From b7d73cb62705808fb79c887e8209dcbb15ba9ad3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= Date: Wed, 18 May 2022 10:17:21 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 001/565] Iterable Duck Types --- README.md | 4 ++++ index.html | 17 +++++++++++------ parse.js | 5 +++++ 3 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index bcc760332..367853c7d 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -1276,6 +1276,10 @@ class MySequence: return reversed(self.a) ``` +#### Discrepancies between glossary definitions and abstract base classes: +* **Glossary defines iterable as any object with iter() or getitem() and sequence as any object with len() and getitem(). It does not define collection.** +* **Passing ABC Iterable to isinstance() or issubclass() checks whether object/class has iter(), while ABC Collection checks for iter(), contains() and len().** + ### ABC Sequence * **It's a richer interface than the basic sequence.** * **Extending it generates iter(), contains(), reversed(), index() and count().** diff --git a/index.html b/index.html index 1eb7ca135..40fae20d4 100644 --- a/index.html +++ b/index.html @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
- +
@@ -1096,6 +1096,14 @@ +

Discrepancies between glossary definitions and abstract base classes:

+ + + +

ABC Sequence

- - -

Table of required and automatically available special methods:

┏━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
+

Table of required and automatically available special methods:

┏━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
 ┃            │  Iterable  │ Collection │  Sequence  │ abc.Sequence ┃
 ┠────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼──────────────┨
 ┃ iter()     │     !      │     !      │     ✓      │      ✓       ┃
@@ -2891,7 +2896,7 @@
  
 
   
 
diff --git a/parse.js b/parse.js
index 16a1fbe8d..c8a117e5f 100755
--- a/parse.js
+++ b/parse.js
@@ -486,6 +486,7 @@ function modifyPage() {
   highlightCode();
   fixPandasDiagram();
   removePlotImages();
+  fixABCSequenceDiv();
 }
 
 function changeMenu() {
@@ -634,6 +635,10 @@ function removePlotImages() {
   $('img[alt="Covid Cases"]').remove();
 }
 
+function fixABCSequenceDiv() {
+  $('#abcsequence').parent().insertBefore($('#tableofrequiredandautomaticallyavailablespecialmethods').parent())
+}
+
 function updateDate(template) {
   const date = new Date();
   const date_str = date.toLocaleString('en-us', {month: 'long', day: 'numeric', year: 'numeric'});

From 73adfbd307c29d9ba19d231735236c77f7eb5c10 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Fri, 20 May 2022 09:47:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 002/565] Type

---
 README.md  | 2 +-
 index.html | 6 +++---
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 367853c7d..b4796ad46 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ from types import FunctionType, MethodType, LambdaType, GeneratorType, ModuleTyp
 ```
 
 ### Abstract Base Classes
-**Each abstract base class specifies a set of virtual subclasses. These classes are then recognized by isinstance() and issubclass() as subclasses of the ABC, although they are really not. ABC can also manually decide whether or not a specific class is its virtual subclass, usually based on which methods the class has implemented. For instance, Iterable ABC looks for method iter() while Collection ABC looks for methods iter(), contains() and len().**
+**Each abstract base class specifies a set of virtual subclasses. These classes are then recognized by isinstance() and issubclass() as subclasses of the ABC, although they are really not. ABC can also manually decide whether or not a specific class is its virtual subclass, usually based on which methods the class has implemented. For instance, Iterable ABC looks for method iter(), while Collection ABC looks for iter(), contains() and len().**
 
 ```python
 >>> from collections.abc import Iterable, Collection, Sequence
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 40fae20d4..288348883 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 
 
   

-    
+    
     
   

 
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@
 
Some types do not have built-in names, so they must be imported:
from types import FunctionType, MethodType, LambdaType, GeneratorType, ModuleType
 

 
-
Abstract Base Classes
Each abstract base class specifies a set of virtual subclasses. These classes are then recognized by isinstance() and issubclass() as subclasses of the ABC, although they are really not. ABC can also manually decide whether or not a specific class is its virtual subclass, usually based on which methods the class has implemented. For instance, Iterable ABC looks for method iter() while Collection ABC looks for methods iter(), contains() and len().
>>> from collections.abc import Iterable, Collection, Sequence
+
Abstract Base Classes
Each abstract base class specifies a set of virtual subclasses. These classes are then recognized by isinstance() and issubclass() as subclasses of the ABC, although they are really not. ABC can also manually decide whether or not a specific class is its virtual subclass, usually based on which methods the class has implemented. For instance, Iterable ABC looks for method iter(), while Collection ABC looks for iter(), contains() and len().
>>> from collections.abc import Iterable, Collection, Sequence
 >>> isinstance([1, 2, 3], Iterable)
 True
 

@@ -2896,7 +2896,7 @@
  
 
   
 

From 88f2965a4fc545c81021a1acaca22a2406fe9327 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Fri, 20 May 2022 10:12:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 003/565] Iterable Duck Types

---
 README.md  | 2 +-
 index.html | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index b4796ad46..5a90356b3 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1278,7 +1278,7 @@ class MySequence:
 
 #### Discrepancies between glossary definitions and abstract base classes:
 * **Glossary defines iterable as any object with iter() or getitem() and sequence as any object with len() and getitem(). It does not define collection.**
-* **Passing ABC Iterable to isinstance() or issubclass() checks whether object/class has iter(), while ABC Collection checks for iter(), contains() and len().**
+* **Passing ABC Iterable to isinstance() or issubclass() checks whether object/class has method iter(), while ABC Collection checks for iter(), contains() and len().**
 
 ### ABC Sequence
 * **It's a richer interface than the basic sequence.**
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 288348883..6247cf360 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -1098,7 +1098,7 @@
 
 
Discrepancies between glossary definitions and abstract base classes:
    
 
  • Glossary defines iterable as any object with iter() or getitem() and sequence as any object with len() and getitem(). It does not define collection.
    • 
-
  • Passing ABC Iterable to isinstance() or issubclass() checks whether object/class has iter(), while ABC Collection checks for iter(), contains() and len().
    • 
+
  • Passing ABC Iterable to isinstance() or issubclass() checks whether object/class has method iter(), while ABC Collection checks for iter(), contains() and len().
    • 
 

 
 

From 27c0f1936d32ed773f548e4fae7fc86a7aaaddab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Mon, 23 May 2022 21:12:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 004/565] CSV

---
 README.md  | 16 ++++++++--------
 index.html | 20 ++++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 5a90356b3..ee6fde4b5 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1824,12 +1824,12 @@ import csv
 * **File must be opened with a `'newline=""'` argument, or '\r' will be added in front of every '\n' on platforms that use '\r\n' line endings!**
 
 ### Parameters
-* **`'dialect'` - Master parameter that sets the default values.**
+* **`'dialect'` - Master parameter that sets the default values. String or a dialect object.**
 * **`'delimiter'` - A one-character string used to separate fields.**
 * **`'quotechar'` - Character for quoting fields that contain special characters.**
-* **`'doublequote'` - Whether quotechars inside fields get doubled or escaped.**
-* **`'skipinitialspace'` - Whether whitespace after delimiter gets stripped.**
-* **`'lineterminator'` - Specifies how writer terminates rows.**
+* **`'doublequote'` - Whether quotechars inside fields are/get doubled or escaped.**
+* **`'skipinitialspace'` - Whether whitespace after delimiter gets stripped by reader.**
+* **`'lineterminator'` - How writer terminates rows. Reader is hardcoded to '\r', '\n', '\r\n'.**
 * **`'quoting'` - Controls the amount of quoting: 0 - as necessary, 1 - all.**
 * **`'escapechar'` - Character for escaping quotechars if doublequote is False.**
 
@@ -1850,16 +1850,16 @@ import csv
 
 ### Read Rows from CSV File
 ```python
-def read_csv_file(filename):
+def read_csv_file(filename, dialect='excel'):
     with open(filename, encoding='utf-8', newline='') as file:
-        return list(csv.reader(file))
+        return list(csv.reader(file, dialect))
 ```
 
 ### Write Rows to CSV File
 ```python
-def write_to_csv_file(filename, rows):
+def write_to_csv_file(filename, rows, dialect='excel'):
     with open(filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8', newline='') as file:
-        writer = csv.writer(file)
+        writer = csv.writer(file, dialect)
         writer.writerows(rows)
 ```
 
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 6247cf360..ed7c15dd9 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 
 
   

-    
+    
     
   

 
@@ -1523,12 +1523,12 @@
 
  • File must be opened with a 'newline=""' argument, or '\r' will be added in front of every '\n' on platforms that use '\r\n' line endings!
    • 
 
 
    Parameters
      
-
    • 'dialect' - Master parameter that sets the default values.
      • 
+
    • 'dialect' - Master parameter that sets the default values. String or a dialect object.
      • 
 
    • 'delimiter' - A one-character string used to separate fields.
      • 
 
    • 'quotechar' - Character for quoting fields that contain special characters.
      • 
-
    • 'doublequote' - Whether quotechars inside fields get doubled or escaped.
      • 
-
    • 'skipinitialspace' - Whether whitespace after delimiter gets stripped.
      • 
-
    • 'lineterminator' - Specifies how writer terminates rows.
      • 
+
    • 'doublequote' - Whether quotechars inside fields are/get doubled or escaped.
      • 
+
    • 'skipinitialspace' - Whether whitespace after delimiter gets stripped by reader.
      • 
+
    • 'lineterminator' - How writer terminates rows. Reader is hardcoded to '\r', '\n', '\r\n'.
      • 
 
    • 'quoting' - Controls the amount of quoting: 0 - as necessary, 1 - all.
      • 
 
    • 'escapechar' - Character for escaping quotechars if doublequote is False.
      • 
 
    Dialects
    ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
@@ -1546,14 +1546,14 @@
 
 
 
-
    Read Rows from CSV File
    def read_csv_file(filename):
+
    Read Rows from CSV File
    def read_csv_file(filename, dialect='excel'):
     with open(filename, encoding='utf-8', newline='') as file:
-        return list(csv.reader(file))
+        return list(csv.reader(file, dialect))
 
    
 
-
    Write Rows to CSV File
    def write_to_csv_file(filename, rows):
+
    Write Rows to CSV File
    def write_to_csv_file(filename, rows, dialect='excel'):
     with open(filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8', newline='') as file:
-        writer = csv.writer(file)
+        writer = csv.writer(file, dialect)
         writer.writerows(rows)
 
    
 
@@ -2896,7 +2896,7 @@
  
 
   
 

From ebad00587a95416c86aee2831f0e5901da27b7c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Sat, 28 May 2022 16:22:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 005/565] Paths, OS Commands

---
 README.md  | 28 ++++++++++++++--------------
 index.html | 32 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 parse.js   |  8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index ee6fde4b5..181598983 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1647,7 +1647,7 @@ from glob import glob
 ```
 
 ### DirEntry
-**Using scandir() instead of listdir() can significantly increase the performance of code that also needs file type information.**
+**Unlike listdir(), scandir() returns DirEntry objects that cache isfile, isdir and on Windows also stat information, thus significantly increasing the performance of code that requires it.**
 
 ```python
  = scandir(path='.')          # Returns DirEntry objects located at path.
@@ -1703,32 +1703,32 @@ import os, shutil, subprocess
 * **Functions report OS related errors by raising either OSError or one of its [subclasses](#exceptions-1).**
 
 ```python
-os.chdir()                    # Changes the current working directory.
-os.mkdir(, mode=0o777)        # Creates a directory. Mode is in octal.
-os.makedirs(, mode=0o777)     # Creates all directories in the path.
+os.chdir()                 # Changes the current working directory.
+os.mkdir(, mode=0o777)     # Creates a directory. Mode is in octal.
+os.makedirs(, mode=0o777)  # Creates dirs in path. Also: `exist_ok=False`.
 ```
 
 ```python
-shutil.copy(from, to)               # Copies the file. 'to' can exist or be a dir.
-shutil.copytree(from, to)           # Copies the directory. 'to' must not exist.
+shutil.copy(from, to)            # Copies the file. 'to' can exist or be a dir.
+shutil.copytree(from, to)        # Copies the directory. 'to' must not exist.
 ```
 
 ```python
-os.rename(from, to)                 # Renames/moves the file or directory.
-os.replace(from, to)                # Same, but overwrites 'to' if it exists.
+os.rename(from, to)              # Renames/moves the file or directory.
+os.replace(from, to)             # Same, but overwrites 'to' if it exists.
 ```
 
 ```python
-os.remove()                   # Deletes the file.
-os.rmdir()                    # Deletes the empty directory.
-shutil.rmtree()               # Deletes the directory.
+os.remove()                # Deletes the file.
+os.rmdir()                 # Deletes the empty directory.
+shutil.rmtree()            # Deletes the directory.
 ```
 
 ### Shell Commands
 ```python
- = os.popen('')      # Executes command in sh/cmd and returns its stdout pipe.
-  = .read(size=-1)       # Reads 'size' chars or until EOF. Also readline/s().
-  = .close()             # Closes the pipe. Returns None on success, int on error.
+ = os.popen('')   # Executes command in sh/cmd and returns its stdout pipe.
+  = .read(size=-1)    # Reads 'size' chars or until EOF. Also readline/s().
+  = .close()          # Closes the pipe. Returns None on success, int on error.
 ```
 
 #### Sends '1 + 1' to the basic calculator and captures its output:
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index ed7c15dd9..feacb8990 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 
 
   
    
-    
+    
     
   
    
 
@@ -1400,7 +1400,7 @@
 
    <stat> = os.stat(<path>)            # Or: <DirEntry/Path>.stat()
 <real> = <stat>.st_mtime/st_size/…  # Modification time, size in bytes, …
 
    
-
    DirEntry
    Using scandir() instead of listdir() can significantly increase the performance of code that also needs file type information.
    <iter> = scandir(path='.')          # Returns DirEntry objects located at path.
+
    DirEntry
    Unlike listdir(), scandir() returns DirEntry objects that cache isfile, isdir and on Windows also stat information, thus significantly increasing the performance of code that requires it.
    <iter> = scandir(path='.')          # Returns DirEntry objects located at path.
 <str>  = <DirEntry>.path            # Returns whole path as a string.
 <str>  = <DirEntry>.name            # Returns final component as a string.
 <file> = open(<DirEntry>)           # Opens the file and returns a file object.
@@ -1436,25 +1436,25 @@
 
    Files and Directories
      
 
    • Paths can be either strings, Paths or DirEntry objects.
      • 
 
    • Functions report OS related errors by raising either OSError or one of its subclasses.
      • 
-
    os.chdir(<path>)                    # Changes the current working directory.
-os.mkdir(<path>, mode=0o777)        # Creates a directory. Mode is in octal.
-os.makedirs(<path>, mode=0o777)     # Creates all directories in the path.
+
    os.chdir(<path>)                 # Changes the current working directory.
+os.mkdir(<path>, mode=0o777)     # Creates a directory. Mode is in octal.
+os.makedirs(<path>, mode=0o777)  # Creates dirs in path. Also: `exist_ok=False`.
 
    
 
 
-
    shutil.copy(from, to)               # Copies the file. 'to' can exist or be a dir.
-shutil.copytree(from, to)           # Copies the directory. 'to' must not exist.
+
    shutil.copy(from, to)            # Copies the file. 'to' can exist or be a dir.
+shutil.copytree(from, to)        # Copies the directory. 'to' must not exist.
 
    
-
    os.rename(from, to)                 # Renames/moves the file or directory.
-os.replace(from, to)                # Same, but overwrites 'to' if it exists.
+
    os.rename(from, to)              # Renames/moves the file or directory.
+os.replace(from, to)             # Same, but overwrites 'to' if it exists.
 
    
-
    os.remove(<path>)                   # Deletes the file.
-os.rmdir(<path>)                    # Deletes the empty directory.
-shutil.rmtree(<path>)               # Deletes the directory.
+
    os.remove(<path>)                # Deletes the file.
+os.rmdir(<path>)                 # Deletes the empty directory.
+shutil.rmtree(<path>)            # Deletes the directory.
 
    
-
    Shell Commands
    <pipe> = os.popen('<command>')      # Executes command in sh/cmd and returns its stdout pipe.
-<str>  = <pipe>.read(size=-1)       # Reads 'size' chars or until EOF. Also readline/s().
-<int>  = <pipe>.close()             # Closes the pipe. Returns None on success, int on error.
+
    Shell Commands
    <pipe> = os.popen('<command>')   # Executes command in sh/cmd and returns its stdout pipe.
+<str>  = <pipe>.read(size=-1)    # Reads 'size' chars or until EOF. Also readline/s().
+<int>  = <pipe>.close()          # Closes the pipe. Returns None on success, int on error.
 
    
 
 
    Sends '1 + 1' to the basic calculator and captures its output:
    >>> subprocess.run('bc', input='1 + 1\n', capture_output=True, text=True)
@@ -2896,7 +2896,7 @@
  
 
   
 
diff --git a/parse.js b/parse.js
index c8a117e5f..f2e719e72 100755
--- a/parse.js
+++ b/parse.js
@@ -69,12 +69,12 @@ const DATACLASS =
   '<tuple> = (\'<attr_name>\', <type> [, <default_value>])';
 
 const SHUTIL_COPY =
-  'shutil.copy(from, to)               # Copies the file. \'to\' can exist or be a dir.\n' +
-  'shutil.copytree(from, to)           # Copies the directory. \'to\' must not exist.\n';
+  'shutil.copy(from, to)            # Copies the file. \'to\' can exist or be a dir.\n' +
+  'shutil.copytree(from, to)        # Copies the directory. \'to\' must not exist.\n';
 
 const OS_RENAME =
-  'os.rename(from, to)                 # Renames/moves the file or directory.\n' +
-  'os.replace(from, to)                # Same, but overwrites \'to\' if it exists.\n';
+  'os.rename(from, to)              # Renames/moves the file or directory.\n' +
+  'os.replace(from, to)             # Same, but overwrites \'to\' if it exists.\n';
 
 const TYPE =
   '<class> = type(\'<class_name>\', <tuple_of_parents>, <dict_of_class_attributes>)';

From 5ed03387699add981ca495e593500f0457f7a0ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Tue, 31 May 2022 03:46:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 006/565] Bytes, Profile

---
 README.md  | 14 +++++++-------
 index.html | 18 +++++++++---------
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 181598983..9dc373757 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1946,7 +1946,7 @@ Bytes
  = bytes()          # Ints must be in range from 0 to 255.
  = bytes(, 'utf-8')          # Or: .encode('utf-8')
  = .to_bytes(n_bytes, …)     # `byteorder='big/little', signed=False`.
- = bytes.fromhex('')         # Hex pairs can be separated by spaces.
+ = bytes.fromhex('')         # Hex pairs can be separated by whitespaces.
 ```
 
 ### Decode
@@ -1954,7 +1954,7 @@ Bytes
   = list()                  # Returns ints in range from 0 to 255.
    = str(, 'utf-8')          # Or: .decode('utf-8')
    = int.from_bytes(, …)     # `byteorder='big/little', signed=False`.
-'' = .hex()                  # Returns a string of hexadecimal pairs.
+'' = .hex()                  # Returns hex pairs. Accepts `sep=`.
 ```
 
 ### Read Bytes from File
@@ -2615,11 +2615,11 @@ Line #         Mem usage      Increment   Line Contents
 #### Generates a PNG image of the call graph with highlighted bottlenecks:
 ```python
 # $ pip3 install pycallgraph2
-from pycallgraph2 import output, PyCallGraph
-from datetime import datetime
-filename = f'profile-{datetime.now():%Y%m%d%H%M%S}.png'
-drawer = output.GraphvizOutput(output_file=filename)
-with PyCallGraph(drawer):
+# $ apt install graphviz
+import pycallgraph2 as cg, datetime
+filename = f'profile-{datetime.datetime.now():%Y%m%d%H%M%S}.png'
+drawer = cg.output.GraphvizOutput(output_file=filename)
+with cg.PyCallGraph(drawer):
     
 ```
 
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index feacb8990..6e8f2ba53 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 
 
   
    
-    
+    
     
   
    
 
@@ -1618,13 +1618,13 @@
 
    Encode
    <bytes> = bytes(<coll_of_ints>)          # Ints must be in range from 0 to 255.
 <bytes> = bytes(<str>, 'utf-8')          # Or: <str>.encode('utf-8')
 <bytes> = <int>.to_bytes(n_bytes, …)     # `byteorder='big/little', signed=False`.
-<bytes> = bytes.fromhex('<hex>')         # Hex pairs can be separated by spaces.
+<bytes> = bytes.fromhex('<hex>')         # Hex pairs can be separated by whitespaces.
 
    
 
 
    Decode
    <list>  = list(<bytes>)                  # Returns ints in range from 0 to 255.
 <str>   = str(<bytes>, 'utf-8')          # Or: <bytes>.decode('utf-8')
 <int>   = int.from_bytes(<bytes>, …)     # `byteorder='big/little', signed=False`.
-'<hex>' = <bytes>.hex()                  # Returns a string of hexadecimal pairs.
+'<hex>' = <bytes>.hex()                  # Returns hex pairs. Accepts `sep=<str>`.
 
    
 
 
    Read Bytes from File
    def read_bytes(filename):
@@ -2137,11 +2137,11 @@
      4        38.477 MiB      0.465 MiB       b = {*range(10000)}
 
    
 
    Call Graph
    Generates a PNG image of the call graph with highlighted bottlenecks:
    # $ pip3 install pycallgraph2
-from pycallgraph2 import output, PyCallGraph
-from datetime import datetime
-filename = f'profile-{datetime.now():%Y%m%d%H%M%S}.png'
-drawer = output.GraphvizOutput(output_file=filename)
-with PyCallGraph(drawer):
+# $ apt install graphviz
+import pycallgraph2 as cg, datetime
+filename = f'profile-{datetime.datetime.now():%Y%m%d%H%M%S}.png'
+drawer = cg.output.GraphvizOutput(output_file=filename)
+with cg.PyCallGraph(drawer):
     <code_to_be_profiled>
 
    
 
@@ -2896,7 +2896,7 @@
  
 
   
 

From 3ec57592a4f2927989fc1e3b72aaa23f06e151f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Wed, 1 Jun 2022 17:50:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 007/565] Mario

---
 README.md  | 14 +++++++-------
 index.html | 18 +++++++++---------
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 9dc373757..abfcf5224 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -3031,7 +3031,7 @@ from random import randint
 
 P = collections.namedtuple('P', 'x y')          # Position
 D = enum.Enum('D', 'n e s w')                   # Direction
-SIZE, MAX_SPEED = 50, P(5, 10)                  # Screen size, Speed limit
+W, H, MAX_S = 50, 50, P(5, 10)                  # Width, Height, Max speed
 
 def main():
     def get_screen():
@@ -3045,9 +3045,9 @@ def main():
         Mario = dataclasses.make_dataclass('Mario', 'rect spd facing_left frame_cycle'.split())
         return Mario(get_rect(1, 1), P(0, 0), False, it.cycle(range(3)))
     def get_tiles():
-        positions = [p for p in it.product(range(SIZE), repeat=2) if {*p} & {0, SIZE-1}] + \
-            [(randint(1, SIZE-2), randint(2, SIZE-2)) for _ in range(SIZE**2 // 10)]
-        return [get_rect(*p) for p in positions]
+        border = [(x, y) for x in range(W) for y in range(H) if x in [0, W-1] or y in [0, H-1]]
+        platforms = [(randint(1, W-2), randint(2, H-2)) for _ in range(W*H // 10)]
+        return [get_rect(x, y) for x, y in border + platforms]
     def get_rect(x, y):
         return pg.Rect(x*16, y*16, 16, 16)
     run(get_screen(), get_images(), get_mario(), get_tiles())
@@ -3067,7 +3067,7 @@ def update_speed(mario, tiles, pressed):
     x += 2 * ((D.e in pressed) - (D.w in pressed))
     x -= (x > 0) - (x < 0)
     y += 1 if D.s not in get_boundaries(mario.rect, tiles) else (D.n in pressed) * -10
-    mario.spd = P(*[max(-limit, min(limit, s)) for limit, s in zip(MAX_SPEED, P(x, y))])
+    mario.spd = P(x=max(-MAX_S.x, min(MAX_S.x, x)), y=max(-MAX_S.y, min(MAX_S.y, y)))
 
 def update_position(mario, tiles):
     x, y = mario.rect.topleft
@@ -3093,8 +3093,8 @@ def draw(screen, images, mario, tiles, pressed):
     screen.fill((85, 168, 255))
     mario.facing_left = (D.w in pressed) if {D.w, D.e} & pressed else mario.facing_left
     screen.blit(images[get_marios_image_index() + mario.facing_left * 9], mario.rect)
-    for rect in tiles:
-        screen.blit(images[18 if {*rect.topleft} & {0, (SIZE-1)*16} else 19], rect)
+    for t in tiles:
+        screen.blit(images[18 if t.x in [0, (W-1)*16] or t.y in [0, (H-1)*16] else 19], t)
     pg.display.flip()
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 6e8f2ba53..0e5d53872 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 
 
   
    
-    
+    
     
   
    
 
@@ -2461,7 +2461,7 @@
 
 P = collections.namedtuple('P', 'x y')          # Position
 D = enum.Enum('D', 'n e s w')                   # Direction
-SIZE, MAX_SPEED = 50, P(5, 10)                  # Screen size, Speed limit
+W, H, MAX_S = 50, 50, P(5, 10)                  # Width, Height, Max speed
 
 def main():
     def get_screen():
@@ -2475,9 +2475,9 @@
         Mario = dataclasses.make_dataclass('Mario', 'rect spd facing_left frame_cycle'.split())
         return Mario(get_rect(1, 1), P(0, 0), False, it.cycle(range(3)))
     def get_tiles():
-        positions = [p for p in it.product(range(SIZE), repeat=2) if {*p} & {0, SIZE-1}] + \
-            [(randint(1, SIZE-2), randint(2, SIZE-2)) for _ in range(SIZE**2 // 10)]
-        return [get_rect(*p) for p in positions]
+        border = [(x, y) for x in range(W) for y in range(H) if x in [0, W-1] or y in [0, H-1]]
+        platforms = [(randint(1, W-2), randint(2, H-2)) for _ in range(W*H // 10)]
+        return [get_rect(x, y) for x, y in border + platforms]
     def get_rect(x, y):
         return pg.Rect(x*16, y*16, 16, 16)
     run(get_screen(), get_images(), get_mario(), get_tiles())
@@ -2497,7 +2497,7 @@
     x += 2 * ((D.e in pressed) - (D.w in pressed))
     x -= (x > 0) - (x < 0)
     y += 1 if D.s not in get_boundaries(mario.rect, tiles) else (D.n in pressed) * -10
-    mario.spd = P(*[max(-limit, min(limit, s)) for limit, s in zip(MAX_SPEED, P(x, y))])
+    mario.spd = P(x=max(-MAX_S.x, min(MAX_S.x, x)), y=max(-MAX_S.y, min(MAX_S.y, y)))
 
 def update_position(mario, tiles):
     x, y = mario.rect.topleft
@@ -2523,8 +2523,8 @@
     screen.fill((85, 168, 255))
     mario.facing_left = (D.w in pressed) if {D.w, D.e} & pressed else mario.facing_left
     screen.blit(images[get_marios_image_index() + mario.facing_left * 9], mario.rect)
-    for rect in tiles:
-        screen.blit(images[18 if {*rect.topleft} & {0, (SIZE-1)*16} else 19], rect)
+    for t in tiles:
+        screen.blit(images[18 if t.x in [0, (W-1)*16] or t.y in [0, (H-1)*16] else 19], t)
     pg.display.flip()
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
@@ -2896,7 +2896,7 @@
  
 
   
 

From 26c8280269c845ce4f93dc31a2b3edbff9177ac4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Wed, 1 Jun 2022 17:57:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 008/565] Mario

---
 README.md  | 2 +-
 index.html | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index abfcf5224..2e88e09d5 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -3036,7 +3036,7 @@ W, H, MAX_S = 50, 50, P(5, 10)                  # Width, Height, Max speed
 def main():
     def get_screen():
         pg.init()
-        return pg.display.set_mode((SIZE*16, SIZE*16))
+        return pg.display.set_mode((W*16, H*16))
     def get_images():
         url = 'https://gto76.github.io/python-cheatsheet/web/mario_bros.png'
         img = pg.image.load(io.BytesIO(urllib.request.urlopen(url).read()))
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 0e5d53872..b6c4ca98c 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -2466,7 +2466,7 @@
 def main():
     def get_screen():
         pg.init()
-        return pg.display.set_mode((SIZE*16, SIZE*16))
+        return pg.display.set_mode((W*16, H*16))
     def get_images():
         url = 'https://gto76.github.io/python-cheatsheet/web/mario_bros.png'
         img = pg.image.load(io.BytesIO(urllib.request.urlopen(url).read()))

From 26f1eb967bd0dc330388c74545b2383ce672e00b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Thu, 2 Jun 2022 17:14:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 009/565] Image, Animation

---
 README.md  |  8 ++++----
 index.html | 12 ++++++------
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 2e88e09d5..6c2712135 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -2742,8 +2742,8 @@ from PIL import Image
 ```python
  = .getpixel((x, y))          # Returns a pixel.
 .putpixel((x, y), )           # Writes a pixel to the image.
- = .getdata()               # Returns a sequence of pixels.
-.putdata()             # Writes a sequence of pixels.
+ = .getdata()               # Returns a flattened sequence of pixels.
+.putdata()             # Writes a flattened sequence of pixels.
 .paste(, (x, y))                  # Writes an image to the image.
 ```
 
@@ -2807,11 +2807,11 @@ Animation
 # $ pip3 install imageio
 from PIL import Image, ImageDraw
 import imageio
-WIDTH, R = 126, 10
+WIDTH, HEIGHT, R = 126, 126, 10
 frames = []
 for velocity in range(1, 16):
     y = sum(range(velocity))
-    frame = Image.new('L', (WIDTH, WIDTH))
+    frame = Image.new('L', (WIDTH, HEIGHT))
     draw  = ImageDraw.Draw(frame)
     draw.ellipse((WIDTH/2-R, y, WIDTH/2+R, y+R*2), fill='white')
     frames.append(frame)
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index b6c4ca98c..97daad66d 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 
 
   
    
-    
+    
     
   
    
 
@@ -2230,8 +2230,8 @@
 
    
 
    <int/tuple> = <Image>.getpixel((x, y))          # Returns a pixel.
 <Image>.putpixel((x, y), <int/tuple>)           # Writes a pixel to the image.
-<ImagingCore> = <Image>.getdata()               # Returns a sequence of pixels.
-<Image>.putdata(<list/ImagingCore>)             # Writes a sequence of pixels.
+<ImagingCore> = <Image>.getdata()               # Returns a flattened sequence of pixels.
+<Image>.putdata(<list/ImagingCore>)             # Writes a flattened sequence of pixels.
 <Image>.paste(<Image>, (x, y))                  # Writes an image to the image.
 
    
 
    <2d_array> = np.array(<Image_L>)                # Creates NumPy array from greyscale image.
@@ -2282,11 +2282,11 @@
 
    #Animation
    Creates a GIF of a bouncing ball:
    # $ pip3 install imageio
 from PIL import Image, ImageDraw
 import imageio
-WIDTH, R = 126, 10
+WIDTH, HEIGHT, R = 126, 126, 10
 frames = []
 for velocity in range(1, 16):
     y = sum(range(velocity))
-    frame = Image.new('L', (WIDTH, WIDTH))
+    frame = Image.new('L', (WIDTH, HEIGHT))
     draw  = ImageDraw.Draw(frame)
     draw.ellipse((WIDTH/2-R, y, WIDTH/2+R, y+R*2), fill='white')
     frames.append(frame)
@@ -2896,7 +2896,7 @@
  
 
   
 

From 943248450798d1d1daa08ebc28ca03101b7d3f8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Fri, 3 Jun 2022 23:00:31 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 010/565] Class, Table, Wave

---
 README.md  | 11 ++++++-----
 index.html | 15 ++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 6c2712135..f1982d447 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -964,6 +964,7 @@ class :
 ```
 * **Return value of repr() should be unambiguous and of str() readable.**
 * **If only repr() is defined, it will also be used for str().**
+* **Methods decorated with `'@staticmethod'` do not receive 'self' nor 'cls' as their first arg.**
 
 #### Str() use cases:
 ```python
@@ -2400,7 +2401,7 @@ Table
 import csv, tabulate
 with open('test.csv', encoding='utf-8', newline='') as file:
     rows   = csv.reader(file)
-    header = [a.title() for a in next(rows)]
+    header = next(rows)
     table  = tabulate.tabulate(rows, header)
 print(table)
 ```
@@ -2548,8 +2549,8 @@ def send_json(sport):
 >>> import threading, requests
 >>> threading.Thread(target=run, daemon=True).start()
 >>> url = 'http://localhost:8080/football/odds'
->>> data = {'team': 'arsenal f.c.'}
->>> response = requests.post(url, data=data)
+>>> request_data = {'team': 'arsenal f.c.'}
+>>> response = requests.post(url, data=request_data)
 >>> response.json()
 {'team': 'arsenal f.c.', 'odds': [2.09, 3.74, 3.68]}
 ```
@@ -2891,7 +2892,7 @@ def write_to_wav_file(filename, float_samples, nchannels=1, sampwidth=2, framera
 ```
 
 ### Examples
-#### Saves a sine wave to a mono WAV file:
+#### Saves a 440 Hz sine wave to a mono WAV file:
 ```python
 from math import pi, sin
 samples_f = (sin(i * 2 * pi * 440 / 44100) for i in range(100000))
@@ -3494,7 +3495,7 @@ import 
 ```python
 cdef   = 
 cdef [n_elements]  = [, , ...]
-cdef  ( , ...):
+cdef  ( , ...): …
 ```
 
 ```python
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 97daad66d..6b762c32d 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 
 
   
    
-    
+    
     
   
    
 
@@ -825,6 +825,7 @@
 
      
 
    • Return value of repr() should be unambiguous and of str() readable.
      • 
 
    • If only repr() is defined, it will also be used for str().
      • 
+
    • Methods decorated with '@staticmethod' do not receive 'self' nor 'cls' as their first arg.
      • 
 
    
 
    Str() use cases:
    print(<el>)
 f'{<el>}'
@@ -1967,7 +1968,7 @@
 import csv, tabulate
 with open('test.csv', encoding='utf-8', newline='') as file:
     rows   = csv.reader(file)
-    header = [a.title() for a in next(rows)]
+    header = next(rows)
     table  = tabulate.tabulate(rows, header)
 print(table)
 
    
@@ -2087,8 +2088,8 @@
 >>> import threading, requests
 >>> threading.Thread(target=run, daemon=True).start()
 >>> url = 'http://localhost:8080/football/odds'
->>> data = {'team': 'arsenal f.c.'}
->>> response = requests.post(url, data=data)
+>>> request_data = {'team': 'arsenal f.c.'}
+>>> response = requests.post(url, data=request_data)
 >>> response.json()
 {'team': 'arsenal f.c.', 'odds': [2.09, 3.74, 3.68]}
 
    
@@ -2354,7 +2355,7 @@
         file.writeframes(b''.join(get_bytes(f) for f in float_samples))
 
    
 
-
    Examples
    Saves a sine wave to a mono WAV file:
    from math import pi, sin
+
    Examples
    Saves a 440 Hz sine wave to a mono WAV file:
    from math import pi, sin
 samples_f = (sin(i * 2 * pi * 440 / 44100) for i in range(100000))
 write_to_wav_file('test.wav', samples_f)
 
    
@@ -2839,7 +2840,7 @@
 
  • Script needs to be saved with a 'pyx' extension.
    • 
 
    cdef <ctype> <var_name> = <el>
 cdef <ctype>[n_elements] <var_name> = [<el_1>, <el_2>, ...]
-cdef <ctype/void> <func_name>(<ctype> <arg_name_1>, ...):
+cdef <ctype/void> <func_name>(<ctype> <arg_name_1>, ...): …
 
    
 
 
@@ -2896,7 +2897,7 @@
  
 
   
 

From 62ed5162000710c04eb1f5ee6abfe5c64051c7a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Mon, 6 Jun 2022 16:48:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 011/565] Struct

---
 README.md  |  6 +++---
 index.html | 10 +++++-----
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index f1982d447..fe07974ec 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1776,7 +1776,7 @@ def write_to_json_file(filename, an_object):
 
 Pickle
 ------
-**Binary file format for storing objects.**
+**Binary file format for storing Python objects.**
 
 ```python
 import pickle
@@ -1976,7 +1976,7 @@ def write_bytes(filename, bytes_obj):
 Struct
 ------
 * **Module that performs conversions between a sequence of numbers and a bytes object.**
-* **System’s type sizes and byte order are used by default.**
+* **System’s type sizes, byte order, and alignment rules are used by default.**
 
 ```python
 from struct import pack, unpack, iter_unpack
@@ -1997,7 +1997,7 @@ b'\x00\x01\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x03'
 ```
 
 ### Format
-#### For standard type sizes start format string with:
+#### For standard type sizes and manual alignment (padding) start format string with:
 * **`'='` - system's byte order (usually little-endian)**
 * **`'<'` - little-endian**
 * **`'>'` - big-endian (also `'!'`)**
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 6b762c32d..fd8b44c1d 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 
 
   
    
-    
+    
     
   
    
 
@@ -1486,7 +1486,7 @@
         json.dump(an_object, file, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2)
 
    
 
-
    #Pickle
    Binary file format for storing objects.
    import pickle
+
    #Pickle
    Binary file format for storing Python objects.
    import pickle
 <bytes>  = pickle.dumps(<object>)
 <object> = pickle.loads(<bytes>)
 
    
@@ -1640,7 +1640,7 @@
 
 
    #Struct
      
 
    • Module that performs conversions between a sequence of numbers and a bytes object.
      • 
-
    • System’s type sizes and byte order are used by default.
      • 
+
    • System’s type sizes, byte order, and alignment rules are used by default.
      • 
 
    from struct import pack, unpack, iter_unpack
 
    
 
@@ -1655,7 +1655,7 @@
 (1, 2, 3)
 
    
 
-
    Format
    For standard type sizes start format string with:
      
+
      Format
      For standard type sizes and manual alignment (padding) start format string with:
        
 
      • '=' - system's byte order (usually little-endian)
        • 
 
      • '<' - little-endian
        • 
 
      • '>' - big-endian (also '!')
        • 
@@ -2897,7 +2897,7 @@
  
 
   
 

From 13062b2dfeb2c6e69727c9ad832c188625dc7adb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Mon, 6 Jun 2022 16:54:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 012/565] Updated remove_links.py

---
 pdf/remove_links.py | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/pdf/remove_links.py b/pdf/remove_links.py
index 8a35856ac..6a05afed0 100755
--- a/pdf/remove_links.py
+++ b/pdf/remove_links.py
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
     'Generators returned by the generator functions and generator expressions.': 'Generators returned by the generator functions (p. 4) and generator expressions (p. 11).',
     'File objects returned by the open() function, etc.': 'File objects returned by the open() function (p. 22), etc.',
     'Functions report OS related errors by raising either OSError or one of its subclasses.': 'Functions report OS related errors by raising OSError or one of its subclasses (p. 23).',
+    'For XML and binary Excel files (xlsx, xlsm and xlsb) use Pandas library.': 'For XML and binary Excel files (xlsx, xlsm and xlsb) use Pandas library (p. 46).',
     'Bools will be stored and returned as ints and dates as ISO formatted strings.': 'Bools will be stored and returned as ints and dates as ISO formatted strings (p. 9).',
     'An object with the same interface called ProcessPoolExecutor provides true parallelism by running a separate interpreter in each process. All arguments must be pickable.': 'An object with the same interface called ProcessPoolExecutor provides true parallelism by running a separate interpreter in each process. All arguments must be pickable (p. 25).',
     'Asyncio module also provides its own Queue, Event, Lock and Semaphore classes.': 'Asyncio module also provides its own Queue, Event, Lock and Semaphore classes (p. 30).',

From ec86a0e4d7df2566616d65afcb73f56b017e8adf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Mon, 6 Jun 2022 19:26:34 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 013/565] Command line arguments, CSV

---
 README.md           | 11 ++++++-----
 index.html          | 11 ++++++-----
 pdf/remove_links.py |  1 +
 3 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index fe07974ec..6dd94a598 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1542,9 +1542,9 @@ args  = p.parse_args()                                            # Exits on err
 value = args.
 ```
 
-* **Use `'help='` to set argument description.**
+* **Use `'help='` to set argument description that will be displayed in help message.**
 * **Use `'default='` to set the default value.**
-* **Use `'type=FileType()'` for files.**
+* **Use `'type=FileType()'` for files. Also accepts 'encoding', but not 'newline'.**
 
 
 Open
@@ -1813,8 +1813,9 @@ import csv
    = next()           # Returns next row as a list of strings.
    = list()           # Returns a list of remaining rows.
 ```
-* **For XML and binary Excel files (xlsx, xlsm and xlsb) use [Pandas](#dataframe-plot-encode-decode) library.**
 * **File must be opened with a `'newline=""'` argument, or newlines embedded inside quoted fields will not be interpreted correctly!**
+* **For XML and binary Excel files (xlsx, xlsm and xlsb) use [Pandas](#dataframe-plot-encode-decode) library.**
+* **To print the table to console use [Tabulate](#table) library.**
 
 ### Write
 ```python
@@ -1830,7 +1831,7 @@ import csv
 * **`'quotechar'` - Character for quoting fields that contain special characters.**
 * **`'doublequote'` - Whether quotechars inside fields are/get doubled or escaped.**
 * **`'skipinitialspace'` - Whether whitespace after delimiter gets stripped by reader.**
-* **`'lineterminator'` - How writer terminates rows. Reader is hardcoded to '\r', '\n', '\r\n'.**
+* **`'lineterminator'` - How writer terminates rows. Reader is hardcoded to '\n', '\r', '\r\n'.**
 * **`'quoting'` - Controls the amount of quoting: 0 - as necessary, 1 - all.**
 * **`'escapechar'` - Character for escaping quotechars if doublequote is False.**
 
@@ -2980,7 +2981,7 @@ while all(event.type != pg.QUIT for event in pg.event.get()):
  = .collidepoint((x, y))            # Checks if rectangle contains a point.
  = .colliderect()             # Checks if two rectangles overlap.
   = .collidelist()     # Returns index of first colliding Rect or -1.
- = .collidelistall()  # Returns indexes of all colliding Rects.
+ = .collidelistall()  # Returns indexes of all colliding rectangles.
 ```
 
 ### Surface
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index fd8b44c1d..0e86d9964 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -1319,9 +1319,9 @@
 
    
 
 
      
-
    • Use 'help=<str>' to set argument description.
      • 
+
    • Use 'help=<str>' to set argument description that will be displayed in help message.
      • 
 
    • Use 'default=<el>' to set the default value.
      • 
-
    • Use 'type=FileType(<mode>)' for files.
      • 
+
    • Use 'type=FileType(<mode>)' for files. Also accepts 'encoding', but not 'newline'.
      • 
 
    
 
    #Open
    Opens the file and returns a corresponding file object.
    <file> = open(<path>, mode='r', encoding=None, newline=None)
 
    
@@ -1512,8 +1512,9 @@
 
    
 
 
      
-
    • For XML and binary Excel files (xlsx, xlsm and xlsb) use Pandas library.
      • 
 
    • File must be opened with a 'newline=""' argument, or newlines embedded inside quoted fields will not be interpreted correctly!
      • 
+
    • For XML and binary Excel files (xlsx, xlsm and xlsb) use Pandas library.
      • 
+
    • To print the table to console use Tabulate library.
      • 
 
    
 
    Write
    <writer> = csv.writer(<file>)       # Also: `dialect='excel', delimiter=','`.
 <writer>.writerow(<collection>)     # Encodes objects using `str(<el>)`.
@@ -1529,7 +1530,7 @@
 
  • 'quotechar' - Character for quoting fields that contain special characters.
    • 
 
  • 'doublequote' - Whether quotechars inside fields are/get doubled or escaped.
    • 
 
  • 'skipinitialspace' - Whether whitespace after delimiter gets stripped by reader.
    • 
-
  • 'lineterminator' - How writer terminates rows. Reader is hardcoded to '\r', '\n', '\r\n'.
    • 
+
  • 'lineterminator' - How writer terminates rows. Reader is hardcoded to '\n', '\r', '\r\n'.
    • 
 
  • 'quoting' - Controls the amount of quoting: 0 - as necessary, 1 - all.
    • 
 
  • 'escapechar' - Character for escaping quotechars if doublequote is False.
    • 
 
    Dialects
    ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
@@ -2425,7 +2426,7 @@
 
    <bool> = <Rect>.collidepoint((x, y))            # Checks if rectangle contains a point.
 <bool> = <Rect>.colliderect(<Rect>)             # Checks if two rectangles overlap.
 <int>  = <Rect>.collidelist(<list_of_Rect>)     # Returns index of first colliding Rect or -1.
-<list> = <Rect>.collidelistall(<list_of_Rect>)  # Returns indexes of all colliding Rects.
+<list> = <Rect>.collidelistall(<list_of_Rect>)  # Returns indexes of all colliding rectangles.
 
    
 
    Surface
    Object for representing images.
    <Surf> = pg.display.set_mode((width, height))   # Returns display surface.
 <Surf> = pg.Surface((width, height), flags=0)   # New RGB surface. RGBA if `flags=pg.SRCALPHA`.
diff --git a/pdf/remove_links.py b/pdf/remove_links.py
index 6a05afed0..49c3e3736 100755
--- a/pdf/remove_links.py
+++ b/pdf/remove_links.py
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
     'Generators returned by the generator functions and generator expressions.': 'Generators returned by the generator functions (p. 4) and generator expressions (p. 11).',
     'File objects returned by the open() function, etc.': 'File objects returned by the open() function (p. 22), etc.',
     'Functions report OS related errors by raising either OSError or one of its subclasses.': 'Functions report OS related errors by raising OSError or one of its subclasses (p. 23).',
+    'To print the table to console use Tabulate library.': 'To print the table to console use Tabulate library (p. 34).',
     'For XML and binary Excel files (xlsx, xlsm and xlsb) use Pandas library.': 'For XML and binary Excel files (xlsx, xlsm and xlsb) use Pandas library (p. 46).',
     'Bools will be stored and returned as ints and dates as ISO formatted strings.': 'Bools will be stored and returned as ints and dates as ISO formatted strings (p. 9).',
     'An object with the same interface called ProcessPoolExecutor provides true parallelism by running a separate interpreter in each process. All arguments must be pickable.': 'An object with the same interface called ProcessPoolExecutor provides true parallelism by running a separate interpreter in each process. All arguments must be pickable (p. 25).',

From f84d6b977f880572da64a66a64974ed3ac12913d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Mon, 6 Jun 2022 23:34:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 014/565] Regex, Format

---
 README.md  | 54 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------
 index.html | 54 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------
 2 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 6dd94a598..fb50f1557 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -357,10 +357,10 @@ import re
   = re.split(, text, maxsplit=0)  # Use brackets in regex to include the matches.
  = re.search(, text)             # Searches for first occurrence of the pattern.
  = re.match(, text)              # Searches only at the beginning of the text.
-  = re.finditer(, text)           # Returns all occurrences as match objects.
+  = re.finditer(, text)           # Returns all occurrences as Match objects.
 ```
 
-* **Argument 'new' can be a function that accepts a match object and returns a string.**
+* **Argument 'new' can be a function that accepts a Match object and returns a string.**
 * **Search() and match() return None if they can't find a match.**
 * **Argument `'flags=re.IGNORECASE'` can be used with all functions.**
 * **Argument `'flags=re.MULTILINE'` makes `'^'` and `'$'` match the start/end of each line.**
@@ -385,21 +385,21 @@ import re
 ```
 
 * **By default, decimal characters, alphanumerics and whitespaces from all alphabets are matched unless `'flags=re.ASCII'` argument is used.**
-* **As shown above, it restricts special sequence matches to the first 128 characters and prevents `'\s'` from accepting `'[\x1c-\x1f]'` (the so-called separator characters).**
+* **As shown above, it restricts all special sequence matches to the first 128 characters and prevents `'\s'` from accepting `'[\x1c-\x1f]'` (the so-called separator characters).**
 * **Use a capital letter for negation (all non-ASCII characters will be matched when used in combination with ASCII flag).**
 
 
 Format
 ------
 ```python
- = f'{}, {}'
- = '{}, {}'.format(, )
+ = f'{}, {}'            # Curly braces also accept expressions.
+ = '{}, {}'.format(, )  # Or: '{0}, {1}'.format(, )
+ = '%s, %s' % (, )      # Redundant and inferior C style formatting.
 ```
 
 ### Attributes
 ```python
->>> from collections import namedtuple
->>> Person = namedtuple('Person', 'name height')
+>>> Person = collections.namedtuple('Person', 'name height')
 >>> person = Person('Jean-Luc', 187)
 >>> f'{person.height}'
 '187'
@@ -409,40 +409,40 @@ Format
 
 ### General Options
 ```python
-{:<10}                                     # '      '
-{:^10}                                     # '      '
-{:>10}                                     # '      '
-{:.<10}                                    # '......'
-{:0}                                       # ''
+{:<10}                               # '      '
+{:^10}                               # '      '
+{:>10}                               # '      '
+{:.<10}                              # '......'
+{:0}                                 # ''
 ```
 * **Options can be generated dynamically: `f'{:{}[…]}'`.**
 * **Adding `'!r'` before the colon converts object to string by calling its [repr()](#class) method.**
 
 ### Strings
 ```python
-{'abcde':10}                                   # 'abcde     '
-{'abcde':10.3}                                 # 'abc       '
-{'abcde':.3}                                   # 'abc'
-{'abcde'!r:10}                                 # "'abcde'   "
+{'abcde':10}                             # 'abcde     '
+{'abcde':10.3}                           # 'abc       '
+{'abcde':.3}                             # 'abc'
+{'abcde'!r:10}                           # "'abcde'   "
 ```
 
 ### Numbers
 ```python
-{123456:10}                                    # '    123456'
-{123456:10,}                                   # '   123,456'
-{123456:10_}                                   # '   123_456'
-{123456:+10}                                   # '   +123456'
-{123456:=+10}                                  # '+   123456'
-{123456: }                                     # ' 123456'
-{-123456: }                                    # '-123456'
+{123456:10}                              # '    123456'
+{123456:10,}                             # '   123,456'
+{123456:10_}                             # '   123_456'
+{123456:+10}                             # '   +123456'
+{123456:=+10}                            # '+   123456'
+{123456: }                               # ' 123456'
+{-123456: }                              # '-123456'
 ```
 
 ### Floats
 ```python
-{1.23456:10.3}                                 # '      1.23'
-{1.23456:10.3f}                                # '     1.235'
-{1.23456:10.3e}                                # ' 1.235e+00'
-{1.23456:10.3%}                                # '  123.456%'
+{1.23456:10.3}                           # '      1.23'
+{1.23456:10.3f}                          # '     1.235'
+{1.23456:10.3e}                          # ' 1.235e+00'
+{1.23456:10.3%}                          # '  123.456%'
 ```
 
 #### Comparison of presentation types:
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 0e86d9964..300fbd6fc 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -336,11 +336,11 @@
 <list>  = re.split(<regex>, text, maxsplit=0)  # Use brackets in regex to include the matches.
 <Match> = re.search(<regex>, text)             # Searches for first occurrence of the pattern.
 <Match> = re.match(<regex>, text)              # Searches only at the beginning of the text.
-<iter>  = re.finditer(<regex>, text)           # Returns all occurrences as match objects.
+<iter>  = re.finditer(<regex>, text)           # Returns all occurrences as Match objects.
 
    
 
 
      
-
    • Argument 'new' can be a function that accepts a match object and returns a string.
      • 
+
    • Argument 'new' can be a function that accepts a Match object and returns a string.
      • 
 
    • Search() and match() return None if they can't find a match.
      • 
 
    • Argument 'flags=re.IGNORECASE' can be used with all functions.
      • 
 
    • Argument 'flags=re.MULTILINE' makes '^' and '$' match the start/end of each line.
      • 
@@ -362,15 +362,15 @@
 
 
        
 
      • By default, decimal characters, alphanumerics and whitespaces from all alphabets are matched unless 'flags=re.ASCII' argument is used.
        • 
-
      • As shown above, it restricts special sequence matches to the first 128 characters and prevents '\s' from accepting '[\x1c-\x1f]' (the so-called separator characters).
        • 
+
      • As shown above, it restricts all special sequence matches to the first 128 characters and prevents '\s' from accepting '[\x1c-\x1f]' (the so-called separator characters).
        • 
 
      • Use a capital letter for negation (all non-ASCII characters will be matched when used in combination with ASCII flag).
        • 
 
      
-
      #Format
      <str> = f'{<el_1>}, {<el_2>}'
-<str> = '{}, {}'.format(<el_1>, <el_2>)
+
      #Format
      <str> = f'{<el_1>}, {<el_2>}'            # Curly braces also accept expressions.
+<str> = '{}, {}'.format(<el_1>, <el_2>)  # Or: '{0}, {1}'.format(<el_1>, <el_2>)
+<str> = '%s, %s' % (<el_1>, <el_2>)      # Redundant and inferior C style formatting.
 
      
 
-
      Attributes
      >>> from collections import namedtuple
->>> Person = namedtuple('Person', 'name height')
+
      Attributes
      >>> Person = collections.namedtuple('Person', 'name height')
 >>> person = Person('Jean-Luc', 187)
 >>> f'{person.height}'
 '187'
@@ -378,36 +378,36 @@
 '187'
 
      
 
-
      General Options
      {<el>:<10}                                     # '<el>      '
-{<el>:^10}                                     # '   <el>   '
-{<el>:>10}                                     # '      <el>'
-{<el>:.<10}                                    # '<el>......'
-{<el>:0}                                       # '<el>'
+
      General Options
      {<el>:<10}                               # '<el>      '
+{<el>:^10}                               # '   <el>   '
+{<el>:>10}                               # '      <el>'
+{<el>:.<10}                              # '<el>......'
+{<el>:0}                                 # '<el>'
 
      
 
 
        
 
      • Options can be generated dynamically: f'{<el>:{<str/int>}[…]}'.
        • 
 
      • Adding '!r' before the colon converts object to string by calling its repr() method.
        • 
 
      
-
      Strings
      {'abcde':10}                                   # 'abcde     '
-{'abcde':10.3}                                 # 'abc       '
-{'abcde':.3}                                   # 'abc'
-{'abcde'!r:10}                                 # "'abcde'   "
+
      Strings
      {'abcde':10}                             # 'abcde     '
+{'abcde':10.3}                           # 'abc       '
+{'abcde':.3}                             # 'abc'
+{'abcde'!r:10}                           # "'abcde'   "
 
      
 
-
      Numbers
      {123456:10}                                    # '    123456'
-{123456:10,}                                   # '   123,456'
-{123456:10_}                                   # '   123_456'
-{123456:+10}                                   # '   +123456'
-{123456:=+10}                                  # '+   123456'
-{123456: }                                     # ' 123456'
-{-123456: }                                    # '-123456'
+
      Numbers
      {123456:10}                              # '    123456'
+{123456:10,}                             # '   123,456'
+{123456:10_}                             # '   123_456'
+{123456:+10}                             # '   +123456'
+{123456:=+10}                            # '+   123456'
+{123456: }                               # ' 123456'
+{-123456: }                              # '-123456'
 
      
 
-
      Floats
      {1.23456:10.3}                                 # '      1.23'
-{1.23456:10.3f}                                # '     1.235'
-{1.23456:10.3e}                                # ' 1.235e+00'
-{1.23456:10.3%}                                # '  123.456%'
+
      Floats
      {1.23456:10.3}                           # '      1.23'
+{1.23456:10.3f}                          # '     1.235'
+{1.23456:10.3e}                          # ' 1.235e+00'
+{1.23456:10.3%}                          # '  123.456%'
 
      
 
 
      Comparison of presentation types:
      ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓

From 1b6004bce5f1b9fca1eaa4edf213d70a178f66c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Tue, 7 Jun 2022 00:28:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 015/565] Numbers

---
 README.md  |  2 +-
 index.html | 10 +++++-----
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index fb50f1557..9054b8604 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -484,7 +484,6 @@ Format
 
 Numbers
 -------
-### Types
 ```python
       = int()       # Or: math.floor()
     = float()       # Or: e±
@@ -494,6 +493,7 @@ Numbers
 ```
 * **`'int()'` and `'float()'` raise ValueError on malformed strings.**
 * **Decimal numbers are stored exactly, unlike most floats where `'1.1 + 2.2 != 3.3'`.**
+* **Floats can be compared with: `'math.isclose(, )'`.**
 * **Precision of decimal operations is set with: `'decimal.getcontext().prec = '`.**
 
 ### Basic Functions
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 300fbd6fc..1ec7470ae 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 
 
   
      
-    
+    
     
   
      
 
@@ -444,17 +444,17 @@
 {90:X}                                   # '5A'
 
      
 
-
      #Numbers
      Types
      <int>      = int(<float/str/bool>)       # Or: math.floor(<float>)
+
      #Numbers
      <int>      = int(<float/str/bool>)       # Or: math.floor(<float>)
 <float>    = float(<int/str/bool>)       # Or: <real>e±<int>
 <complex>  = complex(real=0, imag=0)     # Or: <real> ± <real>j
 <Fraction> = fractions.Fraction(0, 1)    # Or: Fraction(numerator=0, denominator=1)
 <Decimal>  = decimal.Decimal(<str/int>)  # Or: Decimal((sign, digits, exponent))
-
      
-
+
      
 
 
        
 
      • 'int(<str>)' and 'float(<str>)' raise ValueError on malformed strings.
        • 
 
      • Decimal numbers are stored exactly, unlike most floats where '1.1 + 2.2 != 3.3'.
        • 
+
      • Floats can be compared with: 'math.isclose(<float>, <float>)'.
        • 
 
      • Precision of decimal operations is set with: 'decimal.getcontext().prec = <int>'.
        • 
 
      
 
      Basic Functions
      <num> = pow(<num>, <num>)                # Or: <num> ** <num>
@@ -2898,7 +2898,7 @@
  
 
   
 

From 7de5aa4b9b1dab255c7d8334fccc9d8e815859d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Tue, 7 Jun 2022 01:15:49 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 016/565] Format

---
 README.md  | 51 +++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------
 index.html | 51 +++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------
 2 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 9054b8604..ee4e421d5 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -392,9 +392,8 @@ import re
 Format
 ------
 ```python
- = f'{}, {}'            # Curly braces also accept expressions.
- = '{}, {}'.format(, )  # Or: '{0}, {1}'.format(, )
- = '%s, %s' % (, )      # Redundant and inferior C style formatting.
+ = f'{}, {}'        # Or: '{}, {}'.format(, )
+ = '%s, %s' % (, )  # Redundant and inferior C style formatting.
 ```
 
 ### Attributes
@@ -409,40 +408,40 @@ Format
 
 ### General Options
 ```python
-{:<10}                               # '      '
-{:^10}                               # '      '
-{:>10}                               # '      '
-{:.<10}                              # '......'
-{:0}                                 # ''
+{:<10}                           # '      '
+{:^10}                           # '      '
+{:>10}                           # '      '
+{:.<10}                          # '......'
+{:0}                             # ''
 ```
 * **Options can be generated dynamically: `f'{:{}[…]}'`.**
 * **Adding `'!r'` before the colon converts object to string by calling its [repr()](#class) method.**
 
 ### Strings
 ```python
-{'abcde':10}                             # 'abcde     '
-{'abcde':10.3}                           # 'abc       '
-{'abcde':.3}                             # 'abc'
-{'abcde'!r:10}                           # "'abcde'   "
+{'abcde':10}                         # 'abcde     '
+{'abcde':10.3}                       # 'abc       '
+{'abcde':.3}                         # 'abc'
+{'abcde'!r:10}                       # "'abcde'   "
 ```
 
 ### Numbers
 ```python
-{123456:10}                              # '    123456'
-{123456:10,}                             # '   123,456'
-{123456:10_}                             # '   123_456'
-{123456:+10}                             # '   +123456'
-{123456:=+10}                            # '+   123456'
-{123456: }                               # ' 123456'
-{-123456: }                              # '-123456'
+{123456:10}                          # '    123456'
+{123456:10,}                         # '   123,456'
+{123456:10_}                         # '   123_456'
+{123456:+10}                         # '   +123456'
+{123456:=+10}                        # '+   123456'
+{123456: }                           # ' 123456'
+{-123456: }                          # '-123456'
 ```
 
 ### Floats
 ```python
-{1.23456:10.3}                           # '      1.23'
-{1.23456:10.3f}                          # '     1.235'
-{1.23456:10.3e}                          # ' 1.235e+00'
-{1.23456:10.3%}                          # '  123.456%'
+{1.23456:10.3}                       # '      1.23'
+{1.23456:10.3f}                      # '     1.235'
+{1.23456:10.3e}                      # ' 1.235e+00'
+{1.23456:10.3%}                      # '  123.456%'
 ```
 
 #### Comparison of presentation types:
@@ -476,9 +475,9 @@ Format
 
 ### Ints
 ```python
-{90:c}                                   # 'Z'
-{90:b}                                   # '1011010'
-{90:X}                                   # '5A'
+{90:c}                               # 'Z'
+{90:b}                               # '1011010'
+{90:X}                               # '5A'
 ```
 
 
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 1ec7470ae..046c2da9f 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -365,9 +365,8 @@
 
    • As shown above, it restricts all special sequence matches to the first 128 characters and prevents '\s' from accepting '[\x1c-\x1f]' (the so-called separator characters).
      • 
 
    • Use a capital letter for negation (all non-ASCII characters will be matched when used in combination with ASCII flag).
      • 
 
    
-
    #Format
    <str> = f'{<el_1>}, {<el_2>}'            # Curly braces also accept expressions.
-<str> = '{}, {}'.format(<el_1>, <el_2>)  # Or: '{0}, {1}'.format(<el_1>, <el_2>)
-<str> = '%s, %s' % (<el_1>, <el_2>)      # Redundant and inferior C style formatting.
+
    #Format
    <str> = f'{<el_1>}, {<el_2>}'        # Or: '{}, {}'.format(<el_1>, <el_2>)
+<str> = '%s, %s' % (<el_1>, <el_2>)  # Redundant and inferior C style formatting.
 
    
 
 
    Attributes
    >>> Person = collections.namedtuple('Person', 'name height')
@@ -378,36 +377,36 @@
 '187'
 
    
 
-
    General Options
    {<el>:<10}                               # '<el>      '
-{<el>:^10}                               # '   <el>   '
-{<el>:>10}                               # '      <el>'
-{<el>:.<10}                              # '<el>......'
-{<el>:0}                                 # '<el>'
+
    General Options
    {<el>:<10}                           # '<el>      '
+{<el>:^10}                           # '   <el>   '
+{<el>:>10}                           # '      <el>'
+{<el>:.<10}                          # '<el>......'
+{<el>:0}                             # '<el>'
 
    
 
 
      
 
    • Options can be generated dynamically: f'{<el>:{<str/int>}[…]}'.
      • 
 
    • Adding '!r' before the colon converts object to string by calling its repr() method.
      • 
 
    
-
    Strings
    {'abcde':10}                             # 'abcde     '
-{'abcde':10.3}                           # 'abc       '
-{'abcde':.3}                             # 'abc'
-{'abcde'!r:10}                           # "'abcde'   "
+
    Strings
    {'abcde':10}                         # 'abcde     '
+{'abcde':10.3}                       # 'abc       '
+{'abcde':.3}                         # 'abc'
+{'abcde'!r:10}                       # "'abcde'   "
 
    
 
-
    Numbers
    {123456:10}                              # '    123456'
-{123456:10,}                             # '   123,456'
-{123456:10_}                             # '   123_456'
-{123456:+10}                             # '   +123456'
-{123456:=+10}                            # '+   123456'
-{123456: }                               # ' 123456'
-{-123456: }                              # '-123456'
+
    Numbers
    {123456:10}                          # '    123456'
+{123456:10,}                         # '   123,456'
+{123456:10_}                         # '   123_456'
+{123456:+10}                         # '   +123456'
+{123456:=+10}                        # '+   123456'
+{123456: }                           # ' 123456'
+{-123456: }                          # '-123456'
 
    
 
-
    Floats
    {1.23456:10.3}                           # '      1.23'
-{1.23456:10.3f}                          # '     1.235'
-{1.23456:10.3e}                          # ' 1.235e+00'
-{1.23456:10.3%}                          # '  123.456%'
+
    Floats
    {1.23456:10.3}                       # '      1.23'
+{1.23456:10.3f}                      # '     1.235'
+{1.23456:10.3e}                      # ' 1.235e+00'
+{1.23456:10.3%}                      # '  123.456%'
 
    
 
 
    Comparison of presentation types:
    ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
@@ -439,9 +438,9 @@
 
  • When both rounding up and rounding down are possible, the one that returns result with even last digit is chosen. That makes '{6.5:.0f}' a '6' and '{7.5:.0f}' an '8'.
    • 
 
  • This rule only effects numbers that can be represented exactly by a float (.5, .25, …).
    • 
 
-
    Ints
    {90:c}                                   # 'Z'
-{90:b}                                   # '1011010'
-{90:X}                                   # '5A'
+
    Ints
    {90:c}                               # 'Z'
+{90:b}                               # '1011010'
+{90:X}                               # '5A'
 
    
 
 
    #Numbers
    <int>      = int(<float/str/bool>)       # Or: math.floor(<float>)

From 4fddcbc9da46d4f000506b51856b7a13aca399a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Tue, 7 Jun 2022 14:19:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 017/565] Updated pdf/README.md

---
 pdf/README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/pdf/README.md b/pdf/README.md
index 82f00bf04..038ecbf8f 100644
--- a/pdf/README.md
+++ b/pdf/README.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 How To Create PDF (on macOS)
 ============================
-PDF file can also be purchased here: https://transactions.sendowl.com/products/78175486/4422834F/view
+**PDF file can also be purchased here: https://transactions.sendowl.com/products/78175486/4422834F/view**
 
 
 Setup

From d07ca15537bcbfa479789ec61924472c1d8da2e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Tue, 7 Jun 2022 14:42:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 018/565] Format

---
 README.md  |  5 ++++-
 index.html |  4 +++-
 parse.js   | 26 ++++++--------------------
 3 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index ee4e421d5..b286188b7 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -398,7 +398,8 @@ Format
 
 ### Attributes
 ```python
->>> Person = collections.namedtuple('Person', 'name height')
+>>> from collections import namedtuple
+>>> Person = namedtuple('Person', 'name height')
 >>> person = Person('Jean-Luc', 187)
 >>> f'{person.height}'
 '187'
@@ -457,7 +458,9 @@ Format
 |  5.6789      |   '5.6789'     |    '5.678900'  | '5.678900e+00' |  '567.890000%' |
 | 56.789       |  '56.789'      |   '56.789000'  | '5.678900e+01' | '5678.900000%' |
 +--------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
+```
 
+```text
 +--------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
 |              |  {:.2}  |  {:.2f} |  {:.2e} |  {:.2%} |
 +--------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 046c2da9f..3a7a6b23f 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -369,7 +369,8 @@
 <str> = '%s, %s' % (<el_1>, <el_2>)  # Redundant and inferior C style formatting.
 
    
 
-
    Attributes
    >>> Person = collections.namedtuple('Person', 'name height')
+
    Attributes
    >>> from collections import namedtuple
+>>> Person = namedtuple('Person', 'name height')
 >>> person = Person('Jean-Luc', 187)
 >>> f'{person.height}'
 '187'
@@ -434,6 +435,7 @@
 ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
 
    
 
+
    
 
      
 
    • When both rounding up and rounding down are possible, the one that returns result with even last digit is chosen. That makes '{6.5:.0f}' a '6' and '{7.5:.0f}' an '8'.
      • 
 
    • This rule only effects numbers that can be represented exactly by a float (.5, .25, …).
      • 
diff --git a/parse.js b/parse.js
index f2e719e72..41c707851 100755
--- a/parse.js
+++ b/parse.js
@@ -112,15 +112,6 @@ const DIAGRAM_1_A =
   '|                  |  Iterable  | Collection |  Sequence  |\n' +
   '+------------------+------------+------------+------------+\n';
 
-// const DIAGRAM_1_B =
-//   '┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n' +
-//   '┃                  │  Sequence  │ Collection │  Iterable  ┃\n' +
-//   '┠──────────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┨\n' +
-//   '┃ list, range, str │     ✓      │     ✓      │     ✓      ┃\n' +
-//   '┃ dict, set        │            │     ✓      │     ✓      ┃\n' +
-//   '┃ iter             │            │            │     ✓      ┃\n' +
-//   '┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┛\n';
-
 const DIAGRAM_1_B =
 '┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┓\n' +
 '┃                  │  Iterable  │ Collection │  Sequence  ┃\n' +
@@ -135,17 +126,6 @@ const DIAGRAM_2_A =
   '|                    |  Number  |  Complex |   Real   | Rational | Integral |\n' +
   '+--------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+\n';
 
-// const DIAGRAM_2_B =
-//   '┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━┓\n' +
-//   '┃                    │ Integral │ Rational │   Real   │ Complex  │  Number  ┃\n' +
-//   '┠────────────────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┨\n' +
-//   '┃ int                │    ✓     │    ✓     │    ✓     │    ✓     │    ✓     ┃\n' +
-//   '┃ fractions.Fraction │          │    ✓     │    ✓     │    ✓     │    ✓     ┃\n' +
-//   '┃ float              │          │          │    ✓     │    ✓     │    ✓     ┃\n' +
-//   '┃ complex            │          │          │          │    ✓     │    ✓     ┃\n' +
-//   '┃ decimal.Decimal    │          │          │          │          │    ✓     ┃\n' +
-//   '┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━┛\n';
-
 const DIAGRAM_2_B =
   '┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━┓\n' +
   '┃                    │  Number  │  Complex │   Real   │ Rational │ Integral ┃\n' +
@@ -201,6 +181,11 @@ const DIAGRAM_4_B =
   "┃ 56.789       │    '5.7e+01'   │     '56.79'    │   '5.68e+01'   │   '5678.90%'   ┃\n" +
   "┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛\n";
 
+const DIAGRAM_5_A =
+  "+--------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+\n" +
+  "|              |  {:.2}  |  {:.2f} |  {:.2e} |  {:.2%} |\n" +
+  "+--------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+\n";
+
 const DIAGRAM_6_A =
   '+------------+------------+------------+------------+--------------+\n' +
   '|            |  Iterable  | Collection |  Sequence  | abc.Sequence |\n' +
@@ -530,6 +515,7 @@ function updateDiagrams() {
   $(`code:contains(${DIAGRAM_2_A})`).html(DIAGRAM_2_B);
   $(`code:contains(${DIAGRAM_3_A})`).html(DIAGRAM_3_B);
   $(`code:contains(${DIAGRAM_4_A})`).html(DIAGRAM_4_B);
+  $(`code:contains(${DIAGRAM_5_A})`).remove();
   $(`code:contains(${DIAGRAM_6_A})`).html(DIAGRAM_6_B);
   $(`code:contains(${DIAGRAM_7_A})`).html(DIAGRAM_7_B);
   $(`code:contains(${DIAGRAM_8_A})`).html(DIAGRAM_8_B);

From 3d151bca6732a1fc8573b9163cb6cdfa972f89ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Tue, 7 Jun 2022 17:36:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 019/565] Pandas

---
 README.md  |  4 ++++
 index.html |  4 +++-
 parse.js   | 10 +++++++++-
 3 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index b286188b7..aef51702b 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -3178,7 +3178,9 @@ y    2
 | sr.apply(…)     |      3      |    sum  3   |     s  3      |
 | sr.agg(…)       |             |             |               |
 +-----------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
+```
 
+```text
 +-----------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
 |                 |    'rank'   |   ['rank']  | {'r': 'rank'} |
 +-----------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
@@ -3296,7 +3298,9 @@ b  3  4
 | df.agg(…)       |     x  4    |  sum  4  6  |     x  4      |
 |                 |     y  6    |             |               |
 +-----------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
+```
 
+```text
 +-----------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
 |                 |    'rank'   |   ['rank']  | {'x': 'rank'} |
 +-----------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 3a7a6b23f..f2160f31b 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@
 ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
 
    
 
-
    
+
 
      
 
    • When both rounding up and rounding down are possible, the one that returns result with even last digit is chosen. That makes '{6.5:.0f}' a '6' and '{7.5:.0f}' an '8'.
      • 
 
    • This rule only effects numbers that can be represented exactly by a float (.5, .25, …).
      • 
@@ -2592,6 +2592,7 @@
 ┃ sr.transform(…) │     y  2    │   y     2   │       y  2    ┃
 ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
 
    
+
 
      
 
    • Last result has a hierarchical index. Use '<Sr>[key_1, key_2]' to get its values.
      • 
 
    
@@ -2692,6 +2693,7 @@
 ┃                 │             │ b    2    2 │               ┃
 ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
 
    
+
 
      
 
    • Use '<DF>[col_key_1, col_key_2][row_key]' to get the fifth result's values.
      • 
 
    
diff --git a/parse.js b/parse.js
index 41c707851..e84051f12 100755
--- a/parse.js
+++ b/parse.js
@@ -331,6 +331,9 @@ const DIAGRAM_13_B =
   "┃ sr.transform(…) │     y  2    │   y     2   │       y  2    ┃\n" +
   "┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛\n";
 
+const DIAGRAM_14_A =
+  "|                 |    'rank'   |   ['rank']  | {'r': 'rank'} |";
+
 const DIAGRAM_15_A =
   '+------------------------+---------------+------------+------------+--------------------------+';
 
@@ -386,6 +389,9 @@ const DIAGRAM_16_B =
   "┃                 │             │ b    2    2 │               ┃\n" +
   "┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛\n";
 
+const DIAGRAM_17_A =
+  "|                 |    'rank'   |   ['rank']  | {'x': 'rank'} |";
+
 const DIAGRAM_18_A =
   '| gb.agg(…)       |      x   y  |      x  y   |      x    y |        x      |';
 
@@ -515,7 +521,7 @@ function updateDiagrams() {
   $(`code:contains(${DIAGRAM_2_A})`).html(DIAGRAM_2_B);
   $(`code:contains(${DIAGRAM_3_A})`).html(DIAGRAM_3_B);
   $(`code:contains(${DIAGRAM_4_A})`).html(DIAGRAM_4_B);
-  $(`code:contains(${DIAGRAM_5_A})`).remove();
+  $(`code:contains(${DIAGRAM_5_A})`).parent().remove();
   $(`code:contains(${DIAGRAM_6_A})`).html(DIAGRAM_6_B);
   $(`code:contains(${DIAGRAM_7_A})`).html(DIAGRAM_7_B);
   $(`code:contains(${DIAGRAM_8_A})`).html(DIAGRAM_8_B);
@@ -524,8 +530,10 @@ function updateDiagrams() {
   $(`code:contains(${DIAGRAM_11_A})`).html(DIAGRAM_11_B);
   $(`code:contains(${DIAGRAM_12_A})`).html(DIAGRAM_12_B).removeClass("text").removeClass("language-text").addClass("python");
   $(`code:contains(${DIAGRAM_13_A})`).html(DIAGRAM_13_B).removeClass("text").removeClass("language-text").addClass("python");
+  $(`code:contains(${DIAGRAM_14_A})`).parent().remove();
   $(`code:contains(${DIAGRAM_15_A})`).html(DIAGRAM_15_B).removeClass("text").removeClass("language-text").addClass("python");
   $(`code:contains(${DIAGRAM_16_A})`).html(DIAGRAM_16_B).removeClass("text").removeClass("language-text").addClass("python");
+  $(`code:contains(${DIAGRAM_17_A})`).parent().remove();
   $(`code:contains(${DIAGRAM_18_A})`).html(DIAGRAM_18_B).removeClass("text").removeClass("language-text").addClass("python");
 }
 

From ff47ccf096fb88657048ee16df1e898cbb36bcb1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Fri, 10 Jun 2022 03:25:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 020/565] Datetime

---
 README.md  |  8 ++++----
 index.html | 12 ++++++------
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index aef51702b..8d619a999 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -604,7 +604,7 @@ from dateutil.tz import UTC, tzlocal, gettz, datetime_exists, resolve_imaginary
 
     = datetime(year, month, day, hour=0, minute=0, second=0, ...)
  = timedelta(weeks=0, days=0, hours=0, minutes=0, seconds=0, ...)
 ```
-* **Use `'.weekday()'` to get the day of the week (Mon == 0).**
+* **Use `'.weekday()'` to get the day of the week as an int, with Monday being 0.**
 * **`'fold=1'` means the second pass in case of time jumping back for one hour.**
 * **Timedelta normalizes arguments to ±days, seconds (< 86 400) and microseconds (< 1M).**
 
@@ -633,16 +633,16 @@ from dateutil.tz import UTC, tzlocal, gettz, datetime_exists, resolve_imaginary
     = DT.fromtimestamp()         # Local time DTn from seconds since the Epoch.
     = DT.fromtimestamp(, )  # Aware datetime from seconds since the Epoch.
 ```
-* **ISO strings come in following forms: `'YYYY-MM-DD'`, `'HH:MM:SS.ffffff[±]'`, or both separated by an arbitrary character. Offset is formatted as: `'HH:MM'`.**
+* **ISO strings come in following forms: `'YYYY-MM-DD'`, `'HH:MM:SS.mmmuuu[±HH:MM]'`, or both separated by an arbitrary character. All parts following hours are optional.**
 * **Python uses the Unix Epoch: `'1970-01-01 00:00 UTC'`, `'1970-01-01 01:00 CET'`, ...**
 
 ### Decode
 ```python
-    = .isoformat(sep='T')      # Also timespec='auto/hours/minutes/seconds'.
+    = .isoformat(sep='T')      # Also timespec='auto/hours/minutes/seconds/…'.
     = .strftime('')    # Custom string representation.
     = .toordinal()               # Days since Gregorian NYE 1, ignoring time and tz.
   = .timestamp()                # Seconds since the Epoch, from DTn in local tz.
-  = .timestamp()                # Seconds since the Epoch, from DTa.
+  = .timestamp()                # Seconds since the Epoch, from aware datetime.
 ```
 
 ### Format
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index f2160f31b..c28a2c30e 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 
 
   
    
-    
+    
     
   
    
 
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@
 
    
 
 
      
-
    • Use '<D/DT>.weekday()' to get the day of the week (Mon == 0).
      • 
+
    • Use '<D/DT>.weekday()' to get the day of the week as an int, with Monday being 0.
      • 
 
    • 'fold=1' means the second pass in case of time jumping back for one hour.
      • 
 
    • Timedelta normalizes arguments to ±days, seconds (< 86 400) and microseconds (< 1M).
      • 
 
    
@@ -563,14 +563,14 @@
 
    
 
 
      
-
    • ISO strings come in following forms: 'YYYY-MM-DD', 'HH:MM:SS.ffffff[±<offset>]', or both separated by an arbitrary character. Offset is formatted as: 'HH:MM'.
      • 
+
    • ISO strings come in following forms: 'YYYY-MM-DD', 'HH:MM:SS.mmmuuu[±HH:MM]', or both separated by an arbitrary character. All parts following hours are optional.
      • 
 
    • Python uses the Unix Epoch: '1970-01-01 00:00 UTC', '1970-01-01 01:00 CET', …
      • 
 
    
-
    Decode
    <str>    = <D/T/DT>.isoformat(sep='T')      # Also timespec='auto/hours/minutes/seconds'.
+
    Decode
    <str>    = <D/T/DT>.isoformat(sep='T')      # Also timespec='auto/hours/minutes/seconds/…'.
 <str>    = <D/T/DT>.strftime('<format>')    # Custom string representation.
 <int>    = <D/DT>.toordinal()               # Days since Gregorian NYE 1, ignoring time and tz.
 <float>  = <DTn>.timestamp()                # Seconds since the Epoch, from DTn in local tz.
-<float>  = <DTa>.timestamp()                # Seconds since the Epoch, from DTa.
+<float>  = <DTa>.timestamp()                # Seconds since the Epoch, from aware datetime.
 
    
 
 
    Format
    >>> dt = datetime.strptime('2015-05-14 23:39:00.00 +2000', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f %z')
@@ -2901,7 +2901,7 @@
  
 
   
 

From babfda1dc9be144daf51affedb520020068838c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Sat, 11 Jun 2022 00:22:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 021/565] Iterable duck types

---
 README.md  | 2 +-
 index.html | 6 +++---
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 8d619a999..6538b50b4 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1286,7 +1286,7 @@ class MySequence:
 ### ABC Sequence
 * **It's a richer interface than the basic sequence.**
 * **Extending it generates iter(), contains(), reversed(), index() and count().**
-* **Unlike `'abc.Iterable'` and `'abc.Collection'`, it is not a duck type. That is why `'issubclass(MySequence, abc.Sequence)'` would return False even if MySequence had all the methods defined.**
+* **Unlike `'abc.Iterable'` and `'abc.Collection'`, it is not a duck type. That is why `'issubclass(MySequence, abc.Sequence)'` would return False even if MySequence had all the methods defined. It however recognizes any list, tuple, range, str, bytes, bytearray and memoryview, because they are registered as Sequence's virtual subclasses.**
 ```python
 from collections import abc
 
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index c28a2c30e..aa72eaaee 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 
 
   
    
-    
+    
     
   
    
 
@@ -1109,7 +1109,7 @@
 
    ABC Sequence
      
 
    • It's a richer interface than the basic sequence.
      • 
 
    • Extending it generates iter(), contains(), reversed(), index() and count().
      • 
-
    • Unlike 'abc.Iterable' and 'abc.Collection', it is not a duck type. That is why 'issubclass(MySequence, abc.Sequence)' would return False even if MySequence had all the methods defined.
      • 
+
    • Unlike 'abc.Iterable' and 'abc.Collection', it is not a duck type. That is why 'issubclass(MySequence, abc.Sequence)' would return False even if MySequence had all the methods defined. It however recognizes any list, tuple, range, str, bytes, bytearray and memoryview, because they are registered as Sequence's virtual subclasses.
      • 
 
    from collections import abc
 
 class MyAbcSequence(abc.Sequence):
@@ -2901,7 +2901,7 @@
  
 
   
 

From c901e88f7f626850a52a41469b3fee5855e86c4b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Sat, 11 Jun 2022 00:29:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 022/565] Iterable duck types

---
 README.md  | 2 +-
 index.html | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 6538b50b4..5304c5304 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1286,7 +1286,7 @@ class MySequence:
 ### ABC Sequence
 * **It's a richer interface than the basic sequence.**
 * **Extending it generates iter(), contains(), reversed(), index() and count().**
-* **Unlike `'abc.Iterable'` and `'abc.Collection'`, it is not a duck type. That is why `'issubclass(MySequence, abc.Sequence)'` would return False even if MySequence had all the methods defined. It however recognizes any list, tuple, range, str, bytes, bytearray and memoryview, because they are registered as Sequence's virtual subclasses.**
+* **Unlike `'abc.Iterable'` and `'abc.Collection'`, it is not a duck type. That is why `'issubclass(MySequence, abc.Sequence)'` would return False even if MySequence had all the methods defined. It however recognizes list, tuple, range, str, bytes, bytearray and memoryview, because they are registered as Sequence's virtual subclasses.**
 ```python
 from collections import abc
 
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index aa72eaaee..42c4be497 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -1109,7 +1109,7 @@
 
    ABC Sequence
      
 
    • It's a richer interface than the basic sequence.
      • 
 
    • Extending it generates iter(), contains(), reversed(), index() and count().
      • 
-
    • Unlike 'abc.Iterable' and 'abc.Collection', it is not a duck type. That is why 'issubclass(MySequence, abc.Sequence)' would return False even if MySequence had all the methods defined. It however recognizes any list, tuple, range, str, bytes, bytearray and memoryview, because they are registered as Sequence's virtual subclasses.
      • 
+
    • Unlike 'abc.Iterable' and 'abc.Collection', it is not a duck type. That is why 'issubclass(MySequence, abc.Sequence)' would return False even if MySequence had all the methods defined. It however recognizes list, tuple, range, str, bytes, bytearray and memoryview, because they are registered as Sequence's virtual subclasses.
      • 
 
    from collections import abc
 
 class MyAbcSequence(abc.Sequence):

From e5a85b342479e30b9e2159fde5e13b7119613870 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Sat, 11 Jun 2022 00:43:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 023/565] Iterable duck types

---
 README.md  | 2 +-
 index.html | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 5304c5304..c5c45e7b8 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1286,7 +1286,7 @@ class MySequence:
 ### ABC Sequence
 * **It's a richer interface than the basic sequence.**
 * **Extending it generates iter(), contains(), reversed(), index() and count().**
-* **Unlike `'abc.Iterable'` and `'abc.Collection'`, it is not a duck type. That is why `'issubclass(MySequence, abc.Sequence)'` would return False even if MySequence had all the methods defined. It however recognizes list, tuple, range, str, bytes, bytearray and memoryview, because they are registered as Sequence's virtual subclasses.**
+* **Unlike `'abc.Iterable'` and `'abc.Collection'`, it is not a duck type. That is why `'issubclass(MySequence, abc.Sequence)'` would return False even if MySequence had all the methods defined. It however recognizes list, tuple, range, str, bytes, bytearray, memoryview and deque, because they are registered as Sequence's virtual subclasses.**
 ```python
 from collections import abc
 
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 42c4be497..69b329bef 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -1109,7 +1109,7 @@
 
    ABC Sequence
      
 
    • It's a richer interface than the basic sequence.
      • 
 
    • Extending it generates iter(), contains(), reversed(), index() and count().
      • 
-
    • Unlike 'abc.Iterable' and 'abc.Collection', it is not a duck type. That is why 'issubclass(MySequence, abc.Sequence)' would return False even if MySequence had all the methods defined. It however recognizes list, tuple, range, str, bytes, bytearray and memoryview, because they are registered as Sequence's virtual subclasses.
      • 
+
    • Unlike 'abc.Iterable' and 'abc.Collection', it is not a duck type. That is why 'issubclass(MySequence, abc.Sequence)' would return False even if MySequence had all the methods defined. It however recognizes list, tuple, range, str, bytes, bytearray, memoryview and deque, because they are registered as Sequence's virtual subclasses.
      • 
 
    from collections import abc
 
 class MyAbcSequence(abc.Sequence):

From f505d0beff74ee48cb4507028c4a264124ebbaa6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Sat, 11 Jun 2022 00:52:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 024/565] Duck types

---
 README.md  | 2 +-
 index.html | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index c5c45e7b8..7869e0de6 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1094,7 +1094,7 @@ Duck Types
 ### Comparable
 * **If eq() method is not overridden, it returns `'id(self) == id(other)'`, which is the same as `'self is other'`.**
 * **That means all objects compare not equal by default.**
-* **Only the left side object has eq() method called, unless it returns NotImplemented, in which case the right object is consulted.**
+* **Only the left side object has eq() method called, unless it returns NotImplemented, in which case the right object is consulted. False is returned if both return NotImplemented.**
 * **Ne() automatically works on any object that has eq() defined.**
 
 ```python
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 69b329bef..05fe4ed3f 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -923,7 +923,7 @@
 
    #Duck Types
    A duck type is an implicit type that prescribes a set of special methods. Any object that has those methods defined is considered a member of that duck type.
    Comparable
      
 
    • If eq() method is not overridden, it returns 'id(self) == id(other)', which is the same as 'self is other'.
      • 
 
    • That means all objects compare not equal by default.
      • 
-
    • Only the left side object has eq() method called, unless it returns NotImplemented, in which case the right object is consulted.
      • 
+
    • Only the left side object has eq() method called, unless it returns NotImplemented, in which case the right object is consulted. False is returned if both return NotImplemented.
      • 
 
    • Ne() automatically works on any object that has eq() defined.
      • 
 
    class MyComparable:
     def __init__(self, a):

From 4cfa709f76939d4c1ed4e22a9c266bf9a431487b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Sat, 11 Jun 2022 01:57:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 025/565] OS Commands

---
 README.md  | 2 +-
 index.html | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 7869e0de6..c53c48c12 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1708,7 +1708,7 @@ import os, shutil, subprocess
 ```python
 os.chdir()                 # Changes the current working directory.
 os.mkdir(, mode=0o777)     # Creates a directory. Mode is in octal.
-os.makedirs(, mode=0o777)  # Creates dirs in path. Also: `exist_ok=False`.
+os.makedirs(, mode=0o777)  # Creates all path's dirs. Also: `exist_ok=False`.
 ```
 
 ```python
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 05fe4ed3f..c15930cef 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -1440,7 +1440,7 @@
 
  • Functions report OS related errors by raising either OSError or one of its subclasses.
    • 
 
    os.chdir(<path>)                 # Changes the current working directory.
 os.mkdir(<path>, mode=0o777)     # Creates a directory. Mode is in octal.
-os.makedirs(<path>, mode=0o777)  # Creates dirs in path. Also: `exist_ok=False`.
+os.makedirs(<path>, mode=0o777)  # Creates all path's dirs. Also: `exist_ok=False`.
 
    
 
 

From 3b8d61d4c073bfa20a4292a88baeb85f4ca5fa51 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Sat, 11 Jun 2022 02:04:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 026/565] NumPy

---
 README.md  | 2 +-
 index.html | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index c53c48c12..c28dff00c 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -2656,7 +2656,7 @@ indexes = .argmin(axis)
 ```
 
 * **Shape is a tuple of dimension sizes.**
-* **Axis is an index of the dimension that gets collapsed. Leftmost dimension has index 0.**
+* **Axis is an index of the dimension that gets aggregated. Leftmost dimension has index 0.**
 
 ### Indexing
 ```bash
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index c15930cef..8a3eabb8e 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -2168,7 +2168,7 @@
 
    
 
      
 
    • Shape is a tuple of dimension sizes.
      • 
-
    • Axis is an index of the dimension that gets collapsed. Leftmost dimension has index 0.
      • 
+
    • Axis is an index of the dimension that gets aggregated. Leftmost dimension has index 0.
      • 
 
    
 
    Indexing
    <el>       = <2d_array>[row_index, column_index]
 <1d_view>  = <2d_array>[row_index]

From a3a87e099ab0fcbad81ae26bbd6cc9212aa7436e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Sat, 11 Jun 2022 02:15:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 027/565] Format

---
 README.md  | 50 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------------
 index.html | 50 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------------
 2 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index c28dff00c..4dbb9ee4b 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -392,8 +392,8 @@ import re
 Format
 ------
 ```python
- = f'{}, {}'        # Or: '{}, {}'.format(, )
- = '%s, %s' % (, )  # Redundant and inferior C style formatting.
+ = f'{}, {}'            # Or: '{}, {}'.format(, )
+ = '%s, %s' % (, )      # Redundant and inferior C style formatting.
 ```
 
 ### Attributes
@@ -409,40 +409,40 @@ Format
 
 ### General Options
 ```python
-{:<10}                           # '      '
-{:^10}                           # '      '
-{:>10}                           # '      '
-{:.<10}                          # '......'
-{:0}                             # ''
+{:<10}                               # '      '
+{:^10}                               # '      '
+{:>10}                               # '      '
+{:.<10}                              # '......'
+{:0}                                 # ''
 ```
 * **Options can be generated dynamically: `f'{:{}[…]}'`.**
 * **Adding `'!r'` before the colon converts object to string by calling its [repr()](#class) method.**
 
 ### Strings
 ```python
-{'abcde':10}                         # 'abcde     '
-{'abcde':10.3}                       # 'abc       '
-{'abcde':.3}                         # 'abc'
-{'abcde'!r:10}                       # "'abcde'   "
+{'abcde':10}                             # 'abcde     '
+{'abcde':10.3}                           # 'abc       '
+{'abcde':.3}                             # 'abc'
+{'abcde'!r:10}                           # "'abcde'   "
 ```
 
 ### Numbers
 ```python
-{123456:10}                          # '    123456'
-{123456:10,}                         # '   123,456'
-{123456:10_}                         # '   123_456'
-{123456:+10}                         # '   +123456'
-{123456:=+10}                        # '+   123456'
-{123456: }                           # ' 123456'
-{-123456: }                          # '-123456'
+{123456:10}                              # '    123456'
+{123456:10,}                             # '   123,456'
+{123456:10_}                             # '   123_456'
+{123456:+10}                             # '   +123456'
+{123456:=+10}                            # '+   123456'
+{123456: }                               # ' 123456'
+{-123456: }                              # '-123456'
 ```
 
 ### Floats
 ```python
-{1.23456:10.3}                       # '      1.23'
-{1.23456:10.3f}                      # '     1.235'
-{1.23456:10.3e}                      # ' 1.235e+00'
-{1.23456:10.3%}                      # '  123.456%'
+{1.23456:10.3}                           # '      1.23'
+{1.23456:10.3f}                          # '     1.235'
+{1.23456:10.3e}                          # ' 1.235e+00'
+{1.23456:10.3%}                          # '  123.456%'
 ```
 
 #### Comparison of presentation types:
@@ -478,9 +478,9 @@ Format
 
 ### Ints
 ```python
-{90:c}                               # 'Z'
-{90:b}                               # '1011010'
-{90:X}                               # '5A'
+{90:c}                                   # 'Z'
+{90:b}                                   # '1011010'
+{90:X}                                   # '5A'
 ```
 
 
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 8a3eabb8e..b6bef04c2 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -365,8 +365,8 @@
 
  • As shown above, it restricts all special sequence matches to the first 128 characters and prevents '\s' from accepting '[\x1c-\x1f]' (the so-called separator characters).
    • 
 
  • Use a capital letter for negation (all non-ASCII characters will be matched when used in combination with ASCII flag).
    • 
 
-
    #Format
    <str> = f'{<el_1>}, {<el_2>}'        # Or: '{}, {}'.format(<el_1>, <el_2>)
-<str> = '%s, %s' % (<el_1>, <el_2>)  # Redundant and inferior C style formatting.
+
    #Format
    <str> = f'{<el_1>}, {<el_2>}'            # Or: '{}, {}'.format(<el_1>, <el_2>)
+<str> = '%s, %s' % (<el_1>, <el_2>)      # Redundant and inferior C style formatting.
 
    
 
 
    Attributes
    >>> from collections import namedtuple
@@ -378,36 +378,36 @@
 '187'
 
    
 
-
    General Options
    {<el>:<10}                           # '<el>      '
-{<el>:^10}                           # '   <el>   '
-{<el>:>10}                           # '      <el>'
-{<el>:.<10}                          # '<el>......'
-{<el>:0}                             # '<el>'
+
    General Options
    {<el>:<10}                               # '<el>      '
+{<el>:^10}                               # '   <el>   '
+{<el>:>10}                               # '      <el>'
+{<el>:.<10}                              # '<el>......'
+{<el>:0}                                 # '<el>'
 
    
 
 
      
 
    • Options can be generated dynamically: f'{<el>:{<str/int>}[…]}'.
      • 
 
    • Adding '!r' before the colon converts object to string by calling its repr() method.
      • 
 
    
-
    Strings
    {'abcde':10}                         # 'abcde     '
-{'abcde':10.3}                       # 'abc       '
-{'abcde':.3}                         # 'abc'
-{'abcde'!r:10}                       # "'abcde'   "
+
    Strings
    {'abcde':10}                             # 'abcde     '
+{'abcde':10.3}                           # 'abc       '
+{'abcde':.3}                             # 'abc'
+{'abcde'!r:10}                           # "'abcde'   "
 
    
 
-
    Numbers
    {123456:10}                          # '    123456'
-{123456:10,}                         # '   123,456'
-{123456:10_}                         # '   123_456'
-{123456:+10}                         # '   +123456'
-{123456:=+10}                        # '+   123456'
-{123456: }                           # ' 123456'
-{-123456: }                          # '-123456'
+
    Numbers
    {123456:10}                              # '    123456'
+{123456:10,}                             # '   123,456'
+{123456:10_}                             # '   123_456'
+{123456:+10}                             # '   +123456'
+{123456:=+10}                            # '+   123456'
+{123456: }                               # ' 123456'
+{-123456: }                              # '-123456'
 
    
 
-
    Floats
    {1.23456:10.3}                       # '      1.23'
-{1.23456:10.3f}                      # '     1.235'
-{1.23456:10.3e}                      # ' 1.235e+00'
-{1.23456:10.3%}                      # '  123.456%'
+
    Floats
    {1.23456:10.3}                           # '      1.23'
+{1.23456:10.3f}                          # '     1.235'
+{1.23456:10.3e}                          # ' 1.235e+00'
+{1.23456:10.3%}                          # '  123.456%'
 
    
 
 
    Comparison of presentation types:
    ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
@@ -440,9 +440,9 @@
 
  • When both rounding up and rounding down are possible, the one that returns result with even last digit is chosen. That makes '{6.5:.0f}' a '6' and '{7.5:.0f}' an '8'.
    • 
 
  • This rule only effects numbers that can be represented exactly by a float (.5, .25, …).
    • 
 
-
    Ints
    {90:c}                               # 'Z'
-{90:b}                               # '1011010'
-{90:X}                               # '5A'
+
    Ints
    {90:c}                                   # 'Z'
+{90:b}                                   # '1011010'
+{90:X}                                   # '5A'
 
    
 
 
    #Numbers
    <int>      = int(<float/str/bool>)       # Or: math.floor(<float>)

From d97a2158622b4f0b65ddf0ec223f6f9d0de4c7ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Tue, 14 Jun 2022 20:51:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 028/565] Command line arguments, Struct, MemoryView

---
 README.md  | 33 ++++++++++++++++-----------------
 index.html | 48 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 parse.js   | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 59 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 4dbb9ee4b..92254ab5b 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1546,7 +1546,7 @@ value = args.
 
 * **Use `'help='` to set argument description that will be displayed in help message.**
 * **Use `'default='` to set the default value.**
-* **Use `'type=FileType()'` for files. Also accepts 'encoding', but not 'newline'.**
+* **Use `'type=FileType()'` for files. Accepts 'encoding', but 'newline' is always None.**
 
 
 Open
@@ -1672,7 +1672,7 @@ from pathlib import Path
 ```python
  = Path()                     # Returns relative cwd. Also Path('.').
  = Path.cwd()                 # Returns absolute cwd. Also Path().resolve().
- = Path.home()                # Returns user's home directory.
+ = Path.home()                # Returns user's home directory (absolute).
  = Path(__file__).resolve()   # Returns script's path if cwd wasn't changed.
 ```
 
@@ -1828,13 +1828,13 @@ import csv
 * **File must be opened with a `'newline=""'` argument, or '\r' will be added in front of every '\n' on platforms that use '\r\n' line endings!**
 
 ### Parameters
-* **`'dialect'` - Master parameter that sets the default values. String or a dialect object.**
+* **`'dialect'` - Master parameter that sets the default values. String or a Dialect object.**
 * **`'delimiter'` - A one-character string used to separate fields.**
 * **`'quotechar'` - Character for quoting fields that contain special characters.**
 * **`'doublequote'` - Whether quotechars inside fields are/get doubled or escaped.**
 * **`'skipinitialspace'` - Whether whitespace after delimiter gets stripped by reader.**
 * **`'lineterminator'` - How writer terminates rows. Reader is hardcoded to '\n', '\r', '\r\n'.**
-* **`'quoting'` - Controls the amount of quoting: 0 - as necessary, 1 - all.**
+* **`'quoting'` - 0: As necessary, 1: All, 2: All but numbers which are read as floats, 3: None.**
 * **`'escapechar'` - Character for escaping quotechars if doublequote is False.**
 
 ### Dialects
@@ -1982,16 +1982,11 @@ Struct
 * **System’s type sizes, byte order, and alignment rules are used by default.**
 
 ```python
-from struct import pack, unpack, iter_unpack
+from struct import pack, unpack
+ = pack('',  [, ...])  # Packages arguments into bytes object.
+ = unpack('', )     # Use iter_unpack() for iterator of tuples.
 ```
 
-```python
-  = pack('',  [, , ...])
-  = unpack('', )
- = iter_unpack('', )
-```
-
-### Example
 ```python
 >>> pack('>hhl', 1, 2, 3)
 b'\x00\x01\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x03'
@@ -2001,12 +1996,15 @@ b'\x00\x01\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x03'
 
 ### Format
 #### For standard type sizes and manual alignment (padding) start format string with:
-* **`'='` - system's byte order (usually little-endian)**
-* **`'<'` - little-endian**
-* **`'>'` - big-endian (also `'!'`)**
+* **`'='` - System's byte order (usually little-endian).**
+* **`'<'` - Little-endian.**
+* **`'>'` - Big-endian (also `'!'`).**
+
+#### Besides numbers, pack() and unpack() also support bytes objects as part of the seqence:
+* **`'c'` - A bytes object with single element. Use `'x'` for pad byte.**
+* **`'s'` - A bytes object with n elements.**
 
 #### Integer types. Use a capital letter for unsigned type. Minimum and standard sizes are in brackets:
-* **`'x'` - pad byte**
 * **`'b'` - char (1/1)**
 * **`'h'` - short (2/2)**
 * **`'i'` - int (2/4)**
@@ -2037,7 +2035,8 @@ Memory View
 * **A sequence object that points to the memory of another object.**
 * **Each element can reference a single or multiple consecutive bytes, depending on format.**
 * **Order and number of elements can be changed with slicing.**
-* **Casting only works between char and other types and uses system's sizes and byte order.**
+* **Casting only works between char and other types and uses system's sizes.**
+* **Byte order is always determined by the system.**
 
 ```python
  = memoryview()  # Immutable if bytes, else mutable.
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index b6bef04c2..2007bd37f 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 
 
   
    
-    
+    
     
   
    
 
@@ -1322,7 +1322,7 @@
 
      
 
    • Use 'help=<str>' to set argument description that will be displayed in help message.
      • 
 
    • Use 'default=<el>' to set the default value.
      • 
-
    • Use 'type=FileType(<mode>)' for files. Also accepts 'encoding', but not 'newline'.
      • 
+
    • Use 'type=FileType(<mode>)' for files. Accepts 'encoding', but 'newline' is always None.
      • 
 
    
 
    #Open
    Opens the file and returns a corresponding file object.
    <file> = open(<path>, mode='r', encoding=None, newline=None)
 
    
@@ -1417,7 +1417,7 @@
 
    
 
    <Path> = Path()                     # Returns relative cwd. Also Path('.').
 <Path> = Path.cwd()                 # Returns absolute cwd. Also Path().resolve().
-<Path> = Path.home()                # Returns user's home directory.
+<Path> = Path.home()                # Returns user's home directory (absolute).
 <Path> = Path(__file__).resolve()   # Returns script's path if cwd wasn't changed.
 
    
 
    <Path> = <Path>.parent              # Returns Path without the final component.
@@ -1526,13 +1526,13 @@
 
  • File must be opened with a 'newline=""' argument, or '\r' will be added in front of every '\n' on platforms that use '\r\n' line endings!
    • 
 
 
    Parameters
      
-
    • 'dialect' - Master parameter that sets the default values. String or a dialect object.
      • 
+
    • 'dialect' - Master parameter that sets the default values. String or a Dialect object.
      • 
 
    • 'delimiter' - A one-character string used to separate fields.
      • 
 
    • 'quotechar' - Character for quoting fields that contain special characters.
      • 
 
    • 'doublequote' - Whether quotechars inside fields are/get doubled or escaped.
      • 
 
    • 'skipinitialspace' - Whether whitespace after delimiter gets stripped by reader.
      • 
 
    • 'lineterminator' - How writer terminates rows. Reader is hardcoded to '\n', '\r', '\r\n'.
      • 
-
    • 'quoting' - Controls the amount of quoting: 0 - as necessary, 1 - all.
      • 
+
    • 'quoting' - 0: As necessary, 1: All, 2: All but numbers which are read as floats, 3: None.
      • 
 
    • 'escapechar' - Character for escaping quotechars if doublequote is False.
      • 
 
    Dialects
    ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
 ┃                  │     excel    │   excel-tab  │     unix     ┃
@@ -1643,26 +1643,25 @@
 
    #Struct
      
 
    • Module that performs conversions between a sequence of numbers and a bytes object.
      • 
 
    • System’s type sizes, byte order, and alignment rules are used by default.
      • 
-
    from struct import pack, unpack, iter_unpack
+
    from struct import pack, unpack
+<bytes> = pack('<format>', <el> [, ...])  # Packages arguments into bytes object.
+<tuple> = unpack('<format>', <bytes>)     # Use iter_unpack() for iterator of tuples.
 
    
 
 
-
    <bytes>  = pack('<format>', <num_1> [, <num_2>, ...])
-<tuple>  = unpack('<format>', <bytes>)
-<tuples> = iter_unpack('<format>', <bytes>)
-
    
-
    Example
    >>> pack('>hhl', 1, 2, 3)
+
    >>> pack('>hhl', 1, 2, 3)
 b'\x00\x01\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x03'
 >>> unpack('>hhl', b'\x00\x01\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x03')
 (1, 2, 3)
-
    
-
-
    Format
    For standard type sizes and manual alignment (padding) start format string with:
      
-
    • '=' - system's byte order (usually little-endian)
      • 
-
    • '<' - little-endian
      • 
-
    • '>' - big-endian (also '!')
      • 
-
    Integer types. Use a capital letter for unsigned type. Minimum and standard sizes are in brackets:
      
-
    • 'x' - pad byte
      • 
+
    
+
    Format
    For standard type sizes and manual alignment (padding) start format string with:
      
+
    • '=' - System's byte order (usually little-endian).
      • 
+
    • '<' - Little-endian.
      • 
+
    • '>' - Big-endian (also '!').
      • 
+
    Besides numbers, pack() and unpack() also support bytes objects as part of the seqence:
      
+
    • 'c' - A bytes object with single element. Use 'x' for pad byte.
      • 
+
    • '<n>s' - A bytes object with n elements.
      • 
+
    Integer types. Use a capital letter for unsigned type. Minimum and standard sizes are in brackets:
      
 
    • 'b' - char (1/1)
      • 
 
    • 'h' - short (2/2)
      • 
 
    • 'i' - int (2/4)
      • 
@@ -1671,7 +1670,9 @@
 
    Floating point types:
      
 
    • 'f' - float (4/4)
      • 
 
    • 'd' - double (8/8)
      • 
-
    
+
    
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -1691,7 +1692,8 @@
 
  • A sequence object that points to the memory of another object.
    • 
 
  • Each element can reference a single or multiple consecutive bytes, depending on format.
    • 
 
  • Order and number of elements can be changed with slicing.
    • 
-
  • Casting only works between char and other types and uses system's sizes and byte order.
    • 
+
  • Casting only works between char and other types and uses system's sizes.
    • 
+
  • Byte order is always determined by the system.
    • 
 
    <mview> = memoryview(<bytes/bytearray/array>)  # Immutable if bytes, else mutable.
 <real>  = <mview>[<index>]                     # Returns an int or a float.
 <mview> = <mview>[<slice>]                     # Mview with rearranged elements.
@@ -2195,7 +2197,7 @@
 right = [[0.1, 0.6, 0.8], [0.1, 0.6, 0.8], [0.1, 0.6, 0.8]]  # Shape: (3, 3) <- !
 
    
 
-
    3. If neither non-matching dimension has size 1, raise an error.
    Example
    For each point returns index of its nearest point ([0.1, 0.6, 0.8] => [1, 2, 1]):
    >>> points = np.array([0.1, 0.6, 0.8])
+
    3. If neither non-matching dimension has size 1, raise an error.
    Example
    For each point returns index of its nearest point ([0.1, 0.6, 0.8] => [1, 2, 1]):
    >>> points = np.array([0.1, 0.6, 0.8])
  [ 0.1,  0.6,  0.8]
 >>> wrapped_points = points.reshape(3, 1)
 [[ 0.1],
@@ -2901,7 +2903,7 @@
  
 
   
 
diff --git a/parse.js b/parse.js
index e84051f12..d4ecd754b 100755
--- a/parse.js
+++ b/parse.js
@@ -76,6 +76,9 @@ const OS_RENAME =
   'os.rename(from, to)              # Renames/moves the file or directory.\n' +
   'os.replace(from, to)             # Same, but overwrites \'to\' if it exists.\n';
 
+const STRUCT_FORMAT =
+  '\'<n>s\'';
+
 const TYPE =
   '<class> = type(\'<class_name>\', <tuple_of_parents>, <dict_of_class_attributes>)';
 
@@ -478,6 +481,7 @@ function modifyPage() {
   fixPandasDiagram();
   removePlotImages();
   fixABCSequenceDiv();
+  fixStructFormatDiv();
 }
 
 function changeMenu() {
@@ -569,6 +573,7 @@ function fixHighlights() {
   $(`code:contains(make_dataclass(\'\')`).html(DATACLASS);
   $(`code:contains(shutil.copy)`).html(SHUTIL_COPY);
   $(`code:contains(os.rename)`).html(OS_RENAME);
+  $(`code:contains(\'s\')`).html(STRUCT_FORMAT);
   $(`code:contains(\'\', , )`).html(TYPE);
   $(`code:contains(ValueError: malformed node)`).html(EVAL);
   $(`code:contains(pip3 install tqdm)`).html(PROGRESS_BAR);
@@ -633,6 +638,19 @@ function fixABCSequenceDiv() {
   $('#abcsequence').parent().insertBefore($('#tableofrequiredandautomaticallyavailablespecialmethods').parent())
 }
 
+function fixStructFormatDiv() {
+  const div = $('#format-2').parent()
+  $('#format-2').insertBefore(div)
+  $('#forstandardtypesizesandmanualalignmentpaddingstartformatstringwith').parent().insertBefore(div)
+}
+
+
+function fixStructFormat() {
+  const div = $('#format-2').parent()
+  $('#format-2').insertBefore(div)
+  $('#forstandardtypesizesandmanualalignmentpaddingstartformatstringwith').parent().insertBefore(div)
+}
+
 function updateDate(template) {
   const date = new Date();
   const date_str = date.toLocaleString('en-us', {month: 'long', day: 'numeric', year: 'numeric'});

From bb44b25b23b5d888852bf94203c1ec5c3cb06108 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Wed, 15 Jun 2022 02:53:31 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 029/565] Command line arguments, OS Commands

---
 README.md  |  8 +++-----
 index.html | 19 +++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 92254ab5b..6a7a184d2 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1546,7 +1546,7 @@ value = args.
 
 * **Use `'help='` to set argument description that will be displayed in help message.**
 * **Use `'default='` to set the default value.**
-* **Use `'type=FileType()'` for files. Accepts 'encoding', but 'newline' is always None.**
+* **Use `'type=FileType()'` for files. Accepts 'encoding', but not 'newline'.**
 
 
 Open
@@ -1701,10 +1701,6 @@ OS Commands
 import os, shutil, subprocess
 ```
 
-### Files and Directories
-* **Paths can be either strings, Paths or DirEntry objects.**
-* **Functions report OS related errors by raising either OSError or one of its [subclasses](#exceptions-1).**
-
 ```python
 os.chdir()                 # Changes the current working directory.
 os.mkdir(, mode=0o777)     # Creates a directory. Mode is in octal.
@@ -1726,6 +1722,8 @@ os.remove()                # Deletes the file.
 os.rmdir()                 # Deletes the empty directory.
 shutil.rmtree()            # Deletes the directory.
 ```
+* **Paths can be either strings, Paths or DirEntry objects.**
+* **Functions report OS related errors by raising either OSError or one of its [subclasses](#exceptions-1).**
 
 ### Shell Commands
 ```python
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 2007bd37f..3b580390d 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 
 
   
    
-    
+    
     
   
    
 
@@ -1322,7 +1322,7 @@
 
      
 
    • Use 'help=<str>' to set argument description that will be displayed in help message.
      • 
 
    • Use 'default=<el>' to set the default value.
      • 
-
    • Use 'type=FileType(<mode>)' for files. Accepts 'encoding', but 'newline' is always None.
      • 
+
    • Use 'type=FileType(<mode>)' for files. Accepts 'encoding', but not 'newline'.
      • 
 
    
 
    #Open
    Opens the file and returns a corresponding file object.
    <file> = open(<path>, mode='r', encoding=None, newline=None)
 
    
@@ -1435,15 +1435,10 @@
 
    #OS Commands
    import os, shutil, subprocess
 
    
 
-
    Files and Directories
      
-
    • Paths can be either strings, Paths or DirEntry objects.
      • 
-
    • Functions report OS related errors by raising either OSError or one of its subclasses.
      • 
-
    os.chdir(<path>)                 # Changes the current working directory.
+
    os.chdir(<path>)                 # Changes the current working directory.
 os.mkdir(<path>, mode=0o777)     # Creates a directory. Mode is in octal.
 os.makedirs(<path>, mode=0o777)  # Creates all path's dirs. Also: `exist_ok=False`.
-
    
-
-
+
    
 
    shutil.copy(from, to)            # Copies the file. 'to' can exist or be a dir.
 shutil.copytree(from, to)        # Copies the directory. 'to' must not exist.
 
    
@@ -1454,6 +1449,10 @@
 os.rmdir(<path>)                 # Deletes the empty directory.
 shutil.rmtree(<path>)            # Deletes the directory.
 
    
+
      
+
    • Paths can be either strings, Paths or DirEntry objects.
      • 
+
    • Functions report OS related errors by raising either OSError or one of its subclasses.
      • 
+
    
 
    Shell Commands
    <pipe> = os.popen('<command>')   # Executes command in sh/cmd and returns its stdout pipe.
 <str>  = <pipe>.read(size=-1)    # Reads 'size' chars or until EOF. Also readline/s().
 <int>  = <pipe>.close()          # Closes the pipe. Returns None on success, int on error.
@@ -2903,7 +2902,7 @@ 
    Format
    
 
 
-
    Debugger Example
    Decorator that prints function's name every time it gets called.
    from functools import wraps
+
    Debugger Example
    Decorator that prints function's name every time the function is called.
    from functools import wraps
 
 def debug(func):
     @wraps(func)
@@ -1559,7 +1559,7 @@
         writer.writerows(rows)
 
    
 
-
    #SQLite
    Server-less database engine that stores each database into a separate file.
    Connect
    Opens a connection to the database file. Creates a new file if path doesn't exist.
    import sqlite3
+
    #SQLite
    A server-less database engine that stores each database into a separate file.
    Connect
    Opens a connection to the database file. Creates a new file if path doesn't exist.
    import sqlite3
 <conn> = sqlite3.connect(<path>)                # Also ':memory:'.
 <conn>.close()                                  # Closes the connection.
 
    
@@ -1643,8 +1643,8 @@
 
  • Module that performs conversions between a sequence of numbers and a bytes object.
    • 
 
  • System’s type sizes, byte order, and alignment rules are used by default.
    • 
 
    from struct import pack, unpack
-<bytes> = pack('<format>', <el> [, ...])  # Packages arguments into bytes object.
-<tuple> = unpack('<format>', <bytes>)     # Use iter_unpack() for iterator of tuples.
+<bytes> = pack('<format>', <el_1> [, ...])  # Packages arguments into bytes object.
+<tuple> = unpack('<format>', <bytes>)       # Use iter_unpack() for iterator of tuples.
 
    
 
 
@@ -1658,7 +1658,7 @@ 
    Format
    '<' - Little-endian.
 
  • '>' - Big-endian (also '!').
    • 
 
    Besides numbers, pack() and unpack() also support bytes objects as part of the seqence:
      
-
    • 'c' - A bytes object with single element. Use 'x' for pad byte.
      • 
+
    • 'c' - A bytes object with a single element. Use 'x' for pad byte.
      • 
 
    • '<n>s' - A bytes object with n elements.
      • 
 
    Integer types. Use a capital letter for unsigned type. Minimum and standard sizes are in brackets:
      
 
    • 'b' - char (1/1)
      • 
@@ -2902,7 +2902,7 @@ 
      Format
    
 
@@ -1266,11 +1267,8 @@
 raise RuntimeError('None of above!')
 
    
 
-
    User-defined Exceptions
    class MyError(Exception):
-    pass
-
-class MyInputError(MyError):
-    pass
+
    User-defined Exceptions
    class MyError(Exception): pass
+class MyInputError(MyError): pass
 
    
 
 
    #Exit
    Exits the interpreter by raising SystemExit exception.
    import sys
@@ -2902,7 +2900,7 @@ 
    Format
    
 
-
    MRO determines the order in which parent classes are traversed when searching for a method:
    
+
    MRO determines the order in which parent classes are traversed when searching for a method or an attribute:
    
 
    >>> C.mro()
 [<class 'C'>, <class 'A'>, <class 'B'>, <class 'object'>]
 
    

From 1ea542ca1931d5bea6b8cfde8fc355eec88f46c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Fri, 17 Jun 2022 22:42:49 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 034/565] Class

---
 README.md  | 2 +-
 index.html | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 089a718a6..18072d666 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1815,7 +1815,7 @@ import csv
 ```
 * **File must be opened with a `'newline=""'` argument, or newlines embedded inside quoted fields will not be interpreted correctly!**
 * **For XML and binary Excel files (xlsx, xlsm and xlsb) use [Pandas](#dataframe-plot-encode-decode) library.**
-* **To print the table to console use [Tabulate](#table) library.**
+* **To print the table to the console use [Tabulate](#table) library.**
 
 ### Write
 ```python
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 2bc7ae5d1..d4ef62a8c 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -1514,7 +1514,7 @@
 
      
 
    • File must be opened with a 'newline=""' argument, or newlines embedded inside quoted fields will not be interpreted correctly!
      • 
 
    • For XML and binary Excel files (xlsx, xlsm and xlsb) use Pandas library.
      • 
-
    • To print the table to console use Tabulate library.
      • 
+
    • To print the table to the console use Tabulate library.
      • 
 
    
 
    Write
    <writer> = csv.writer(<file>)       # Also: `dialect='excel', delimiter=','`.
 <writer>.writerow(<collection>)     # Encodes objects using `str(<el>)`.

From 96d976786e6b6849e5545baf3c04c9ea85b00868 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Sun, 19 Jun 2022 04:27:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 035/565] Arguments

---
 README.md           |  6 +++---
 index.html          | 10 +++++-----
 pdf/remove_links.py |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 18072d666..2c4122ffe 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -679,8 +679,8 @@ def f():                      # def f(x, y):
 def f():                         # def f(x=0, y=0):
 def f(, ):      # def f(x, y=0):
 ```
-* **A function has its default values evaluated when it's first encountered in the scope.**
-* **Any changes to default values that are mutable will persist between invocations.**
+* **Value of a default argument is evaluated when function is first encountered in the scope.**
+* **If this value is a mutable object, then all its mutations will persist between invocations.**
 
 
 Splat Operator
@@ -1814,8 +1814,8 @@ import csv
    = list()           # Returns a list of remaining rows.
 ```
 * **File must be opened with a `'newline=""'` argument, or newlines embedded inside quoted fields will not be interpreted correctly!**
-* **For XML and binary Excel files (xlsx, xlsm and xlsb) use [Pandas](#dataframe-plot-encode-decode) library.**
 * **To print the table to the console use [Tabulate](#table) library.**
+* **For XML and binary Excel files (xlsx, xlsm and xlsb) use [Pandas](#dataframe-plot-encode-decode) library.**
 
 ### Write
 ```python
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index d4ef62a8c..f4b182168 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 
 
   
    
-    
+    
     
   
    
 
@@ -601,8 +601,8 @@
 
    
 
 
      
-
    • A function has its default values evaluated when it's first encountered in the scope.
      • 
-
    • Any changes to default values that are mutable will persist between invocations.
      • 
+
    • Value of a default argument is evaluated when function is first encountered in the scope.
      • 
+
    • If this value is a mutable object, then all its mutations will persist between invocations.
      • 
 
    
 
    #Splat Operator
    Inside Function Call
    Splat expands a collection into positional arguments, while splatty-splat expands a dictionary into keyword arguments.
    args   = (1, 2)
 kwargs = {'x': 3, 'y': 4, 'z': 5}
@@ -1513,8 +1513,8 @@
 
 
      
 
    • File must be opened with a 'newline=""' argument, or newlines embedded inside quoted fields will not be interpreted correctly!
      • 
-
    • For XML and binary Excel files (xlsx, xlsm and xlsb) use Pandas library.
      • 
 
    • To print the table to the console use Tabulate library.
      • 
+
    • For XML and binary Excel files (xlsx, xlsm and xlsb) use Pandas library.
      • 
 
    
 
    Write
    <writer> = csv.writer(<file>)       # Also: `dialect='excel', delimiter=','`.
 <writer>.writerow(<collection>)     # Encodes objects using `str(<el>)`.
@@ -2902,7 +2902,7 @@ 
    Format
    
 
 
      
-
    • Value of a default argument is evaluated when function is first encountered in the scope.
      • 
-
    • If this value is a mutable object, then all its mutations will persist between invocations.
      • 
+
    • Default values are evaluated when function is first encountered in the scope.
      • 
+
    • Any mutations of mutable default values will persist between invocations.
      • 
 
    
 
    #Splat Operator
    Inside Function Call
    Splat expands a collection into positional arguments, while splatty-splat expands a dictionary into keyword arguments.
    args   = (1, 2)
 kwargs = {'x': 3, 'y': 4, 'z': 5}

From e7c1d50e067732a6fe7e91ff405c21c4e610b61c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Mon, 20 Jun 2022 22:20:07 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 037/565] A lot of changes in Arguments and Inline

---
 README.md  | 66 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 index.html | 80 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------
 2 files changed, 73 insertions(+), 73 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 5b1ae77a2..950b10575 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -668,16 +668,16 @@ Arguments
 ---------
 ### Inside Function Call
 ```python
-()                  # f(0, 0)
-()                     # f(x=0, y=0)
-(, )  # f(0, y=0)
+func()                           # func(1, 2)
+func()                              # func(x=1, y=2)
+func(, )           # func(1, y=2)
 ```
 
 ### Inside Function Definition
 ```python
-def f():                      # def f(x, y):
-def f():                         # def f(x=0, y=0):
-def f(, ):      # def f(x, y=0):
+def func(): ...                  # def func(x, y): ...
+def func(): ...                     # def func(x=0, y=0): ...
+def func(, ): ...  # def func(x, y=0): ...
 ```
 * **Default values are evaluated when function is first encountered in the scope.**
 * **Any mutations of mutable default values will persist between invocations.**
@@ -712,39 +712,39 @@ def add(*a):
 
 #### Legal argument combinations:
 ```python
-def f(*, x, y, z):          # f(x=1, y=2, z=3)
-def f(x, *, y, z):          # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3)
-def f(x, y, *, z):          # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, 2, z=3)
+def f(*, x, y, z): ...          # f(x=1, y=2, z=3)
+def f(x, *, y, z): ...          # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3)
+def f(x, y, *, z): ...          # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, 2, z=3)
 ```
 
 ```python
-def f(*args):               # f(1, 2, 3)
-def f(x, *args):            # f(1, 2, 3)
-def f(*args, z):            # f(1, 2, z=3)
+def f(*args): ...               # f(1, 2, 3)
+def f(x, *args): ...            # f(1, 2, 3)
+def f(*args, z): ...            # f(1, 2, z=3)
 ```
 
 ```python
-def f(**kwargs):            # f(x=1, y=2, z=3)
-def f(x, **kwargs):         # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3)
-def f(*, x, **kwargs):      # f(x=1, y=2, z=3)
+def f(**kwargs): ...            # f(x=1, y=2, z=3)
+def f(x, **kwargs): ...         # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3)
+def f(*, x, **kwargs): ...      # f(x=1, y=2, z=3)
 ```
 
 ```python
-def f(*args, **kwargs):     # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, 2, z=3) | f(1, 2, 3)
-def f(x, *args, **kwargs):  # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, 2, z=3) | f(1, 2, 3)
-def f(*args, y, **kwargs):  # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3)
+def f(*args, **kwargs): ...     # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, 2, z=3) | f(1, 2, 3)
+def f(x, *args, **kwargs): ...  # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, 2, z=3) | f(1, 2, 3)
+def f(*args, y, **kwargs): ...  # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3)
 ```
 
 ### Other Uses
 ```python
-  = [* [, ...]]
-   = {* [, ...]}
- = (*, [...])
-  = {** [, ...]}
+  = [* [, ...]]    # Or: list() [+ ...]
+ = (*, [...])     # Or: tuple() [+ ...]
+   = {* [, ...]}    # Or: set() [| ...]
+  = {** [, ...]}    # Or: dict(** [, ...])
 ```
 
 ```python
-head, *body, tail = 
+head, *body, tail =      # Also `head, *body = ` and `*body, tail = `.
 ```
 
 
@@ -752,16 +752,16 @@ Inline
 ------
 ### Lambda
 ```python
- = lambda: 
- = lambda , : 
+ = lambda:                            # A single statement function.
+ = lambda , :           # Also accepts default arguments.
 ```
 
 ### Comprehensions
 ```python
- = [i+1 for i in range(10)]                         # [1, 2, ..., 10]
-  = {i for i in range(10) if i > 5}                  # {6, 7, 8, 9}
- = (i+5 for i in range(10))                         # (5, 6, ..., 14)
- = {i: i*2 for i in range(10)}                      # {0: 0, 1: 2, ..., 9: 18}
+ = [i+1 for i in range(10)]                         # Or: [1, 2, ..., 10]
+ = (i for i in range(10) if i > 5)                  # Or: iter([6, 7, 8, 9])
+  = {i+5 for i in range(10)}                         # Or: {5, 6, ..., 14}
+ = {i: i*2 for i in range(10)}                      # Or: {0: 0, 1: 2, ..., 9: 18}
 ```
 
 ```python
@@ -771,9 +771,9 @@ Inline
 
 ### Map, Filter, Reduce
 ```python
- = map(lambda x: x + 1, range(10))                  # (1, 2, ..., 10)
- = filter(lambda x: x > 5, range(10))               # (6, 7, 8, 9)
-  = reduce(lambda out, x: out + x, range(10))        # 45
+ = map(lambda x: x + 1, range(10))                  # Or: iter([1, 2, ..., 10])
+ = filter(lambda x: x > 5, range(10))               # Or: iter([6, 7, 8, 9])
+  = reduce(lambda out, x: out + x, range(10))        # Or: 45
 ```
 * **Reduce must be imported from the functools module.**
 
@@ -1064,7 +1064,7 @@ from dataclasses import make_dataclass
 
 #### Rest of type annotations (CPython interpreter ignores them all):
 ```python
-def func(:  [= ]) -> :
+def func(:  [= ]) -> : ...
 : typing.List/Set/Iterable/Sequence/Optional[]
 : typing.Dict/Tuple/Union[, ...]
 ```
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 8c71ccd11..da52fc716 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 
 
   
    
-    
+    
     
   
    
 
@@ -589,15 +589,15 @@
 <float>  = <TD>    / <TD>                   # How many weeks/years there are in TD. Also //.
 
    
 
-
    #Arguments
    Inside Function Call
    <function>(<positional_args>)                  # f(0, 0)
-<function>(<keyword_args>)                     # f(x=0, y=0)
-<function>(<positional_args>, <keyword_args>)  # f(0, y=0)
+
    #Arguments
    Inside Function Call
    func(<positional_args>)                           # func(1, 2)
+func(<keyword_args>)                              # func(x=1, y=2)
+func(<positional_args>, <keyword_args>)           # func(1, y=2)
 
    
 
 
-
    Inside Function Definition
    def f(<nondefault_args>):                      # def f(x, y):
-def f(<default_args>):                         # def f(x=0, y=0):
-def f(<nondefault_args>, <default_args>):      # def f(x, y=0):
+
    Inside Function Definition
    def func(<nondefault_args>): ...                  # def func(x, y): ...
+def func(<default_args>): ...                     # def func(x=0, y=0): ...
+def func(<nondefault_args>, <default_args>): ...  # def func(x, y=0): ...
 
    
 
 
      
@@ -622,48 +622,48 @@
 
      >>> add(1, 2, 3)
 6
 
      
-
      Legal argument combinations:
      def f(*, x, y, z):          # f(x=1, y=2, z=3)
-def f(x, *, y, z):          # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3)
-def f(x, y, *, z):          # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, 2, z=3)
+
      Legal argument combinations:
      def f(*, x, y, z): ...          # f(x=1, y=2, z=3)
+def f(x, *, y, z): ...          # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3)
+def f(x, y, *, z): ...          # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, 2, z=3)
 
      
 
-
      def f(*args):               # f(1, 2, 3)
-def f(x, *args):            # f(1, 2, 3)
-def f(*args, z):            # f(1, 2, z=3)
+
      def f(*args): ...               # f(1, 2, 3)
+def f(x, *args): ...            # f(1, 2, 3)
+def f(*args, z): ...            # f(1, 2, z=3)
 
      
-
      def f(**kwargs):            # f(x=1, y=2, z=3)
-def f(x, **kwargs):         # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3)
-def f(*, x, **kwargs):      # f(x=1, y=2, z=3)
+
      def f(**kwargs): ...            # f(x=1, y=2, z=3)
+def f(x, **kwargs): ...         # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3)
+def f(*, x, **kwargs): ...      # f(x=1, y=2, z=3)
 
      
-
      def f(*args, **kwargs):     # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, 2, z=3) | f(1, 2, 3)
-def f(x, *args, **kwargs):  # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, 2, z=3) | f(1, 2, 3)
-def f(*args, y, **kwargs):  # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3)
+
      def f(*args, **kwargs): ...     # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, 2, z=3) | f(1, 2, 3)
+def f(x, *args, **kwargs): ...  # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, 2, z=3) | f(1, 2, 3)
+def f(*args, y, **kwargs): ...  # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3)
 
      
-
      Other Uses
      <list>  = [*<collection> [, ...]]
-<set>   = {*<collection> [, ...]}
-<tuple> = (*<collection>, [...])
-<dict>  = {**<dict> [, ...]}
+
      Other Uses
      <list>  = [*<coll.> [, ...]]    # Or: list(<collection>) [+ ...]
+<tuple> = (*<coll.>, [...])     # Or: tuple(<collection>) [+ ...]
+<set>   = {*<coll.> [, ...]}    # Or: set(<collection>) [| ...]
+<dict>  = {**<dict> [, ...]}    # Or: dict(**<dict> [, ...])
 
      
 
-
      head, *body, tail = <collection>
+
      head, *body, tail = <coll.>     # Also `head, *body = <coll.>` and `*body, tail = <coll.>`.
 
      
-
      #Inline
      Lambda
      <func> = lambda: <return_value>
-<func> = lambda <arg_1>, <arg_2>: <return_value>
+
      #Inline
      Lambda
      <func> = lambda: <return_value>                           # A single statement function.
+<func> = lambda <arg_1>, <arg_2>: <return_value>          # Also accepts default arguments.
 
      
 
 
-
      Comprehensions
      <list> = [i+1 for i in range(10)]                         # [1, 2, ..., 10]
-<set>  = {i for i in range(10) if i > 5}                  # {6, 7, 8, 9}
-<iter> = (i+5 for i in range(10))                         # (5, 6, ..., 14)
-<dict> = {i: i*2 for i in range(10)}                      # {0: 0, 1: 2, ..., 9: 18}
+
      Comprehensions
      <list> = [i+1 for i in range(10)]                         # Or: [1, 2, ..., 10]
+<iter> = (i for i in range(10) if i > 5)                  # Or: iter([6, 7, 8, 9])
+<set>  = {i+5 for i in range(10)}                         # Or: {5, 6, ..., 14}
+<dict> = {i: i*2 for i in range(10)}                      # Or: {0: 0, 1: 2, ..., 9: 18}
 
      
 
 
      >>> [l+r for l in 'abc' for r in 'abc']
 ['aa', 'ab', 'ac', ..., 'cc']
 
      
-
      Map, Filter, Reduce
      <iter> = map(lambda x: x + 1, range(10))                  # (1, 2, ..., 10)
-<iter> = filter(lambda x: x > 5, range(10))               # (6, 7, 8, 9)
-<obj>  = reduce(lambda out, x: out + x, range(10))        # 45
+
      Map, Filter, Reduce
      <iter> = map(lambda x: x + 1, range(10))                  # Or: iter([1, 2, ..., 10])
+<iter> = filter(lambda x: x > 5, range(10))               # Or: iter([6, 7, 8, 9])
+<obj>  = reduce(lambda out, x: out + x, range(10))        # Or: 45
 
      
 
 
        
@@ -903,7 +903,7 @@
 <class> = make_dataclass('<class_name>', <coll_of_tuples>)
 <tuple> = ('<attr_name>', <type> [, <default_value>])
      
 
-
      Rest of type annotations (CPython interpreter ignores them all):
      def func(<arg_name>: <type> [= <obj>]) -> <type>:
+
      Rest of type annotations (CPython interpreter ignores them all):
      def func(<arg_name>: <type> [= <obj>]) -> <type>: ...
 <var_name>: typing.List/Set/Iterable/Sequence/Optional[<type>]
 <var_name>: typing.Dict/Tuple/Union[<type>, ...]
 
      
@@ -2370,7 +2370,8 @@ 
      Format
      'test.wav', samples_f)
 
      
 
-
      Plays a WAV file:
      # $ pip3 install simpleaudio
+
      Plays a WAV file:
      # $ sudo apt install libasound2-dev
+# $ pip3 install simpleaudio
 from simpleaudio import play_buffer
 with wave.open('test.wav', 'rb') as file:
     p = file.getparams()
@@ -2378,11 +2379,10 @@ 
      Format
      Text to Speech
      # $ pip3 install pyttsx3
+
      Text to Speech
      # $ sudo apt install espeak ffmpeg libespeak1
+# $ pip3 install pyttsx3
 import pyttsx3
-engine = pyttsx3.init()
-engine.say('Sally sells seashells by the seashore.')
-engine.runAndWait()
+pyttsx3.speak(<str>)                            # Reads the string while blocking.
 
      
 
 
      #Synthesizer
      Plays Popcorn by Gershon Kingsley:
      # $ pip3 install simpleaudio
@@ -2902,7 +2902,7 @@ 
      Format
      
 
-
      Plays a WAV file:
      # $ sudo apt install libasound2-dev
-# $ pip3 install simpleaudio
+
      Plays a WAV file:
      # $ pip3 install simpleaudio
 from simpleaudio import play_buffer
 with wave.open('test.wav', 'rb') as file:
     p = file.getparams()
@@ -2379,10 +2378,11 @@ 
      Format
      Text to Speech
      # $ sudo apt install espeak ffmpeg libespeak1
-# $ pip3 install pyttsx3
+
      Text to Speech
      # $ pip3 install pyttsx3
 import pyttsx3
-pyttsx3.speak(<str>)                            # Reads the string while blocking.
+engine = pyttsx3.init()
+engine.say('Sally sells seashells by the seashore.')
+engine.runAndWait()
 
      
 
 
      #Synthesizer
      Plays Popcorn by Gershon Kingsley:
      # $ pip3 install simpleaudio

From c15942fc77de427ff59429f9594e3ac290029009 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Tue, 21 Jun 2022 15:24:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 039/565] Arguments, Exceptions, Profiling

---
 README.md  |  19 ++++---
 index.html |  33 ++++++------
 parse.js   | 148 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 173 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 950b10575..62ad69e7f 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -668,9 +668,9 @@ Arguments
 ---------
 ### Inside Function Call
 ```python
-func()                           # func(1, 2)
-func()                              # func(x=1, y=2)
-func(, )           # func(1, y=2)
+func()                           # func(0, 0)
+func()                              # func(x=0, y=0)
+func(, )           # func(0, y=0)
 ```
 
 ### Inside Function Definition
@@ -744,7 +744,7 @@ def f(*args, y, **kwargs): ...  # f(x=1, y=2, z=3) | f(1, y=2, z=3)
 ```
 
 ```python
-head, *body, tail =      # Also `head, *body = ` and `*body, tail = `.
+head, *body, tail =      # Head or tail can be omitted.
 ```
 
 
@@ -1398,10 +1398,10 @@ finally:
 
 ### Catching Exceptions
 ```python
-except :
-except  as :
-except (, [...]):
-except (, [...]) as :
+except : ...
+except  as : ...
+except (, [...]): ...
+except (, [...]) as : ...
 ```
 * **Also catches subclasses of the exception.**
 * **Use `'traceback.print_exc()'` to print the error message to stderr.**
@@ -2615,8 +2615,7 @@ Line #         Mem usage      Increment   Line Contents
 ### Call Graph
 #### Generates a PNG image of the call graph with highlighted bottlenecks:
 ```python
-# $ pip3 install pycallgraph2
-# $ apt install graphviz
+# $ pip3 install pycallgraph2; brew/apt install graphviz
 import pycallgraph2 as cg, datetime
 filename = f'profile-{datetime.datetime.now():%Y%m%d%H%M%S}.png'
 drawer = cg.output.GraphvizOutput(output_file=filename)
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 3f3bfb1e9..fea01b9f7 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 
 
   
      
-    
+    
     
   
      
 
@@ -589,9 +589,9 @@
 <float>  = <TD>    / <TD>                   # How many weeks/years there are in TD. Also //.
 
      
 
-
      #Arguments
      Inside Function Call
      func(<positional_args>)                           # func(1, 2)
-func(<keyword_args>)                              # func(x=1, y=2)
-func(<positional_args>, <keyword_args>)           # func(1, y=2)
+
      #Arguments
      Inside Function Call
      func(<positional_args>)                           # func(0, 0)
+func(<keyword_args>)                              # func(x=0, y=0)
+func(<positional_args>, <keyword_args>)           # func(0, y=0)
 
      
 
 
@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@
 <dict>  = {**<dict> [, ...]}    # Or: dict(**<dict> [, ...])
 
      
 
-
      head, *body, tail = <coll.>     # Also `head, *body = <coll.>` and `*body, tail = <coll.>`.
+
      head, *body, tail = <coll.>     # Head or tail can be omitted.
 
      
 
      #Inline
      Lambda
      <func> = lambda: <return_value>                           # A single statement function.
 <func> = lambda <arg_1>, <arg_2>: <return_value>          # Also accepts default arguments.
@@ -790,7 +790,7 @@
 
    
 
    Parametrized Decorator
    A decorator that accepts arguments and returns a normal decorator that accepts a function.
    from functools import wraps
 
-def debug(print_result=False):
+def debug(print_result=False):
     def decorator(func):
         @wraps(func)
         def out(*args, **kwargs):
@@ -1200,10 +1200,10 @@
 
  • Code inside the 'else' block will only be executed if 'try' block had no exceptions.
    • 
 
  • Code inside the 'finally' block will always be executed (unless a signal is received).
    • 
 
-
    Catching Exceptions
    except <exception>:
-except <exception> as <name>:
-except (<exception>, [...]):
-except (<exception>, [...]) as <name>:
+
    Catching Exceptions
    except <exception>: ...
+except <exception> as <name>: ...
+except (<exception>, [...]): ...
+except (<exception>, [...]) as <name>: ...
 
    
 
 
      
@@ -1936,7 +1936,7 @@ 
      Format
      2 - W//2, curses.LINES//2 - H//2)
     while True:
         screen.erase()
-        curses.textpad.rectangle(screen, offset.y-1, offset.x-1, offset.y+H, offset.x+W)
+        curses.textpad.rectangle(screen, offset.y-1, offset.x-1, offset.y+H, offset.x+W)
         for id_, p in state.items():
             screen.addstr(offset.y + (p.y - state['*'].y + H//2) % H,
                           offset.x + (p.x - state['*'].x + W//2) % W, str(id_))
@@ -2140,8 +2140,7 @@ 
      Format
      Call Graph
      Generates a PNG image of the call graph with highlighted bottlenecks:
      # $ pip3 install pycallgraph2
-# $ apt install graphviz
+
      Call Graph
      Generates a PNG image of the call graph with highlighted bottlenecks:
      # $ pip3 install pycallgraph2; brew/apt install graphviz
 import pycallgraph2 as cg, datetime
 filename = f'profile-{datetime.datetime.now():%Y%m%d%H%M%S}.png'
 drawer = cg.output.GraphvizOutput(output_file=filename)
@@ -2479,8 +2478,8 @@ 
      Format
      'Mario', 'rect spd facing_left frame_cycle'.split())
         return Mario(get_rect(1, 1), P(0, 0), False, it.cycle(range(3)))
     def get_tiles():
-        border = [(x, y) for x in range(W) for y in range(H) if x in [0, W-1] or y in [0, H-1]]
-        platforms = [(randint(1, W-2), randint(2, H-2)) for _ in range(W*H // 10)]
+        border = [(x, y) for x in range(W) for y in range(H) if x in [0, W-1] or y in [0, H-1]]
+        platforms = [(randint(1, W-2), randint(2, H-2)) for _ in range(W*H // 10)]
         return [get_rect(x, y) for x, y in border + platforms]
     def get_rect(x, y):
         return pg.Rect(x*16, y*16, 16, 16)
@@ -2528,7 +2527,7 @@ 
      Format
      in pressed) if {D.w, D.e} & pressed else mario.facing_left
     screen.blit(images[get_marios_image_index() + mario.facing_left * 9], mario.rect)
     for t in tiles:
-        screen.blit(images[18 if t.x in [0, (W-1)*16] or t.y in [0, (H-1)*16] else 19], t)
+        screen.blit(images[18 if t.x in [0, (W-1)*16] or t.y in [0, (H-1)*16] else 19], t)
     pg.display.flip()
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
@@ -2902,7 +2901,7 @@ 
      Format
    
-
    #Format
    <str> = f'{<el_1>}, {<el_2>}'            # Or: '{}, {}'.format(<el_1>, <el_2>)
+
    #Format
    <str> = f'{<el_1>}, {<el_2>}'            # Curly brackets can also contain expressions.
+<str> = '{}, {}'.format(<el_1>, <el_2>)  # Or: '{0}, {a}'.format(<el_1>, a=<el_2>)
 <str> = '%s, %s' % (<el_1>, <el_2>)      # Redundant and inferior C style formatting.
 
    
 
-
    Attributes
    >>> from collections import namedtuple
->>> Person = namedtuple('Person', 'name height')
+
    Attributes
    >>> Person = collections.namedtuple('Person', 'name height')
 >>> person = Person('Jean-Luc', 187)
 >>> f'{person.height}'
 '187'
@@ -673,7 +673,7 @@
 <bool> = all(<collection>)                                # Is True for all elements or empty.
 
    
 
-
    Conditional Expression
    <obj> = <exp_if_true> if <condition> else <exp_if_false>
+
    Conditional Expression
    <obj> = <exp_if_true> if <condition> else <exp_if_false>  # Only one expression gets evaluated.
 
    
 
 
    >>> [a if a else 'zero' for a in (0, 1, 2, 3)]
@@ -1513,7 +1513,7 @@
 
 
      
 
    • File must be opened with a 'newline=""' argument, or newlines embedded inside quoted fields will not be interpreted correctly!
      • 
-
    • To print the table to the console use Tabulate library.
      • 
+
    • To print the spreadsheet to the console use Tabulate library.
      • 
 
    • For XML and binary Excel files (xlsx, xlsm and xlsb) use Pandas library.
      • 
 
    
 
    Write
    <writer> = csv.writer(<file>)       # Also: `dialect='excel', delimiter=','`.
@@ -2379,9 +2379,9 @@ 
    Format
    Text to Speech
    # $ pip3 install pyttsx3
 import pyttsx3
-engine = pyttsx3.init()
-engine.say('Sally sells seashells by the seashore.')
-engine.runAndWait()
+<Engine> = pyttsx3.init()                       # Returns a new Engine.
+<Engine>.say(<str>)                             # Stages the string to be read.
+<Engine>.runAndWait()                           # Reads all staged strings while blocking.
 
    
 
 
    #Synthesizer
    Plays Popcorn by Gershon Kingsley:
    # $ pip3 install simpleaudio
@@ -2901,7 +2901,7 @@ 
    Format
    
 
-
    #Set
    <set> = set()
+
    #Set
    <set> = set()                                   # {} returns a dictionary.
 
    
 
 
    <set>.add(<el>)                                 # Or: <set> |= {<el>}
@@ -647,50 +647,50 @@
 
 
    head, *body, tail = <coll.>     # Head or tail can be omitted.
 
    
-
    #Inline
    Lambda
    <func> = lambda: <return_value>                           # A single statement function.
-<func> = lambda <arg_1>, <arg_2>: <return_value>          # Also accepts default arguments.
+
    #Inline
    Lambda
    <func> = lambda: <return_value>                     # A single statement function.
+<func> = lambda <arg_1>, <arg_2>: <return_value>    # Also accepts default arguments.
 
    
 
 
-
    Comprehensions
    <list> = [i+1 for i in range(10)]                         # Or: [1, 2, ..., 10]
-<iter> = (i for i in range(10) if i > 5)                  # Or: iter([6, 7, 8, 9])
-<set>  = {i+5 for i in range(10)}                         # Or: {5, 6, ..., 14}
-<dict> = {i: i*2 for i in range(10)}                      # Or: {0: 0, 1: 2, ..., 9: 18}
+
    Comprehensions
    <list> = [i+1 for i in range(10)]                   # Or: [1, 2, ..., 10]
+<iter> = (i for i in range(10) if i > 5)            # Or: iter([6, 7, 8, 9])
+<set>  = {i+5 for i in range(10)}                   # Or: {5, 6, ..., 14}
+<dict> = {i: i*2 for i in range(10)}                # Or: {0: 0, 1: 2, ..., 9: 18}
 
    
 
 
    >>> [l+r for l in 'abc' for r in 'abc']
 ['aa', 'ab', 'ac', ..., 'cc']
 
    
-
    Map, Filter, Reduce
    <iter> = map(lambda x: x + 1, range(10))                  # Or: iter([1, 2, ..., 10])
-<iter> = filter(lambda x: x > 5, range(10))               # Or: iter([6, 7, 8, 9])
-<obj>  = reduce(lambda out, x: out + x, range(10))        # Or: 45
+
    Map, Filter, Reduce
    <iter> = map(lambda x: x + 1, range(10))            # Or: iter([1, 2, ..., 10])
+<iter> = filter(lambda x: x > 5, range(10))         # Or: iter([6, 7, 8, 9])
+<obj>  = reduce(lambda out, x: out + x, range(10))  # Or: 45
 
    
 
 
      
 
    • Reduce must be imported from the functools module.
      • 
 
    
-
    Any, All
    <bool> = any(<collection>)                                # Is `bool(el)` True for any element.
-<bool> = all(<collection>)                                # Is True for all elements or empty.
+
    Any, All
    <bool> = any(<collection>)                          # Is `bool(el)` True for any element.
+<bool> = all(<collection>)                          # Is True for all elements or empty.
 
    
 
-
    Conditional Expression
    <obj> = <exp_if_true> if <condition> else <exp_if_false>  # Only one expression gets evaluated.
+
    Conditional Expression
    <obj> = <exp> if <condition> else <exp>             # Only one expression gets evaluated.
 
    
 
 
    >>> [a if a else 'zero' for a in (0, 1, 2, 3)]
 ['zero', 1, 2, 3]
 
    
 
    Named Tuple, Enum, Dataclass
    from collections import namedtuple
-Point = namedtuple('Point', 'x y')
-point = Point(0, 0)
+Point = namedtuple('Point', 'x y')                  # Tuple's subclass with named elements.
+point = Point(0, 0)                                 # Tuple with x and y attributes.
 
    
 
 
    from enum import Enum
-Direction = Enum('Direction', 'n e s w')
-direction = Direction.n
+Direction = Enum('Direction', 'n e s w')            # Enum with n, e, s and w members.
+direction = Direction.n                             # Member with name and value attributes.
 
    
 
    from dataclasses import make_dataclass
-Creature = make_dataclass('Creature', ['loc', 'dir'])
-creature = Creature(point, direction)
+Player = make_dataclass('Player', ['loc', 'dir'])   # Class with init, repr and eq methods.
+player = Player(point, direction)                   # Object with loc and dir attributes.
 
    
 
    #Imports
    import <module>            # Imports a built-in or '<module>.py'.
 import <package>           # Imports a built-in or '<package>/__init__.py'.
@@ -2901,7 +2901,7 @@ 
    Format
    
 
 
-
    #Tuple
    Tuple is an immutable and hashable list.
    <tuple> = ()
+
    #Tuple
    Tuple is an immutable and hashable list.
    <tuple> = ()                                # Or: tuple()
 <tuple> = (<el>,)                           # Or: <el>,
 <tuple> = (<el_1>, <el_2> [, ...])          # Or: <el_1>, <el_2> [, ...]
 
    
@@ -1852,7 +1852,7 @@ 
    Format
    >>> MyClass.a, MyClass.b
 ('abcde', 12345)
 
    
-
    Type Diagram
    type(MyClass)     == MyMetaClass     # MyClass is an instance of MyMetaClass.
+
    Type Diagram
    type(MyClass) == MyMetaClass         # MyClass is an instance of MyMetaClass.
 type(MyMetaClass) == type            # MyMetaClass is an instance of type.
 
    
 
@@ -1866,7 +1866,7 @@ 
    Format
    Inheritance Diagram
    MyClass.__base__     == object       # MyClass is a subclass of object.
+
    Inheritance Diagram
    MyClass.__base__ == object           # MyClass is a subclass of object.
 MyMetaClass.__base__ == type         # MyMetaClass is a subclass of type.
 
    
 
@@ -2379,9 +2379,9 @@ 
    Format
    Text to Speech
    # $ pip3 install pyttsx3
 import pyttsx3
-<Engine> = pyttsx3.init()                       # Returns a new Engine.
-<Engine>.say(<str>)                             # Stages the string to be read.
-<Engine>.runAndWait()                           # Reads all staged strings while blocking.
+engine = pyttsx3.init()
+engine.say('Sally sells seashells by the seashore.')
+engine.runAndWait()
 
    
 
 
    #Synthesizer
    Plays Popcorn by Gershon Kingsley:
    # $ pip3 install simpleaudio
@@ -2901,7 +2901,7 @@ 
    Format
    
 
    <str>  = str(<Path>)                # Returns path as a string.
-<file> = open(<Path>)               # Opens the file and returns a file object.
+<file> = open(<Path>)               # Also <Path>.read/write_text/bytes().
 
    
 
    #OS Commands
    import os, shutil, subprocess
 
    

From fe9a0d123fe6ec15e2279298e0670ff064e962f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Sun, 26 Jun 2022 11:22:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 045/565] Inline

---
 README.md  | 12 ++++++------
 index.html | 12 ++++++------
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index cd4e101c1..4e7f9e196 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -796,20 +796,20 @@ Inline
 ### Named Tuple, Enum, Dataclass
 ```python
 from collections import namedtuple
-Point = namedtuple('Point', 'x y')                  # Tuple's subclass with named elements.
-point = Point(0, 0)                                 # Tuple with x and y attributes.
+Point = namedtuple('Point', 'x y')                  # Creates a tuple's subclass.
+point = Point(0, 0)                                 # Returns its instance.
 ```
 
 ```python
 from enum import Enum
-Direction = Enum('Direction', 'n e s w')            # Enum with n, e, s and w members.
-direction = Direction.n                             # Member with name and value attributes.
+Direction = Enum('Direction', 'n e s w')            # Creates an enum.
+direction = Direction.n                             # Returns its member.
 ```
 
 ```python
 from dataclasses import make_dataclass
-Player = make_dataclass('Player', ['loc', 'dir'])   # Class with init, repr and eq methods.
-player = Player(point, direction)                   # Object with loc and dir attributes.
+Player = make_dataclass('Player', ['loc', 'dir'])   # Creates a class.
+player = Player(point, direction)                   # Returns its instance.
 ```
 
 
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 53a8553cd..6a01b81d1 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -680,17 +680,17 @@
 ['zero', 1, 2, 3]
 
    
 
    Named Tuple, Enum, Dataclass
    from collections import namedtuple
-Point = namedtuple('Point', 'x y')                  # Tuple's subclass with named elements.
-point = Point(0, 0)                                 # Tuple with x and y attributes.
+Point = namedtuple('Point', 'x y')                  # Creates a tuple's subclass.
+point = Point(0, 0)                                 # Returns its instance.
 
    
 
 
    from enum import Enum
-Direction = Enum('Direction', 'n e s w')            # Enum with n, e, s and w members.
-direction = Direction.n                             # Member with name and value attributes.
+Direction = Enum('Direction', 'n e s w')            # Creates an enum.
+direction = Direction.n                             # Returns its member.
 
    
 
    from dataclasses import make_dataclass
-Player = make_dataclass('Player', ['loc', 'dir'])   # Class with init, repr and eq methods.
-player = Player(point, direction)                   # Object with loc and dir attributes.
+Player = make_dataclass('Player', ['loc', 'dir'])   # Creates a class.
+player = Player(point, direction)                   # Returns its instance.
 
    
 
    #Imports
    import <module>            # Imports a built-in or '<module>.py'.
 import <package>           # Imports a built-in or '<package>/__init__.py'.

From 3f51fe4ea25d0f6e0ffab1093979f2d3c74b4365 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Jure=20=C5=A0orn?= 
Date: Mon, 27 Jun 2022 06:36:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 046/565] JSON, Pickle, Pygame

---
 README.md  | 16 ++++++++--------
 index.html | 20 ++++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 4e7f9e196..f7b53b1df 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1755,8 +1755,8 @@ JSON
 
 ```python
 import json
-    = json.dumps(, ensure_ascii=True, indent=None)
- = json.loads()
+    = json.dumps()    # Converts object to JSON string.
+ = json.loads()       # Converts JSON string to object.
 ```
 
 ### Read Object from JSON File
@@ -1780,8 +1780,8 @@ Pickle
 
 ```python
 import pickle
-  = pickle.dumps()
- = pickle.loads()
+  = pickle.dumps()  # Converts object to bytes.
+ = pickle.loads()   # Converts bytes to object.
 ```
 
 ### Read Object from File
@@ -2985,8 +2985,8 @@ while all(event.type != pg.QUIT for event in pg.event.get()):
 ### Surface
 **Object for representing images.**
 ```python
- = pg.display.set_mode((width, height))   # Returns display surface.
- = pg.Surface((width, height), flags=0)   # New RGB surface. RGBA if `flags=pg.SRCALPHA`.
+ = pg.display.set_mode((width, height))   # Returns a display surface.
+ = pg.Surface((width, height))            # New RGB surface. RGBA if `flags=pg.SRCALPHA`.
  = pg.image.load('')                # Loads the image. Format depends on source.
  = .subsurface()              # Returns a subsurface.
 ```
@@ -3007,8 +3007,8 @@ from pygame.transform import scale, ...
 ```python
 from pygame.draw import line, ...
 line(, color, (x1, y1), (x2, y2), width)  # Draws a line to the surface.
-arc(, color, , from_rad, to_rad)    # Also: ellipse(, color, )
-rect(, color, )                     # Also: polygon(, color, points)
+arc(, color, , from_rad, to_rad)    # Also: ellipse(, color, , width=0)
+rect(, color, , width=0)            # Also: polygon(, color, points, width=0)
 ```
 
 ### Font
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 6a01b81d1..960485f28 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 
 
   
    
-    
+    
     
   
    
 
@@ -1471,8 +1471,8 @@
 
 
 
    #JSON
    Text file format for storing collections of strings and numbers.
    import json
-<str>    = json.dumps(<object>, ensure_ascii=True, indent=None)
-<object> = json.loads(<str>)
+<str>    = json.dumps(<object>)    # Converts object to JSON string.
+<object> = json.loads(<str>)       # Converts JSON string to object.
 
    
 
 
@@ -1487,8 +1487,8 @@
 
 
 
    #Pickle
    Binary file format for storing Python objects.
    import pickle
-<bytes>  = pickle.dumps(<object>)
-<object> = pickle.loads(<bytes>)
+<bytes>  = pickle.dumps(<object>)  # Converts object to bytes.
+<object> = pickle.loads(<bytes>)   # Converts bytes to object.
 
    
 
 
@@ -2429,8 +2429,8 @@ 
    Format
    # Returns index of first colliding Rect or -1.
 <list> = <Rect>.collidelistall(<list_of_Rect>)  # Returns indexes of all colliding rectangles.
 
-
    Surface
    Object for representing images.
    <Surf> = pg.display.set_mode((width, height))   # Returns display surface.
-<Surf> = pg.Surface((width, height), flags=0)   # New RGB surface. RGBA if `flags=pg.SRCALPHA`.
+
    Surface
    Object for representing images.
    <Surf> = pg.display.set_mode((width, height))   # Returns a display surface.
+<Surf> = pg.Surface((width, height))            # New RGB surface. RGBA if `flags=pg.SRCALPHA`.
 <Surf> = pg.image.load('<path>')                # Loads the image. Format depends on source.
 <Surf> = <Surf>.subsurface(<Rect>)              # Returns a subsurface.
 
    
@@ -2447,8 +2447,8 @@ 
    Format
    from pygame.draw import line, ...
 line(<Surf>, color, (x1, y1), (x2, y2), width)  # Draws a line to the surface.
-arc(<Surf>, color, <Rect>, from_rad, to_rad)    # Also: ellipse(<Surf>, color, <Rect>)
-rect(<Surf>, color, <Rect>)                     # Also: polygon(<Surf>, color, points)
+arc(<Surf>, color, <Rect>, from_rad, to_rad)    # Also: ellipse(<Surf>, color, <Rect>, width=0)
+rect(<Surf>, color, <Rect>, width=0)            # Also: polygon(<Surf>, color, points, width=0)
 
    
 
    Font
    <Font> = pg.font.SysFont('<name>', size)        # Loads the system font or default if missing.
 <Font> = pg.font.Font('<path>', size)           # Loads the TTF file. Pass None for default.
@@ -2901,7 +2901,7 @@ 
    Format
    
 
 
-
    #Tuple
    Tuple is an immutable and hashable list.
    <tuple> = ()                                # Or: tuple()
-<tuple> = (<el>,)                           # Or: <el>,
-<tuple> = (<el_1>, <el_2> [, ...])          # Or: <el_1>, <el_2> [, ...]
+
    #Tuple
    Tuple is an immutable and hashable list.
    <tuple> = ()                        # Empty tuple.
+<tuple> = (<el>,)                   # Or: <el>,
+<tuple> = (<el_1>, <el_2> [, ...])  # Or: <el_1>, <el_2> [, ...]
 
    
 
 
@@ -198,16 +198,15 @@
 1
 >>> getattr(p, 'y')
 2
->>> p._fields  # Or: Point._fields
-('x', 'y')
 
    
 
 
-
    #Range
    <range> = range(to_exclusive)
-<range> = range(from_inclusive, to_exclusive)
-<range> = range(from_inclusive, to_exclusive, ±step_size)
+
    #Range
    An immutable and hashable sequence of evenly spaced integers.
    <range> = range(to_exclusive)                         # `list(range(3))        == [0, 1, 2]`
+<range> = range(from_inclusive, to_exclusive)         # `list(range(1, 4))     == [1, 2, 3]`
+<range> = range(from_inclusive, to_exclusive, ±step)  # `list(range(3, 0, -1)) == [3, 2, 1]`
 
    
 
+
 
    from_inclusive = <range>.start
 to_exclusive   = <range>.stop
 
    
@@ -229,10 +228,10 @@
 <iter> = cycle(<collection>)                # Repeats the sequence endlessly.
 
    
 
    <iter> = chain(<coll_1>, <coll_2> [, ...])  # Empties collections in order (figuratively).
-<iter> = chain.from_iterable(<collection>)  # Empties collections inside a collection in order.
+<iter> = chain.from_iterable(<coll>)        # Empties collections inside a collection in order.
 
    
 
    <iter> = islice(<coll>, to_exclusive)       # Only returns first 'to_exclusive' elements.
-<iter> = islice(<coll>, from_inclusive, …)  # `to_exclusive, step_size`.
+<iter> = islice(<coll>, from_inclusive, …)  # `to_exclusive, +step`.
 
    
 
    #Generator