m3 Formulae

VED ACADEMY 8983363909
ALL ENGG MATHS 3 FORMULA LIST
UNIT – LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
❖ COMPLIMENTORY FUNCTION
[1] Real & Distinct
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 𝑚3 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑛 𝑒 𝑚𝑛 𝑥
[2] Real & Repeated
𝑦 = (𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 )𝑒 m𝑥
𝑦 = (𝑐1 𝑥 2 + 𝑐2 𝑥 + 𝑐3 )𝑒 𝑚𝑥
[3] Imaginary & Distinct
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 [𝑐1 cos⁡ 𝛽𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin⁡ 𝛽𝑥]
[4] Imaginary & Repeated
𝑦 = e𝛼𝑥 [(𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 )cos⁡ 𝛽𝑥 + (𝑐3 𝑥 + 𝑐4 )sin⁡ 𝛽𝑥]
❖ GENERAL METHOD
[1] Particular Integral

1
P. I = yp = f(x)
𝜙(D)
[2] PI Using General Method
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑃. 𝐼 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝐷−𝑚
1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑃. 𝐼 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝐷+𝑚
LOCATION –OPP SHANIWARWADA , PUNE

❖ SHORT CUT METHOD

1 ex
[1] 𝜙(D)
eax = 𝜙(a) ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡, 𝜙(a) ≠ 0
1 1
[2] If 𝜙(𝑎) = 0,⁡⁡⁡ 𝜙(D) eax = x ⋅ 𝜙′ (a) eax
1 𝑥 𝑟 𝑎𝑥
[3] (𝐷−𝑎)𝑟
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑟!
𝑒
1 1
[4] 𝜙(𝐷)
(𝑘) = 𝑘 ⋅ 𝜙(0)
1 𝑎𝑥
[5] 𝑎𝑥 =
𝜙(𝐷) 𝜙(log⁡ 𝑎)
1 𝑎 −𝑥
[6] 𝑎−𝑥 =
𝜙(𝐷) 𝜙(−log⁡ 𝑎)
1 1
sin⁡(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = sin⁡(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏), 𝜙(−𝑎2 ) ≠ 0
𝜙(𝐷 2 ) 𝜙(−𝑎2 )
[7] 1 1
𝜙[𝐷 2 )
cos⁡(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝜙(−𝑎2 )
cos⁡(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏), 𝜙(−𝑎2 ) ≠ 0
1 1
𝜙(𝐷 2 )
sinℎ𝑎𝑥 = 𝜙(𝑎2 ) sinh𝑎𝑥, 𝜙(𝑎2 ) ≠ 0 and
[8] 1 1
𝜙(𝐷 2 )
cosh𝑎𝑥 = 𝜙(𝑎2 ) cosh𝑎𝑥, 𝜙(𝑎2 ) ≠ 0
1 (1 − 𝑥)−1 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 …
[9] xm = [𝜙(D)]−1 x m
𝜙(D) (1 + 𝑥)−1 = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3
1 1
[10] e𝑎𝑥⁡ V = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑉
𝜙(𝐷) 𝜙(𝐷+𝑎)
1 𝜙′ (𝐷) 1
[11] 𝜙(𝐷)
𝑥𝑉 = [𝑥 − ]
𝜙(𝐷) 𝜙(𝐷)
𝑉
❖ VARIATIONS OF PARAMETERS
−𝑦2 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑢=∫ 𝜔
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑓(𝑥)
𝜈 = ∫ 1 𝜔 𝑑𝑥 ⁡⁡
𝑦1 𝑦2
𝜔 = |⁡𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′⁡ |
1 2
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑢𝑦1 + 𝑣𝑦2 ⁡

❖ CAUCHY’S EQUATION
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑛−1 𝑦
𝑎0 x 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑛−1
+ ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑧 and 𝑧 = log⁡ 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 = 𝐷𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑥 2 2 = 𝐷(𝐷 − 1)𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑3 𝑦
𝑥3 = 𝐷(𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 − 2)𝑦
𝑑𝑥 3
❖ LEGENDER’S EQUATION
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑛−1 𝑦
𝑎0 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 + 𝑎1 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛−1
+ ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 𝑒 𝑧 ⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑎𝑛𝑑⁡⁡⁡𝑧 = log⁡(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑑𝑦
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑎𝐷𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 𝐷(𝐷 − 1)𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑3 𝑦
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 𝐷(𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 − 2)𝑦
𝑑𝑥 3

UNIT – FOURIER TRANSFORM

❖ FOURIER TRANSFORM
∞
𝐹(𝜆) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)⁡𝑒 −𝑖𝜆𝑢 ⁡𝑑𝑢
−∞
∞
𝐹𝐶 (𝜆) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)⁡cos𝜆𝑢⁡𝑑𝑢
0
∞
𝐹𝑠 (𝜆) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)⁡sin𝜆𝑢⁡𝑑𝑢
0
❖ INVERSE FOURIER TRANSFORM
1 ∞
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝐹(𝜆)⁡𝑒 −𝑖𝜆𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥
2𝜋 −∞
2 ∞
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝐹 (𝜆)⁡cos𝜆𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝑐
2 ∞
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝐹 (𝜆)⁡sin𝜆𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝑆
❖ IMPORTANT FORMULAS
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ⁡cos 𝑏𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥 = {𝑎cos𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏sin𝑏𝑥}
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ⁡sin 𝑏𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥 = {𝑎sin𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏cos𝑏𝑥}
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
∫ 𝑢𝑣 = +𝑢𝑣1 − 𝑢′ 𝑣2 + 𝑢′′ 𝑣3 − 𝑢′′′ 𝑣4
1
cos⁡(𝑎)cos⁡(𝑏) = (cos⁡(𝑎 + 𝑏) + cos⁡(𝑎 − 𝑏))
2
1
sin⁡(𝑎)sin⁡(𝑏) = (cos⁡(𝑎 − 𝑏) − cos⁡(𝑎 + 𝑏))
2
1
sin⁡(𝑎)cos⁡(𝑏) = (sin⁡(𝑎 + 𝑏) + sin⁡(𝑎 − 𝑏))
2
1
cos⁡(𝑎)sin⁡(𝑏) = (sin⁡(𝑎 + 𝑏) − sin⁡(𝑎 − 𝑏))
2

UNIT – Z–TRANSFORM
❖ BASICS
∞
𝑍{𝑓(𝑘)} = 𝐹(𝑧) = ∑ 𝑓(𝑘)𝑧 −𝑘

𝑘=0
𝑍{𝛿(𝑘)) = 1⁡, for⁡all 𝑧

𝑧
𝑍{𝑈(𝑘)} = 𝑧−1 ,⁡|𝑧| > 1
𝑧
𝑍{1} = 𝑧−1 , |𝑧| > 1
𝑧
𝑍{𝑎𝑘 } = ,𝑘 ≥ 0 , |𝑧| > |𝑎|
𝑧−𝑎
𝑧
𝑍{𝑎𝑘 } = 𝑎−𝑧 , 𝑘 < 0 , |𝑧| < |𝑎|
𝑎𝑧 𝑧 1
𝑍{a|k| } = + , |𝑎| < |𝑧| < |𝑎|
1−𝑎𝑧 𝑧−𝑎
𝑍{cos𝛼𝑘} 𝑧(𝑧 − cos𝛼)

= 2 , |𝑧| > 1
𝑘≥0 𝑧 − 2𝑧cos𝛼 + 1
𝑧sin𝛼
𝑍{sin𝛼𝑘} = , |𝑧| > 1
𝑘≥0 𝑧2 − 2𝑧cos⁡ 𝛼 + 1
Z{cosh𝛼k} z(z − cosh⁡ 𝛼)

= 2 , |z| > 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ⋅ (|e𝛼 | or |e−𝛼 |)
k≥0 z − 2zcosh𝛼 + 1
𝑍(sinh𝛼𝑘) 𝑧sinh𝛼
= 2 , |𝑧| > 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ⋅ (|𝑒 𝛼 | or |𝑒 −𝑎 |)
𝑘≥0 𝑧 − 2𝑧cosh𝛼 + 1
𝑍{𝑐 𝑘 cos𝛼𝑘} 𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑐cos𝛼)

= 2 , |𝑧| > |𝑐|
𝑘≥0 𝑧 − 2𝑐𝑧cos⁡ 𝛼 + 𝑐 2
Z{c k sin𝛼k} = czsin𝛼

, |z| > |𝑐|
k≥0 z − 2czcos⁡ 𝛼 + c 2
2
Z{c k cosh𝛼k} = z(z − ccosh𝛼) , |z| > 𝑚𝑎𝑥. (|𝑐e𝛼 | or |ce−𝛼 |)

k≥0 z 2 − 2cccosh𝛼 + c 2
Z{c k sinh𝛼k} = czsinh𝛼

, |z| > 𝑚𝑎𝑥. (|𝑐e𝛼 | or |ce−𝜇 |)
k≥0 z − 2czcosh𝛼 + c 2
2
𝑧
𝑍{k} = (𝑧−1)2 , 𝑘 ≥ 0 , |𝑧| > |𝑎|

𝑎𝑧
𝑍{k𝑎𝑘 } = (𝑧−𝑎)2 , 𝑘 ≥ 0 , |𝑧| > |𝑎|
𝑧2
𝑍{(𝑘 + 1)𝑎𝑘 } =
(𝑧 − 𝑎)2
𝑎𝑘
Z{ } = ea/z , for all z
𝑘!
❖ PROPERTIES OF Z
[1] LINEARITY
𝑍{𝑎𝑓(𝑘) + 𝑏𝑔(𝑘)} = 𝑎𝐹(𝑧) + 𝑏𝐺(𝑧)
[2] CHANGE OF SCALE

𝑧
𝑍{𝑎𝑘 𝑓(𝑘)} = 𝐹(⁡ ⁡)
𝑎
[3] SHIFTING
𝑍{𝑓(𝑘)} = 𝐹(𝑧)
𝑍{𝑓(𝑘 + 1)} = 𝑧𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧𝑓(0)
𝑍{𝑓(𝑘 + 2)} = 𝑧 2 𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧 2 𝑓(0) − 𝑧𝑓(1)
𝑍𝑓(𝑘 − 𝐼) = 𝑧 −1 𝐹(𝑧)
𝑍𝑓(𝑘 − 2) = 𝑧 −2 𝐹(𝑧)
[4] MULTIPLICATION BY K
𝑑 𝑛
𝑍{𝑘 𝑛 𝑓(𝑘)} = (−𝑧 ) 𝐹(𝑧)
𝑑𝑧
[5] DIVISION BY K
𝑧
𝑓(𝑘)
𝑍{ } = − ∫ 𝑧 −1 𝐹(𝑧)𝑑𝑧
𝑘
[6] INITIAL VALUE THEOREM
𝑓(0) = Lim𝑧→∞ F(z)
[7] FINAL VALUE
Lim𝑘→∞ ⁡ 𝑓(𝑘) = Lim𝑧→1 (z − 1)F(z)

[8] CONVOLUTION
𝑍{{𝑓(𝑘)} ∗ {𝑔(𝑘)}} = 𝐹(𝑧) ⋅ 𝐺(𝑧)
[9] MULTIPLICATION BY e−ak
𝑍{e−ak f(k)} = F(ea z)

UNIT – NUMERICAL METHOD ENTC
❖ EULER’S METHOD
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
𝑦1 = 𝑦0 + ℎ𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )
𝑦2 = 𝑦1 + ℎ𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
𝑦3 = 𝑦2 + ℎ𝑓(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
𝑦𝑛+1 = 𝑦𝑛 + ℎ𝑓(𝑥𝑛 , 𝑦𝑛 )
❖ MODIFIED EULER
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
𝑦1 = 𝑦0 + ℎ𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )
(1) ℎ
𝑦1 = 𝑦0 + [𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) + 𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )]
2
(2) ℎ (1)
𝑦1 = 𝑦0 + [𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) + 𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )]
2
(3) ℎ (2)
𝑦1 = 𝑦0 + [𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) + 𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )]
2
𝑦2 = 𝑦1 + ℎ𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
(1) ℎ
𝑦2 = 𝑦1 + [𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )]
2
(2) ℎ (1)
𝑦2 = 𝑦1 + [𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )]
2
❖ RUNGE KUTTA’S 4th ORDER

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦),⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦(𝑥0 ) = 𝑦0
𝑑𝑥

𝑘1 = ℎ𝑓(𝑥0, 𝑦0 )
ℎ 𝑘1
𝑘2 = ℎ𝑓(𝑥0 + , 𝑦0 + )
2 2
ℎ 𝑘2
𝑘3 = ℎ𝑓(𝑥0 + , 𝑦0 + )
2 2
𝑘4 = ℎ𝑓(𝑥0 + ℎ, 𝑦0 + 𝑘3 )
1
k = (𝑘1 + 2𝑘2 + 2𝑘3 + 𝑘4 )
6
𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑘
❖ LAGRANGE’S INTERPOLATION
(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) … (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝐿0 (𝑥) =
(𝑥0 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥0 − 𝑥2 ) … (𝑥0 − 𝑥𝑛 )
(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) … (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑛 )
𝐿1 (𝑥) =
(𝑥1 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) … (𝑥1 − 𝑥𝑛 )
(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) … (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑛 )
𝐿2 (𝑥) =
(𝑥2 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) … (𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑛 )
(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) … (𝑥 − 𝑥n−1 )
𝐿𝑛 (𝑥) =
(𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥n − 𝑥1 ) … (𝑥n − 𝑥𝑛−1 )
𝑃𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑦0 𝐿0 (𝑥) + 𝑦1 𝐿1 (𝑥) + 𝑦2 𝐿2 (𝑥) + ⋯ + 𝑦n 𝐿𝑛 (𝑥)
❖ FORWARD BACKWARD & CENTRAL INTERPOLATION
Δf(x) = f(x + h) − f(x)
Δ2 f(x) = Δf(x + h) − Δf(x)
∇f(x) = f(x) − f(x − h)
∇2 f(x) = ∇f(x) − ∇f(x − h)
ℎ ℎ
𝛿𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 + ) − 𝑓(𝑥 − )
2 2
FORWARD
𝑢(𝑢 − 1) 2 𝑢(𝑢 − 1)(𝑢 − 2) 3
𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑢Δ𝑦0 + Δ 𝑦0 + Δ 𝑦0 + ⋯
2! 3!

𝑥 − 𝑥0
𝑢=
ℎ
BACKWARD
𝑢(𝑢 + 1) 2 𝑢(𝑢 + 1)(𝑢 + 2) 3

𝑦 = 𝑦𝑛 + 𝑢∇𝑦𝑛 + ∇ 𝑦𝑛 + ∇ 𝑦𝑛 + ⋯
2! 3!
𝑥 − 𝑥𝑛
𝑢=
ℎ
CENTRAL
1 2 2 1
𝑦= 𝑦0 + 𝑢𝜇𝛿𝑦0 + 𝑢 𝛿 𝑦0 + 𝑢(𝑢2 − 1)𝜇𝛿 3 𝑦0
2! 3!
𝑢(𝑢2 − 1)(𝑢2 − 4) … [𝑢2 − (𝑘 − 1)2 ]𝜇𝛿 2𝑘−1 𝑦0
+
(2𝑘 − 1)!
⌊u (𝑢 − 1)(𝑢 − 4) … [𝑢2 − (𝑘 − 1)2 ] 2𝑘
2 2 2
+ 𝛿 𝑦0
(2𝑘)!
𝑥 − 𝑥0
𝑢=
ℎ
❖ NUMERICAL INTEGRATION
TRAPEZOIDAL
𝑥𝜋
ℎ
∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = [(𝑦 + 𝑦𝑛 ) + 2(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛−1 )]
𝑥0 2 0
𝑥𝑛
ℎ sum⁡of⁡the⁡first⁡and sum⁡of⁡the⁡remaining
∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = [( ) + 2( )]
𝑥0 2 last⁡ordinates ordinates

SIMPSON 1/3
𝑥𝑛
ℎ
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [(𝑦 + 𝑦𝑛 ) + 4(𝑦1 + 𝑦3 + 𝑦5 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛−1 ) + 2(𝑦2 + 𝑦4 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛−2 )]
𝑥0 3 0
h
A= [( first + last⁡ordinate ) + 4( sum⁡of⁡odd ) + +2( sum⁡of⁡even )]
3
SIMPSON 3/8
𝑥𝑛
3ℎ
∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = [(𝑦0 + 𝑦𝑛 ) + 2(𝑦3 + 𝑦6 + 𝑦9 + ⋯ ) + 3(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦4 + 𝑦5 + ⋯ )]
𝑥0 8
3h
A= [( first + last⁡ordinate ) + 2( sum⁡of⁡trippling) + +2( sum⁡of⁡remaining )]
8

UNIT – NUMERICAL METHOD CIVIL
❖ EULER’S METHOD
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
𝑦1 = 𝑦0 + ℎ𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )
𝑦2 = 𝑦1 + ℎ𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
𝑦3 = 𝑦2 + ℎ𝑓(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
𝑦𝑛+1 = 𝑦𝑛 + ℎ𝑓(𝑥𝑛 , 𝑦𝑛 )
❖ MODIFIED EULER
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
𝑦1 = 𝑦0 + ℎ𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )
(1) ℎ
𝑦1 = 𝑦0 + [𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) + 𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )]
2
(2) ℎ (1)
𝑦1 = 𝑦0 + [𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) + 𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )]
2
(3) ℎ (2)
𝑦1 = 𝑦0 + [𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) + 𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )]
2
𝑦2 = 𝑦1 + ℎ𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
(1) ℎ
𝑦2 = 𝑦1 + [𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )]
2
(2) ℎ (1)
𝑦2 = 𝑦1 + [𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )]
2
❖ RUNGE KUTTA’S 4th ORDER

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦),⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦(𝑥0 ) = 𝑦0
𝑑𝑥

𝑘1 = ℎ𝑓(𝑥0, 𝑦0 )
ℎ 𝑘1
𝑘2 = ℎ𝑓(𝑥0 + , 𝑦0 + )
2 2
ℎ 𝑘2
𝑘3 = ℎ𝑓(𝑥0 + , 𝑦0 + )
2 2
𝑘4 = ℎ𝑓(𝑥0 + ℎ, 𝑦0 + 𝑘3 )
1
k = (𝑘1 + 2𝑘2 + 2𝑘3 + 𝑘4 )
6
𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑘
❖ CHOLESKY METHOD
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 Given In Question
A = LLT Obtain L⁡&⁡𝐿T From this Equation
𝒍𝟏𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝒍𝟏𝟏 𝒍𝟐𝟏 𝒍𝟑𝟏

𝑻
Where L = [𝒍𝟐𝟏 𝒍𝟐𝟐 𝟎 ] and 𝑳 = [ 𝟎 𝒍𝟐𝟐 𝒍𝟑𝟐 ]
𝒍𝟑𝟏 𝒍𝟑𝟐 𝒍𝟑𝟑 𝟎 𝟎 𝒍𝟐𝟐
LZ = B Obtain Z
𝐿𝑇 𝑋 = 𝑍 Obtain X (Ans)

UNIT – STATISTICS
❖ MEAN MODE MEDIAN

− ∑𝑥
[1] ARITHMETIC⁡MEAN = 𝑥 = 𝑛
(for ungrouped data)
− ∑𝑓𝑢
[2] ARITHMETIC⁡MEAN = 𝑥 = 𝐴 + ℎ ∑𝑓
(for grouped data)
− −
− 𝑛1 𝑥 +𝑛2 𝑦
[3] JOINT⁡ARITHMETIC⁡MEAN = ⁡ 𝑧 = 𝑛1 +𝑛2
𝑁 ∑𝑓
[4] 𝑀𝐸𝐷𝐼𝐴𝑁 = 2
= 2
(for ungrouped data)
h N
[5] MEDIAN = 𝑙 + ( − c) (for grouped data)
𝑓 2
Where l = lower limit of median class
f = frequency of median class
h = width of median class
c = cf. of the class preceding the median class
[6] MODE = value of variate corresponding to maximum frequency. (for ungrouped data)
ℎ(𝑓1 −𝑓0 )
[7] MODE = 𝑙 + (for grouped data)
(𝑓1 −𝑓0 )−(𝑓2 −𝑓1 )
Where l = lower limit of the modal class
h = width of the modal class
𝑓1 =⁡ frequency of the modal class
𝑓0 =⁡⁡frequency of the class preceding to the modal class
𝑓2 =⁡ frequency of the class succeeding to the modal class.

1
[8] MEAN⁡DEVIATION = 𝑁 ∑𝑓|𝑥 − 𝐴|
1 ¯
[9] 𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐷𝐴𝑅𝐷⁡𝐷𝐸𝑉𝐼𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 = 𝜎 = √𝑁 ∑𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑥 )2
[10] 𝑉𝐴𝑅𝐼𝐴𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 𝑉 = 𝜎 2
𝜎
[11] COEFFICIENT⁡OF⁡VARIATION = CV = A.M × 100
❖ MOMENTS SKEWNESS & KURTOSIS
∑𝑓𝑢
𝜇𝑟′ = ℎ
Σ𝑓
∑𝑓𝑢
𝜇1′ = ℎ
∑𝑓
∑𝑓𝑢2
𝜇2′ = ℎ2
Σ𝑓
∑𝑓𝑢3
𝜇3′ = ℎ3
Σ𝑓
∑𝑓𝑢4
𝜇4′ =ℎ 4
∑𝑓
𝜇1 = 0
2
𝜇2 = 𝜇2′ − 𝜇1′
𝜇3 = 𝜇3′ − 3𝜇2′ 𝜇1′ + 2𝜇1′3
𝜇4 = 𝜇4′ − 4𝜇3′ 𝜇1′ + 6𝜇2′ (𝜇1′ )2 − 3(𝜇1′ )4
𝜇32
𝛽1 =
𝜇23
𝜇4
𝛽2 =
𝜇22
3 (Mean⁡ − ⁡Median)
Skewness =
Standard⁡deviation

The distribution is positively skewed if coefficient of skewness 𝛽1 is positive. If coefficient of

skewness 𝛽1 ⁡ is negative the distribution is negatively skewed.
If 𝛽2 = 3⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡curve⁡is⁡Mesokurtic
If 𝛽2 > 3⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡curve⁡is⁡Leptokurtic
If 𝛽2 < 3⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡curve⁡is⁡Platykurtic
❖ CORRELATION & REGRESSION
cov⁡(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛⁡𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑟(𝑥, 𝑦) =
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦
1 −−
cov⁡(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∑𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑥 𝑦
𝑛
1 2 −2 1 −
𝜎𝑥2 = ∑𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥 and 𝜎𝑦2 = ∑𝑦𝑖2 − 𝑦 2
𝑛 𝑛
Regression line of x on y
− 𝜎𝑥 −
𝑥−𝑥 =𝑟 (𝑦 − 𝑦)
𝜎𝑦
Regression line of y on x
− 𝜎𝑦
𝑦−𝑦 =𝑟 (𝑥— )
𝜎𝑥

❖ CURVE FITTING
STRAIGHT LINE FITTING
𝑌 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑋
∑𝑌 = 𝑛𝑎 + 𝑏∑𝑋
∑𝑋𝑌 = 𝑎∑𝑋 + 𝑏∑𝑋 2
PARABOLIC FITTING
𝑌 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑋 + 𝑋 2
∑𝑌 = 𝑛𝑎 + 𝑏∑𝑋 + 𝑐𝑋 2
∑𝑋𝑌 = 𝑎∑𝑋 + 𝑏∑𝑋 2 + c𝑋 3
∑𝑋 2 𝑌 = 𝑎∑𝑋 2 + 𝑏∑𝑋 3 + c𝑋 4

UNIT – PROBABILITY
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴)𝑃(𝐵 ∣ 𝐴)
BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION = 𝐵(𝑛, 𝑝, 𝑟) =.𝑛 𝐶𝑟 𝑝𝑟 𝑞 𝑛−𝑟
MEAN = 𝑛𝑝
Var⁡(𝑋) = 𝜎 2 = npq
S. D. = 𝜎 = √npq
𝑒 −𝑧 𝑧 r
POISSON DISTRIBUTION = 𝑝(𝑟) = ⁡ WHERE z = mean=np
𝑟!
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎

UNIT – VECTOR DIFERENTIATION
❖ BASIC
− − − −
𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏 = |𝑎||𝑏|cos⁡ 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑏cos⁡ 𝜃
− −
|𝑎 × 𝑏| = 𝑎𝑏sin⁡ 𝜃
− − − −
𝑟 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(Position⁡Vector)
− − − − − −
𝑖 ⋅ 𝑖 = 𝑗 ⋅𝑗 =𝑘⋅𝑘 =1
− − − − − −
𝑖 ⋅𝑗 = 𝑗 ⋅𝑘 =𝑘⋅ 𝑖 =0
− − − − − −
𝑖 × 𝑖 = 𝑗 ×𝑗 =𝑘×𝑘 =0
− − −⁡ − − − − − −
𝑖 × 𝑗 = 𝑘, 𝑗 × 𝑘 = 𝑖, 𝑘×𝑖 = 𝑗
− −
𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏 = 𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑎3 𝑏3
𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑎3 𝑏3
cos⁡ 𝜃 = − −
|𝑎||𝑏|
− − −
− − 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝑎 × 𝑏 = |𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 |
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3
−
− 𝑑𝑟 − 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑧
𝑉 =⁡ =𝑖 +𝑗 + 𝑘 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡Tangent⁡or⁡Velocity⁡Vector
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−
− 𝑑𝑉
𝑎= ⁡⁡⁡Acceleration⁡vector
𝑑𝑡

❖ DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVE
− 𝜕𝜙 − 𝜕𝜙 − 𝜕𝜙
Grad 𝜙 = ∇𝜙 = 𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡Del⁡or⁡Nabla
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
^
DD = ∇𝜙 ⋅ a
^
TYPE OF DIFFERENT 𝐚
1) DIRECT GIVEN IN THE QUESTION
2) TOWARDS THE POINTS

− − − −
𝑎 = (x1 − x2 )𝑖 + (y1 − y2 )𝑗 + (z1 − z2 )𝑘
3) NORMAL TO SURFACE
−
𝑎 = ∇𝑓 , where f is the given surface
4) ALONG THE LINE

−
𝑎 = Attach⁡i, j, k⁡to⁡the⁡denominator⁡values
5) ALONG THE TANGENT
− − 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑧
𝑎=𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
MAXIMUM MAGNITUDE NUMERICAL

^
Use the equation ∇𝜙 = 𝑀𝑀⁡ × ⁡ 𝑎

❖ CURL & DIVERGENCE

− 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹3
DIVERGENCE ∇ ⋅ F = ⁡ 𝜕𝑥1 + 𝜕𝑣
+ 𝜕𝑧
− − −
i j k
−
CURL ∇×F =⁡| 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
|
𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z
F1 F2 F3
−
SOLENOIDAL `⁡𝛁 ⋅ 𝐅 = 𝟎
−
IRROTATIONAL 𝛁×𝐅 =𝟎
→ . . .
• If⁡⁡⁡𝐹 = ∇𝜙⁡⁡⁡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛⁡⁡𝜙 = ⁡ ∫𝑊.𝑅.𝑇⁡𝑥 𝐹1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒⁡𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚⁡𝑥 𝐹2 𝑑𝑦 + ∫𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒⁡𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚⁡𝑥⁡&⁡𝑦 𝐹3 𝑑𝑧
VIP FORMULAS TO LEARN

−
∇⋅r =3
−
∇×r =0
− − −
∇ ⋅ (𝜙𝑢) = ∇𝜙 ⋅ 𝑢 + 𝜙(∇ ⋅ 𝑢)
− − −
∇ × (𝜙𝑢) = ∇𝜙 × 𝑢 + 𝜙(∇ × 𝑢)
𝑓 ′ (𝑟) −
∇𝑓(𝑟) = ( )𝑟
𝑟
2
∇2 𝑓(𝑟) = 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)
𝑟
− − −
∇(∇ ⋅ 𝑢) = ∇ × (∇ × 𝑢) + ∇2 𝑢
− − − − − −
∇ ⋅ (u × v) = v ⋅ (∇ × u) − u ⋅ (∇ × v)
− − − − − − − − − −
∇ × (𝑢 × 𝑣 ) = 𝑢(∇ ⋅ 𝑣 ) − (𝑢 ⋅ ∇)𝑣 + (𝑣 ⋅ ∇)𝑢 − 𝑣 (∇ ⋅ 𝑢)

UNIT – VECTOR INTEGRATION

− −
[1] A⁡line⁡Integral = ∫𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑟
𝑐
− −
[2] A⁡line⁡integral = ∫ F ⋅ 𝑑r = ∫ F1 dx + F2 d𝑦 + F3 dz
− −
[3] ∫𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑟 = 0⁡⁡⁡Then⁡field⁡is⁡conservative⁡OR⁡Workdone⁡is⁡zero
𝑐
. 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
[4] ∮𝐶 𝑢𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣𝑑𝑦 = ∬A( − )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡GREEN⁡LEMMA⁡THEOREM
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
− ^ −
[5] ∫∫ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑛𝑑𝑆 = ∫∬ ∇ ⋅ 𝐹 𝑑𝑉 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡GAUSS⁡DIVERGENCE⁡THEOREM
𝑆 𝑣
_
[6] SURFACE INTEGRAL = VOLUME INTEGRAL for GDT

− − → −
[7] ∮𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬(∇ × 𝐹) d𝑆 STOKE THEOREM
𝑐 𝑠
[8] LINE INTEGRAL = SURFACE INTEGRAL for STOKE’S

❖ SOME IMPORTANT SUBSITUTIONS
[1] CIRCLE
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = −𝑎 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
[2] ELLIPSE
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
a2 𝑏 2
𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑏 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = −𝑎 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑏 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
[3] SPHERE
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 𝑟2
𝑥 = 𝑟sin𝜃cos𝜙, 𝑦 = 𝑟sin𝜃sin𝜙, 𝑧 = 𝑟cos𝜃
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 𝑟 2 sin𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙
LIMITS 𝑟 = 0⁡𝑡𝑜⁡𝑎⁡⁡⁡,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝜃 = 0 to 𝜋⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝜙 = 0 to 2𝜋
[4] HEMISPHERE (substitutions same as sphere)
LIMITS 𝑟 = 0⁡𝑡𝑜⁡𝑎⁡⁡⁡,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝜃 = 0 to 𝜋⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝜙 = 0 to 2𝜋
[5] CYLINDER
𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝜌2 , bounded⁡by 𝑥 = 0⁡⁡𝑡𝑜⁡𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = 𝜌cos𝜙⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑧 = 𝜌sin𝜙⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑠 = 𝜌𝑑𝑥𝑑𝜙
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝜌2 , bounded⁡by z = 0⁡⁡𝑡𝑜⁡𝑧 = 2
𝑥 = 𝜌cos𝜙⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦 = 𝜌sin𝜙⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑧 = 𝑧
𝑑𝑠 = 𝜌𝑑𝑧𝑑𝜙

UNIT – APPLICATION OF PARTIAL

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
❖ WAVE EQUATION
𝜕2𝑢 2
𝜕2𝑢
= 𝑐
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 2
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
[1] 𝑢(0, 𝑡) = 0
[2] u(𝑙, 𝑡) = 0
𝜕u
[3] ( 𝜕t ) =0
t=0
[4] u(x, 0) = f(x)
GENERAL SOLUTION
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝑐1 cos⁡ 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin⁡ 𝑚𝑥)(𝑐3 cos⁡ 𝑐𝑚𝑡 + 𝑐4 sin⁡ 𝑐𝑚𝑡)
FLOWCHART
[1] Execute Eqn(1) , Put x=0 , t=t in GS , obtain 𝑐1 = 0
[2] Execute Eqn(3) , Put x=0 , t=t in derivative of GS wrt t , obtain 𝑐4 = 0

𝑛𝜋
[3] Execute Eqn(2) , Put x=length (l OR π as given) , obtain (𝑚 = ⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑂𝑅⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑚 = 𝑛)
𝑙
[4] Obtain IDEAL SOLUTION by substituting c5 = ∑∞

𝑛=0 bn
[5] Execute Eqn(4) , Put x=x & t=0 in IDEAL SOLUTION
[6] To find bn
a. If equation f(x) is trigonometric - compare

2 𝑙
b. If equation f(x) is algebraic – use equation bn = 𝑙 ∫0 (algebric)(trignometric)

❖ 1-D HEAT FLOW
𝜕𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
= 𝑐2 2
𝜕t 𝜕𝑥
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
[1] 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡)⁡⁡𝑖𝑠⁡𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑚𝑑𝑒𝑑⁡𝑓𝑜𝑟⁡𝑎𝑙𝑙⁡𝑡
[2] 𝑢(0, 𝑡) = 0
[3] u(𝑙, 𝑡) = 0
[4] u(x, 0) = f(x)
GENERAL SOLUTION
2 𝑚2 𝑡
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝑐4 cos⁡ 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐5 sin⁡ 𝑚𝑥)𝑒 −𝑐
FLOWCHART
[1] Write Equation (1) and keep it as it is.
[2] Execute Eqn(2) , Put x=0 , t=t in GS , obtain 𝑐4 = 0

𝑛𝜋
[3] Execute Eqn(3) , Put x=length (l OR π as given) , obtain (𝑚 = ⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑂𝑅⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑚 = 𝑛)
𝑙

𝑛=0 bn
[5] Execute Eqn(4) , Put x=x & t=0 in IDEAL SOLUTION
[6] To find bn

2 𝑙

❖ 2-D HEAT FLOW
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
TYPE 1 IF 𝒙 → ∞ and y=0 to y=l
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
[1] 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 0
[2] u(x, 𝑙) = 0
[3] 𝑢(∞, 𝑦) = 0
[4] 𝑢(0, 𝑦) = f(x)
GENERAL SOLUTION
u(x, y) = (c1 emx + c2 e−m𝑥 )(c3 cos⁡ my + c4 sin⁡ my)
FLOWCHART
[1] Execute Eqn(1) , Put x=x , y=0 in GS , obtain 𝑐3 = 0
[2] Execute Eqn(3) , Put x=∞, y=y in GS, obtain 𝑐1 = 0

𝑛𝜋
[3] Execute Eqn(2) , Put x=x & y= length (l OR π as given) , obtain (𝑚 = ⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑂𝑅⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑚 = 𝑛)
𝑙

𝑛=0 bn
[5] Execute Eqn(4) , Put x=0 & y=y in IDEAL SOLUTION
[6] To find bn

2 𝑙

TYPE 2 IF 𝒚 → ∞ and x=0 to x=l
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
[1] 𝑢(0, y) = 0
[2] u(𝑙, y) = 0
[3] 𝑢(x, ∞) = 0
[4] 𝑢(x, 0) = f(x)
GENERAL SOLUTION
u(x, y) = (𝑐1 cos⁡ 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin⁡ 𝑚𝑥)(𝑐3 𝑒 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑐4 𝑒 −𝑚𝑦 )
FLOWCHART
[1] Execute Eqn(1) , Put x=0 , y=y in GS , obtain 𝑐1 = 0
[2] Execute Eqn(3) , Put x=x, y=∞ in GS, obtain 𝑐3 = 0

𝑛𝜋
[3] Execute Eqn(2) , Put x= length (l OR π as given) & y=y, obtain (𝑚 = 𝑙
⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑂𝑅⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑚 = 𝑛)

𝑛=0 bn
[5] Execute Eqn(4) , Put x=x & y=0 in IDEAL SOLUTION
[6] To find bn
c. If equation f(x) is trigonometric - compare

2 𝑙
d. If equation f(x) is algebraic – use equation bn = 𝑙 ∫0 (algebric)(trignometric)

UNIT – COMPLEX VARIABLES
❖ CAUCHY RIEMANN EQUATION

𝜕u 𝜕v 𝜕u 𝜕𝑣
= and =−
𝜕x 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕x
𝜕u 1 𝜕v 𝜕v 1 𝜕u
= ⁡and⁡ = −
𝜕r r 𝜕𝜃 𝜕r r 𝜕𝜃
𝜕2u 𝜕2u
+ = 0 which⁡shows⁡that⁡u⁡is⁡harmonic
𝜕x 2 𝜕y 2
𝜕2𝑣 𝜕2𝑣
+ = 0 which⁡shows⁡that 𝑣 is⁡harmonic
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
Milne-Thompson Method - To get f(z) in terms of z , put x=z & y=0
❖ CAUCHY INTEGRAL
1 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑓(𝑎) = ∮ d𝑧
2𝜋i 𝑐 𝑧 − 𝑎
1! 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑓′(𝑎) = ∮ 𝑑𝑧
2𝜋𝑖 𝑐 (𝑧 − 𝑎)2
2! 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑓′′(𝑎) = ∮ 𝑑𝑧
2𝜋𝑖 𝑐 (𝑧 − 𝑎)3
3! 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑓′′′(𝑎) = ∮ 𝑑𝑧
2𝜋𝑖 𝑐 (𝑧 − 𝑎)4
❖ CAUCHY RESIDUE
∮f(z) 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖{𝑟1 + 𝑟2 + ⋯ 𝑟𝑛 }
𝑐
1 𝑑𝑛−1
𝑟= [ 𝑛−1 {(𝑧 − 𝑧0 )𝑛 𝑓(𝑧)}]
(𝑛 − 1)! 𝑑𝑧 𝑧=𝑧0

❖ BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION
𝑎𝑧 + 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑧
𝑤= or
𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑧
(𝑤 − 𝑤2 )(𝑤1 − 𝑤3 ) (𝑧 − 𝑧2 )(𝑧1 − 𝑧3 )
=
(𝑤 − 𝑤3 )(𝑤1 − 𝑤2 ) (𝑧 − 𝑧3 )(𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣

UNIT – LAPLACE TRANSFORM
❖ BASIC
∞
L⁡[f(t)] = ∫ ⁡ e−st f(t)dt = F(s)
0
IMPORTANT LAPLACE TRANSFORM FORMULAS –
f(t) F(s)
1 1
;s > 0
s
e at 1
;𝑠 > 𝑎
𝑠−𝑎
sin at 𝑎
;𝑠 > 0
𝑠 2 + 𝑎2
cos at 𝑠
;𝑠 > 0
𝑠2 + 𝑎2
sinh⁡ at 𝑎
; 𝑠 > |𝑎|
𝑠2 − 𝑎2
cosh⁡at ⁡ s
; s > 𝑙𝑎𝑙
s 2 − a2
𝑡 𝑛 if 𝑛 > −1 Gamma(n + 1)
;𝑠 > 0
𝑠 𝑛+1
t n if n a⁡positive⁡integer⁡⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ n!
;s > 0
s 𝑛+1

PROPERTIES OF LAPLACE
If 𝐋[𝐟(𝐭)] = 𝐅(𝐬), then
L[e−at f(t)] = F(s + a)

FIRST SHIFTING THOREM
𝐿[𝐹(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)

SECOND SHIFTING THEOREM
1 s
CHANGE OF SCALE L[f(at)] = F (⁡ ⁡)
a a
L[f ′ (t)] = sF(s) − f(0)

LAPLACE OF DERIVATIVE
t
1
LAPLACE OF INTEGRATION L⁡⁡[∫ f (u)du] = F(s)
0 s
d
MULITIPLICATION BY t L[tf(t)] = (−1) F(s)
ds
∞
𝑓(𝑡)
DIVISION BY t 𝐿[ ] = ∫ ⁡ 𝐹(𝑠)𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑠
t
CONVOLUTION L[∫ f (u)g(t − u)du] = F(s)G(s)
0
lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)

INITIAL VALUE THEOREM 𝑡→0 𝑠→∞
lim 𝑓(𝑡) = lim⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑠⁡𝐹(𝑠)

FINAL VALUE THEOREM 𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0

❖ OTHER IMPORTANT TO LEARN
𝟏
[1] 𝐋[𝐔(𝐭)] = 𝐒
𝐞−𝐚𝐬
[2] 𝐋[𝐔(𝐭 − 𝐚)] = 𝐬
[3] 𝐋[𝐟(𝐭 − 𝐚)𝐔(𝐭 − 𝐚)] = 𝐞−𝒂𝒔⁡ 𝐋[𝐟(𝐭)] = 𝐞−𝒂𝒔 𝐅(𝐬)
[4] 𝐋[𝐟(𝐭)𝐔(𝐭)] = 𝐋[𝐟(𝐭)] = 𝐅(𝐬)
[5] 𝐋[𝐟(𝐭)𝐔(𝐭 − 𝐚)] = 𝐞−𝐚𝐬 𝚽(𝐬)
[6] 𝐋[𝐟(𝐭)𝐔(𝐭 − 𝐚)] = 𝐞−𝐚𝐬 ⁡𝐋[𝐟(𝐭 + 𝐚)]
[7] 𝜹(𝒕 − 𝒂) = 𝑼′ (𝒕 − 𝒂)
[8] 𝐋[𝜹(𝐭 − 𝐚)] = 𝐞−𝐚𝐬
[9] 𝐋[𝜹(𝐭)] = 𝟏
∞
[10] ∫−∞ 𝐟 (𝐭)𝜹(𝒕 − 𝐚)𝒅𝒕 = 𝒇(𝒂)
[11] 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)𝜹(𝒕 − 𝒂)] = 𝒆−𝒂𝒔 𝒇(𝒂)
[12] 𝐋[𝐟(𝐭)𝜹(𝐭)] = 𝐟(𝟎)

❖ LAPLACE INVERSE BASIC FORMULA
F(s) f(t)
1 1
s
1 e at
𝑠−𝑎
1 sin at
𝑠2 + 𝑎2 a
𝑠 cos at
𝑠 2 + 𝑎2
1
sinh⁡ at
𝑠2 −𝑎2
𝑎
s
⁡ cosh⁡at
s2 −a2
𝑡𝑛
1
gamma(n + 1)
𝑠 𝑛+1
1 𝑡𝑛
𝑠 𝑛+1 𝑛!

❖ LAPLACE INVERSE PROPERTIES
[1] 𝐈𝐟 𝐋−𝟏 [ 𝐅( 𝐬)] = 𝐟(𝐭), 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧
[2] 𝐋−𝟏 [ 𝐅( 𝐬 + 𝒂)] = 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝐟(𝐭)
𝐟(𝐭 − 𝐚) 𝐭>𝒂
[3] 𝐋−𝟏 [𝐞−𝐚𝐬⁡ 𝐅(𝐬)] = 𝐟(𝐭 − 𝐚)𝐔(𝐭 − 𝐚) = {
𝟎 𝐭<𝒂
𝟏 𝒕
[4] 𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒌𝒔)] = 𝒌 𝒇(⁡𝒌⁡)
𝐝
[5] 𝐋−𝟏 [𝐝𝐬 𝐅(𝐬)] = −𝐭𝐟(𝐭)
∞ 𝐟(𝐭)
[6] 𝐋−𝟏 [∫𝐬 𝐅 (𝐬)𝐝𝐬] = 𝐭
[7] 𝐋−𝟏 [ 𝐬 𝐅( 𝐬)] = 𝐟 ′ (𝐭), 𝐢𝐟⁡ 𝐟(𝟎) = 𝟎

𝐅(𝐬) 𝟏
[8] 𝐋−𝟏 [ ] = ∫𝟎 𝐟 (𝐮)𝐝𝐮
𝐬
𝟏
[9] 𝐋−𝟏 [ 𝐅( 𝐬)𝐆(𝐬)] = ∫𝟎 ⁡𝐟 (𝐮)⁡𝐠(𝐭 − 𝐮)𝐝𝐮 = 𝐟(𝐭) ⋅ 𝐠(𝐭)

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VED ACADEMY 8983363909

ALL ENGG MATHS 3 FORMULA LIST

UNIT – LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

[2] Real & Repeated

[3] Imaginary & Distinct

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 [𝑐1 cos⁡ 𝛽𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin⁡ 𝛽𝑥]

[4] Imaginary & Repeated

𝑦 = e𝛼𝑥 [(𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 )cos⁡ 𝛽𝑥 + (𝑐3 𝑥 + 𝑐4 )sin⁡ 𝛽𝑥]

[1] Particular Integral

[2] PI Using General Method

LOCATION –OPP SHANIWARWADA , PUNE

❖ SHORT CUT METHOD

LOCATION –OPP SHANIWARWADA , PUNE

LOCATION –OPP SHANIWARWADA , PUNE

UNIT – FOURIER TRANSFORM

❖ INVERSE FOURIER TRANSFORM

∫ 𝑢𝑣 = +𝑢𝑣1 − 𝑢′ 𝑣2 + 𝑢′′ 𝑣3 − 𝑢′′′ 𝑣4

LOCATION –OPP SHANIWARWADA , PUNE

𝑍{𝑓(𝑘)} = 𝐹(𝑧) = ∑ 𝑓(𝑘)𝑧 −𝑘

𝑍{𝛿(𝑘)) = 1⁡, for⁡all 𝑧

𝑍{cos𝛼𝑘} 𝑧(𝑧 − cos𝛼)

Z{cosh𝛼k} z(z − cosh⁡ 𝛼)

𝑍{𝑐 𝑘 cos𝛼𝑘} 𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑐cos𝛼)

Z{c k sin𝛼k} = czsin𝛼

Z{c k cosh𝛼k} = z(z − ccosh𝛼) , |z| > 𝑚𝑎𝑥. (|𝑐e𝛼 | or |ce−𝛼 |)

Z{c k sinh𝛼k} = czsinh𝛼

LOCATION –OPP SHANIWARWADA , PUNE

𝑍{𝑎𝑓(𝑘) + 𝑏𝑔(𝑘)} = 𝑎𝐹(𝑧) + 𝑏𝐺(𝑧)

[2] CHANGE OF SCALE

[6] INITIAL VALUE THEOREM

𝑓(0) = Lim𝑧→∞ F(z)

[7] FINAL VALUE

Lim𝑘→∞ ⁡ 𝑓(𝑘) = Lim𝑧→1 (z − 1)F(z)

LOCATION –OPP SHANIWARWADA , PUNE

𝑍{{𝑓(𝑘)} ∗ {𝑔(𝑘)}} = 𝐹(𝑧) ⋅ 𝐺(𝑧)

[9] MULTIPLICATION BY e−ak

𝑍{e−ak f(k)} = F(ea z)

LOCATION –OPP SHANIWARWADA , PUNE

UNIT – NUMERICAL METHOD ENTC

❖ RUNGE KUTTA’S 4th ORDER

LOCATION –OPP SHANIWARWADA , PUNE

𝑃𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑦0 𝐿0 (𝑥) + 𝑦1 𝐿1 (𝑥) + 𝑦2 𝐿2 (𝑥) + ⋯ + 𝑦n 𝐿𝑛 (𝑥)

❖ FORWARD BACKWARD & CENTRAL INTERPOLATION

Δf(x) = f(x + h) − f(x)

Δ2 f(x) = Δf(x + h) − Δf(x)

∇f(x) = f(x) − f(x − h)

∇2 f(x) = ∇f(x) − ∇f(x − h)

LOCATION –OPP SHANIWARWADA , PUNE

𝑢(𝑢 + 1) 2 𝑢(𝑢 + 1)(𝑢 + 2) 3

LOCATION –OPP SHANIWARWADA , PUNE

LOCATION –OPP SHANIWARWADA , PUNE

UNIT – NUMERICAL METHOD CIVIL

❖ RUNGE KUTTA’S 4th ORDER

LOCATION –OPP SHANIWARWADA , PUNE

A = LLT Obtain L⁡&⁡𝐿T From this Equation

𝒍𝟏𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝒍𝟏𝟏 𝒍𝟐𝟏 𝒍𝟑𝟏

LOCATION –OPP SHANIWARWADA , PUNE

❖ MEAN MODE MEDIAN

Where l = lower limit of median class