continuous Electric Current

 Electric Current from Chemical Energy
 Electric Current from Heat Energy
 Electric Current from Mechanical Energy
 Electric Current from Solar energy

Electric current

Electric current is the continuous flow or drift of electric charges due to

potential difference between two points of a conductor. Electrons move from
the negative terminal to the positive terminal of the cell.

+ -

Current and quantity of charge

Quantity of charge
Electric current =
time

Q
I=
t

Q=¿

The unit of current is Ampere (A)

The electromotive force (emf)

This is the work done by the cell in moving one coulomb of charge or electron
round a closed circuit. It is measure in Volts. The emf is the force that is needed
to move electron from the negative terminal of a cell or battery to the positive
 terminal. It is the voltage measure across the terminal of a cell when it is not
supplying current to an external load.

Potential difference (Pd)

This is the work done in moving a unit charge from a region of lower potential
to a region of higher potential.
workdone
potential difference=
charge moved

W
V=
Q

W =QV

The unit of potential difference is volts (V)

Production of continuous Electric Current

Electric Current from Mechanical Energy

The continuous production of electric current can be achieved with a conductor in

form of loop turning in a magnetic field. A practical machine which produces
electric current this way is the generator. It converts mechanical energy (rotation of
the conductor) to electrical energy

Electric Current from Chemical Energy

A cell is a device for converting chemical energy into electrical energy. A cell
consists of two dissimilar metals separated by solution of various acids or salt. The
metals are known as the electrodes and the solutions are the electrolyte. The
positive electrode is known as the anode. The negative electrode is the cathode.

Electric Current from Heat Energy

A thermocouple is used to convert heat energy to electrical energy. It has two

dissimilar wires (e.g. copper and iron). The ends of these dissimilar metals are
joined together. One end is inserted in cold water and another in hot water. A
galvanometer is placed in between to detect the flow of current. Current flows due
to temperature difference at both ends. The greater the difference in the
temperature between the two ends, the greater the current flow.
Electric Current from Solar energy

Energy from the sun can be converted to electrical energy. This is made possible
by the use of photovoltaic or solar cell. If solar energy is made to fall on a photo
electric cell, solar energy will be converted to electric energy directly by photo
electric effect.

CLASSWORK 10

1. What is electric current?

2. What is a cell?
3. Briefly explain how you can generate electrical energy from chemical
energy
4. Mention two types of cell that you know
ASSIGNMENT 10

SECTION A
VQ
1. Which of the following is a correct representation of current? (a) I = t
t 2Q Q Q
(b) I= Q (c) I = t (d) I = t (e) I = 2t
2. The work done by the cell in moving one coulomb of charge or electron
round a closed circuit (a) electromotive force (b) potential difference (c)
current (d) power of the well (e) none of the above
3. In a thermocouple, increase in the temperature difference at the two
terminals will lead to (a) increase in the flow of current (b) decrease in
the flow of current (c) the current flow is unaffected (d) termination of
the current flow (e) none of the above
4. Cell convert chemical energy into ________ energy (a) mechanical (b)
electrical (c) solar (d) atomic (e) heat
5. DC generator converts (a) electric to mechanical energy (b) mechanical
to electric energy (c) solar to electrical energy (d)mechanical to chemical
energy (e) none of the above

SECTION B

1. With the aid of a diagram, describe how heat energy is converted to

electrical energy
2. Write short note on (a) electromotive force (b) potential difference

WEEK ELEVEN
 Revision

WEEK TWELVE

Examination

WEEK THIRTEEN

Examination