Papers by David Khoshtaria
The Georgian Kingdom and Georgian Art: Cultural Encounters in Anatolia in Medieval Period, 2021
The architecture of Tao-Klarjeti holds high cultural significance, and several buildings of outst... more The architecture of Tao-Klarjeti holds high cultural significance, and several buildings of outstanding artistic and technical quality remain today. We only know a little about the training and professional organization of their builders. Apparently, among them there were both ecclesiastics and laymen. In the 10th and 11th centuries, the social status of master builder in Georgia was higher than in Byzantium, as witnessed by inscriptions in which they are mentioned along with kings, catholicoses, and bishops.
საქართველოს ქალაქების ურბანული განვითარება 1801-1918 წლებში, 2019
საქართველოს ქალაქების ურბანული განვითარება 1801-1918 წლებში, 2019
Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2019
Persians formed an important group among the builders working in nineteenth-century Georgia. They... more Persians formed an important group among the builders working in nineteenth-century Georgia. They were known as consummate brick masons who mastered the art of constructing complex vaulted structures. They participated in the construction of a number of administrative buildings, barracks, hospitals, caravansaries, and residential houses. Interior decoration work was another field of activity of Persian masters in Georgia. They used rich repertoire of Safavid and Qajar decorative art including stucco ornament, painting, and mirror work. Among the clients of Persian decorators there were high officials, rich merchants, noblemen, and even the members of the Russian royal family. Artisans invited from Persia played a leading role in embellishing “Persian style” interiors in Georgia; however, there were local Persian masters as well. Persians were also engaged in the construction of hydraulic structures such as channels, wells, and dams. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the area of the activity of Persian masons was limited to Eastern Georgia. The majority of them worked in Tbilisi. From the mid-nineteenth century, following the great wave of emigration from Persia, they appeared in the Black Sea littoral cities of Batumi and Poti as well.
A basilica preserved in the middle of the Petra fortress at ground plan level is a sizeable build... more A basilica preserved in the middle of the Petra fortress at ground plan level is a sizeable building with a projecting apse on the east, horse-shoe shaped in the interior and pentagonal outside, and a narthex on the west. The nave was divided from the aisles by five pairs of piers. The apse of the church is built of smoothly finished and evenly squared oblong blocks while the masonry of the nave, aisles, and narthex consists of roughly cut small stones, which are laid in more or less regular courses. Thick longitudinal walls, bulky rectangular piers, and narrow spans indicate that the supporting framework was intended to hold vaults. The closest parallel to the plan of the Petra church is the Pitiunt III basilica while the design of its sanctuary resembles that of the Archaeopolis II basilica.
The architecture of the Petra basilica clearly points to the sixth century as the date of construction. The date is confirmed by archaeological materials found during the excavation of the church and by the style of the mosaic decoration revealed in the sanctuary. In written sources, there is no direct information about the construction of the church in Petra. When describing the building activity of Justinian, Procopius speaks of the city of Petra and its fortifications, with no reference to its church. However, in any case, the construction of the Petra basilica should be dated back to the short period of the flourishing of the city, i. e. to the 530s and 540s.
A large-scale monastic movement initiated by St Gregory of Khandzta is one of the pivotal events ... more A large-scale monastic movement initiated by St Gregory of Khandzta is one of the pivotal events of the Medieval Georgian history. The main narrative source for the study of this movement is the Life of St Gregory of Khandzta, written by the monk George Merchule in 951.
Arrival of St Gregory to Klarjeti in about 780 gave rise to the spiritual revival, which resulted in a very significant architectural activity energetically supported by the Bagrations, the house of local rulers at that time and the royal family later. Between 780 and 850, in the part of Klarjeti to which Medieval authors enthusiastically refer as the “Georgian Sinai”, twelve monasteries were founded or renewed: Opiza, Khandzta, Mere, Shatberdi, Midznadzori, Tsqarostavi, Baretelta, Berta, Jmerki, Daba, Parekhi, and Dolisqana.
The monastery in Tsqarostavi, constructed around 840 by father Ilarion, is a good sample of the early stage of monastic building in Klarjeti. Along the main church, a chapel and a refectory, which form the core of the monastery, there are three other chapels erected on rocky hills and a number of other structures in the environs. The monastery at Parekhi is another amazing illustration of the activity of the St Gregory’s followers. Founded in 840s as a hermitage, it soon turned into a coenobium. Monastic buildings are sheltered by a horizontal ledge and form an organic whole with the surrounding landscape.
From the early tenth century a new tide of construction works started in the “Georgian Sinai”. It was caused by increasing in number of monks on the one hand and by changed demands on the other. The Monastery of St George in Khandzta, the cradle of monasticism in Klarjeti where St Gregory himself began his activity, underwent significant renewal in 910s and 920s. Here Amona, a master mason, constructed a church, which heralds new developments in the architecture of the region. It also shows that the previous humble churches built of roughly cut stone corresponded no more to the aspirations of the time.
By the eighteenth century, the monasteries in Klarjeti were abandoned and their devastation started. At present, they are in different states of preservation. Some of them have almost completely came down (Baretelta, Jmerki, Daba); some have survived as the groups of more or less ruined buildings (Opiza, Khandzta, Midznadzori, Tsqarostavi, Parekhi); in some monasteries, only churches have escaped destruction (Yeni-Rabat, Dolisqana). Till recently, one should feel anxiety for the further fate of these monuments. However, the latest changes in the cultural politics in Turkey raise hopes that the state will take more trouble about them.
Books by David Khoshtaria
Medieval Georgia left an impressive architectural legacy, a significant part of which is represen... more Medieval Georgia left an impressive architectural legacy, a significant part of which is represented by cathedrals, churches, and monasteries. David Khoshtaria provides an up-to-date introduction to the Medieval architecture of Georgia and offers a new perspective on some of its aspects. He concisely recounts the history of church building in Georgia for over one and a half millennia, from the late Antiquity to the eighteenth century, specifying particular features of different periods. He discusses key Georgian monuments, focusing on both their originality and their relations to other building traditions, and reveals significant artistic and technical achievements of Georgian master builders. His analysis includes typological, stylistic, and structural aspects of architecture, as well as the cultural, economic, and political context that affords the opportunity to gain an overall view of the subject.
The Georgian Kingdom and Georgian Art – Cultural Encounters in Anatolia in Medieval Period, Symposium Proceedings, 15 May 2014, Ankara, 2021
This book, comprising the proceedings of the 2014 Symposium “The Georgian Kingdom and Georgian Ar... more This book, comprising the proceedings of the 2014 Symposium “The Georgian Kingdom and Georgian Art” of symposium series on “Cultural Encounters in Anatolia during the Middle Ages” organized at Koç University's Vehbi Koç Ankara Studies Research Center, fills an important research gap in the historical principality of Tao-Klarjeti.
Tao-Klarjeti is a term coined in the 19th century by the academic language of the 19th century to define medieval Georgian heritage and movable and immovable objects, relating to the historic Georgian provinces of T'ao, K'larjeti, Shavsheti, Erusheti, K'ola, Oltisi, and Sp'eri. Nowadays the majority of the archaeological sites and architectural remains of Tao-Klarjeti are located in the northeastern regions of the Republic of Turkey, in Erzurum, Artvin, and Ardahan. Most of the movable pieces — sculptures, manuscripts, icons, and other liturgical objects — are preserved in museums and repositories in Georgia.
This volume consists of two sections. The first is dedicated to the publication of the conference papers and essays by the leading and young scholars in the field. The second section covers three different aspects of Tao-Klarjeti Heritage: 1) annexes of thirty-one most important sites with the emphasis on history and art and architecture, 2) sculptures and 3) a catalog of seventy-two manuscripts that were related to Tao-Klarjeti.
Book provides a substantial bibliographical survey, and is richly illustrated with the map, drawings, and photos, in total 535 images.
This work offers invaluable help for all those working on the medieval art and architecture of Georgia and its cultural encounters in Anatolia.
Table of Contents
Transliteration Table
Monuments in Historic Tao-Klarjeti, Table
Foreword by Filiz Yenisehirlioglu
Introduction by Irene Giviashvili
Part 1
Fahriye Bayram, Tao-Klarjeti: A Brief History and Surveys
K. Kutgün Eyüpgiller, Tuğba Barlık Vardı, Serda Torus, Two Outstanding Medieval Buildings in North-East Anatolia: Ishkhani and Oshk’i Churches
Nino Simonishvili, A Visual Concept of Royal Legitimacy: The Sculpted Program of St. John the Baptist Church of Oshk’i
David Khoshtaria, Builders of the Churches of Tao-Klarjeti: Some Preliminary Notes
Osman Aytekin, Archaeological Discoveries at Shavsheti Castle from the Bagrat’ionis Rule to the Ottoman Period
Selda Uygun Yazıcı, Facade Articulation and Architectural Ornamentations of the Yeni Rabat Monastery Church
Part 2
Irene Giviashvili & Natia Khizanishvili, Medieval Georgian Monuments of Tao-Klarjeti
Turgay Yazar, Stone Ornaments in Tao-Klarjeti Architecture
Nikoloz Zhghenti, Tao-Klarjeti: Heritage of Manuscripts
Index
DISTRIBUTED FOR Koc University Press by University of Chicago University Press
https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/publisher/pu3432596_3432597.html
MASTER BUILDERS IN MEDIEVAL GEORGIA
Published by the George Chubinashvili National Research Centr... more MASTER BUILDERS IN MEDIEVAL GEORGIA
Published by the George Chubinashvili National Research Centre.
Tbilisi, 2012
288 pages, 255 illustrations
In Georgian
Authors:
DAVID KHOSHTARIA, Head of the Medieval Department of the George Chubinashvili National Research Centre.
NATIA NATSVLISHVILI, Researcher at the George Chubinashvili National Research Centre.
DIMITRI TUMANISHVILI, Chairman of the scientific board of the George Chubinashvili National Research Centre.
Medieval Georgian architecture, which is one of the greatest achievements of the Georgian culture, provides clear evidence of professional training and creative power of its builders. Our knowledge of that architecture will be imperfect without knowing who and how has created it. This work is the first systematic study of Georgian architecture from the perspective of its builders. The aim of its authors is to present the activity of architects and masons against the background of cultural, social, and economic life of Medieval Georgia. The study addresses the following questions: What were the respective roles of patron and architect in the design process? How were the builders ranked in the medieval Georgian society? How did medieval Georgians perceive and evaluate their work? What methods did they employ in the process of designing and laying out a new building? What building materials did they use and how did they manufacture them? To answer these questions, the authors examined a huge amount of material, including textual sources, archaeological data, and existing buildings.
Conference Papers by David Khoshtaria
Paper presented on the symposium “Against Gravity: Building Practices in the Pre-Industrial World... more Paper presented on the symposium “Against Gravity: Building Practices in the Pre-Industrial World”, March 20-22, 2015, Center for Ancient Studies and the History of Art Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
http://www.sas.upenn.edu/ancient/masons/abstracts/Agudo/D-Khostaria.html
David Khoshtaria
Medieval Architectural Design and Building Process According to the Sculptural ... more David Khoshtaria
Medieval Architectural Design and Building Process According to the Sculptural Images of the Church at Korogo
Paper presented on the Symposium “Masons at Work: Architecture and Construction in the Pre-Modern World”, March 30-April 1, 2012, Center for Ancient Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
http://www.sas.upenn.edu/ancient/masons/abstracts/Khoshtaria/khoshtaria.html
Conference Programmes by David Khoshtaria
Uploads
Papers by David Khoshtaria
The architecture of the Petra basilica clearly points to the sixth century as the date of construction. The date is confirmed by archaeological materials found during the excavation of the church and by the style of the mosaic decoration revealed in the sanctuary. In written sources, there is no direct information about the construction of the church in Petra. When describing the building activity of Justinian, Procopius speaks of the city of Petra and its fortifications, with no reference to its church. However, in any case, the construction of the Petra basilica should be dated back to the short period of the flourishing of the city, i. e. to the 530s and 540s.
Arrival of St Gregory to Klarjeti in about 780 gave rise to the spiritual revival, which resulted in a very significant architectural activity energetically supported by the Bagrations, the house of local rulers at that time and the royal family later. Between 780 and 850, in the part of Klarjeti to which Medieval authors enthusiastically refer as the “Georgian Sinai”, twelve monasteries were founded or renewed: Opiza, Khandzta, Mere, Shatberdi, Midznadzori, Tsqarostavi, Baretelta, Berta, Jmerki, Daba, Parekhi, and Dolisqana.
The monastery in Tsqarostavi, constructed around 840 by father Ilarion, is a good sample of the early stage of monastic building in Klarjeti. Along the main church, a chapel and a refectory, which form the core of the monastery, there are three other chapels erected on rocky hills and a number of other structures in the environs. The monastery at Parekhi is another amazing illustration of the activity of the St Gregory’s followers. Founded in 840s as a hermitage, it soon turned into a coenobium. Monastic buildings are sheltered by a horizontal ledge and form an organic whole with the surrounding landscape.
From the early tenth century a new tide of construction works started in the “Georgian Sinai”. It was caused by increasing in number of monks on the one hand and by changed demands on the other. The Monastery of St George in Khandzta, the cradle of monasticism in Klarjeti where St Gregory himself began his activity, underwent significant renewal in 910s and 920s. Here Amona, a master mason, constructed a church, which heralds new developments in the architecture of the region. It also shows that the previous humble churches built of roughly cut stone corresponded no more to the aspirations of the time.
By the eighteenth century, the monasteries in Klarjeti were abandoned and their devastation started. At present, they are in different states of preservation. Some of them have almost completely came down (Baretelta, Jmerki, Daba); some have survived as the groups of more or less ruined buildings (Opiza, Khandzta, Midznadzori, Tsqarostavi, Parekhi); in some monasteries, only churches have escaped destruction (Yeni-Rabat, Dolisqana). Till recently, one should feel anxiety for the further fate of these monuments. However, the latest changes in the cultural politics in Turkey raise hopes that the state will take more trouble about them.
Books by David Khoshtaria
Tao-Klarjeti is a term coined in the 19th century by the academic language of the 19th century to define medieval Georgian heritage and movable and immovable objects, relating to the historic Georgian provinces of T'ao, K'larjeti, Shavsheti, Erusheti, K'ola, Oltisi, and Sp'eri. Nowadays the majority of the archaeological sites and architectural remains of Tao-Klarjeti are located in the northeastern regions of the Republic of Turkey, in Erzurum, Artvin, and Ardahan. Most of the movable pieces — sculptures, manuscripts, icons, and other liturgical objects — are preserved in museums and repositories in Georgia.
This volume consists of two sections. The first is dedicated to the publication of the conference papers and essays by the leading and young scholars in the field. The second section covers three different aspects of Tao-Klarjeti Heritage: 1) annexes of thirty-one most important sites with the emphasis on history and art and architecture, 2) sculptures and 3) a catalog of seventy-two manuscripts that were related to Tao-Klarjeti.
Book provides a substantial bibliographical survey, and is richly illustrated with the map, drawings, and photos, in total 535 images.
This work offers invaluable help for all those working on the medieval art and architecture of Georgia and its cultural encounters in Anatolia.
Table of Contents
Transliteration Table
Monuments in Historic Tao-Klarjeti, Table
Foreword by Filiz Yenisehirlioglu
Introduction by Irene Giviashvili
Part 1
Fahriye Bayram, Tao-Klarjeti: A Brief History and Surveys
K. Kutgün Eyüpgiller, Tuğba Barlık Vardı, Serda Torus, Two Outstanding Medieval Buildings in North-East Anatolia: Ishkhani and Oshk’i Churches
Nino Simonishvili, A Visual Concept of Royal Legitimacy: The Sculpted Program of St. John the Baptist Church of Oshk’i
David Khoshtaria, Builders of the Churches of Tao-Klarjeti: Some Preliminary Notes
Osman Aytekin, Archaeological Discoveries at Shavsheti Castle from the Bagrat’ionis Rule to the Ottoman Period
Selda Uygun Yazıcı, Facade Articulation and Architectural Ornamentations of the Yeni Rabat Monastery Church
Part 2
Irene Giviashvili & Natia Khizanishvili, Medieval Georgian Monuments of Tao-Klarjeti
Turgay Yazar, Stone Ornaments in Tao-Klarjeti Architecture
Nikoloz Zhghenti, Tao-Klarjeti: Heritage of Manuscripts
Index
DISTRIBUTED FOR Koc University Press by University of Chicago University Press
https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/publisher/pu3432596_3432597.html
Published by the George Chubinashvili National Research Centre.
Tbilisi, 2012
288 pages, 255 illustrations
In Georgian
Authors:
DAVID KHOSHTARIA, Head of the Medieval Department of the George Chubinashvili National Research Centre.
NATIA NATSVLISHVILI, Researcher at the George Chubinashvili National Research Centre.
DIMITRI TUMANISHVILI, Chairman of the scientific board of the George Chubinashvili National Research Centre.
Medieval Georgian architecture, which is one of the greatest achievements of the Georgian culture, provides clear evidence of professional training and creative power of its builders. Our knowledge of that architecture will be imperfect without knowing who and how has created it. This work is the first systematic study of Georgian architecture from the perspective of its builders. The aim of its authors is to present the activity of architects and masons against the background of cultural, social, and economic life of Medieval Georgia. The study addresses the following questions: What were the respective roles of patron and architect in the design process? How were the builders ranked in the medieval Georgian society? How did medieval Georgians perceive and evaluate their work? What methods did they employ in the process of designing and laying out a new building? What building materials did they use and how did they manufacture them? To answer these questions, the authors examined a huge amount of material, including textual sources, archaeological data, and existing buildings.
Conference Papers by David Khoshtaria
http://www.sas.upenn.edu/ancient/masons/abstracts/Agudo/D-Khostaria.html
Medieval Architectural Design and Building Process According to the Sculptural Images of the Church at Korogo
Paper presented on the Symposium “Masons at Work: Architecture and Construction in the Pre-Modern World”, March 30-April 1, 2012, Center for Ancient Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
http://www.sas.upenn.edu/ancient/masons/abstracts/Khoshtaria/khoshtaria.html
Conference Programmes by David Khoshtaria
The architecture of the Petra basilica clearly points to the sixth century as the date of construction. The date is confirmed by archaeological materials found during the excavation of the church and by the style of the mosaic decoration revealed in the sanctuary. In written sources, there is no direct information about the construction of the church in Petra. When describing the building activity of Justinian, Procopius speaks of the city of Petra and its fortifications, with no reference to its church. However, in any case, the construction of the Petra basilica should be dated back to the short period of the flourishing of the city, i. e. to the 530s and 540s.
Arrival of St Gregory to Klarjeti in about 780 gave rise to the spiritual revival, which resulted in a very significant architectural activity energetically supported by the Bagrations, the house of local rulers at that time and the royal family later. Between 780 and 850, in the part of Klarjeti to which Medieval authors enthusiastically refer as the “Georgian Sinai”, twelve monasteries were founded or renewed: Opiza, Khandzta, Mere, Shatberdi, Midznadzori, Tsqarostavi, Baretelta, Berta, Jmerki, Daba, Parekhi, and Dolisqana.
The monastery in Tsqarostavi, constructed around 840 by father Ilarion, is a good sample of the early stage of monastic building in Klarjeti. Along the main church, a chapel and a refectory, which form the core of the monastery, there are three other chapels erected on rocky hills and a number of other structures in the environs. The monastery at Parekhi is another amazing illustration of the activity of the St Gregory’s followers. Founded in 840s as a hermitage, it soon turned into a coenobium. Monastic buildings are sheltered by a horizontal ledge and form an organic whole with the surrounding landscape.
From the early tenth century a new tide of construction works started in the “Georgian Sinai”. It was caused by increasing in number of monks on the one hand and by changed demands on the other. The Monastery of St George in Khandzta, the cradle of monasticism in Klarjeti where St Gregory himself began his activity, underwent significant renewal in 910s and 920s. Here Amona, a master mason, constructed a church, which heralds new developments in the architecture of the region. It also shows that the previous humble churches built of roughly cut stone corresponded no more to the aspirations of the time.
By the eighteenth century, the monasteries in Klarjeti were abandoned and their devastation started. At present, they are in different states of preservation. Some of them have almost completely came down (Baretelta, Jmerki, Daba); some have survived as the groups of more or less ruined buildings (Opiza, Khandzta, Midznadzori, Tsqarostavi, Parekhi); in some monasteries, only churches have escaped destruction (Yeni-Rabat, Dolisqana). Till recently, one should feel anxiety for the further fate of these monuments. However, the latest changes in the cultural politics in Turkey raise hopes that the state will take more trouble about them.
Tao-Klarjeti is a term coined in the 19th century by the academic language of the 19th century to define medieval Georgian heritage and movable and immovable objects, relating to the historic Georgian provinces of T'ao, K'larjeti, Shavsheti, Erusheti, K'ola, Oltisi, and Sp'eri. Nowadays the majority of the archaeological sites and architectural remains of Tao-Klarjeti are located in the northeastern regions of the Republic of Turkey, in Erzurum, Artvin, and Ardahan. Most of the movable pieces — sculptures, manuscripts, icons, and other liturgical objects — are preserved in museums and repositories in Georgia.
This volume consists of two sections. The first is dedicated to the publication of the conference papers and essays by the leading and young scholars in the field. The second section covers three different aspects of Tao-Klarjeti Heritage: 1) annexes of thirty-one most important sites with the emphasis on history and art and architecture, 2) sculptures and 3) a catalog of seventy-two manuscripts that were related to Tao-Klarjeti.
Book provides a substantial bibliographical survey, and is richly illustrated with the map, drawings, and photos, in total 535 images.
This work offers invaluable help for all those working on the medieval art and architecture of Georgia and its cultural encounters in Anatolia.
Table of Contents
Transliteration Table
Monuments in Historic Tao-Klarjeti, Table
Foreword by Filiz Yenisehirlioglu
Introduction by Irene Giviashvili
Part 1
Fahriye Bayram, Tao-Klarjeti: A Brief History and Surveys
K. Kutgün Eyüpgiller, Tuğba Barlık Vardı, Serda Torus, Two Outstanding Medieval Buildings in North-East Anatolia: Ishkhani and Oshk’i Churches
Nino Simonishvili, A Visual Concept of Royal Legitimacy: The Sculpted Program of St. John the Baptist Church of Oshk’i
David Khoshtaria, Builders of the Churches of Tao-Klarjeti: Some Preliminary Notes
Osman Aytekin, Archaeological Discoveries at Shavsheti Castle from the Bagrat’ionis Rule to the Ottoman Period
Selda Uygun Yazıcı, Facade Articulation and Architectural Ornamentations of the Yeni Rabat Monastery Church
Part 2
Irene Giviashvili & Natia Khizanishvili, Medieval Georgian Monuments of Tao-Klarjeti
Turgay Yazar, Stone Ornaments in Tao-Klarjeti Architecture
Nikoloz Zhghenti, Tao-Klarjeti: Heritage of Manuscripts
Index
DISTRIBUTED FOR Koc University Press by University of Chicago University Press
https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/publisher/pu3432596_3432597.html
Published by the George Chubinashvili National Research Centre.
Tbilisi, 2012
288 pages, 255 illustrations
In Georgian
Authors:
DAVID KHOSHTARIA, Head of the Medieval Department of the George Chubinashvili National Research Centre.
NATIA NATSVLISHVILI, Researcher at the George Chubinashvili National Research Centre.
DIMITRI TUMANISHVILI, Chairman of the scientific board of the George Chubinashvili National Research Centre.
Medieval Georgian architecture, which is one of the greatest achievements of the Georgian culture, provides clear evidence of professional training and creative power of its builders. Our knowledge of that architecture will be imperfect without knowing who and how has created it. This work is the first systematic study of Georgian architecture from the perspective of its builders. The aim of its authors is to present the activity of architects and masons against the background of cultural, social, and economic life of Medieval Georgia. The study addresses the following questions: What were the respective roles of patron and architect in the design process? How were the builders ranked in the medieval Georgian society? How did medieval Georgians perceive and evaluate their work? What methods did they employ in the process of designing and laying out a new building? What building materials did they use and how did they manufacture them? To answer these questions, the authors examined a huge amount of material, including textual sources, archaeological data, and existing buildings.
http://www.sas.upenn.edu/ancient/masons/abstracts/Agudo/D-Khostaria.html
Medieval Architectural Design and Building Process According to the Sculptural Images of the Church at Korogo
Paper presented on the Symposium “Masons at Work: Architecture and Construction in the Pre-Modern World”, March 30-April 1, 2012, Center for Ancient Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
http://www.sas.upenn.edu/ancient/masons/abstracts/Khoshtaria/khoshtaria.html