Previously, if a trait's analysis step resulted in diagnostics, the trait
would be considered "errored" and no further operations, including register,
would be performed. Effectively, this meant that the compiler would pretend
the class in question was actually undecorated.

However, this behavior is problematic for several reasons:

1. It leads to inaccurate diagnostics being reported downstream.

For example, if a component is put into the error state, for example due to
a template error, the NgModule which declares the component would produce a
diagnostic claiming that the declaration is neither a directive nor a pipe.
This happened because the compiler wouldn't register() the component trait,
so the component would not be recorded as actually being a directive.

2. It can cause incorrect behavior on incremental builds.

This bug is more complex, but the general issue is that if the compiler
fails to associate a component and its module, then incremental builds will
not correctly re-analyze the module when the component's template changes.
Failing to register the component as such is one link in the larger chain of
issues that result in these kinds of issues.

3. It lumps together diagnostics produced during analysis and resolve steps.

This is not causing issues currently as the dependency graph ensures the
right classes are re-analyzed when needed, instead of showing stale
diagnostics. However, the dependency graph was not intended to serve this
role, and could potentially be optimized in ways that would break this
functionality.

This commit removes the concept of an "errored" trait entirely from the
trait system. Instead, analyzed and resolved traits have corresponding (and
separate) diagnostics, in addition to potentially `null` analysis results.
Analysis (but not resolution) diagnostics are carried forward during
incremental build operations. Compilation (emit) is only performed when
a trait reaches the resolved state with no diagnostics.

This change is functionally different than before as the `register` step is
now performed even in the presence of analysis errors, as long as analysis
results are also produced. This fixes problem 1 above, and is part of the
larger solution to problem 2.

PR Close #39967

To avoid overwhelming a user with secondary diagnostics that derive from a
"root cause" error, the compiler has the notion of a "poisoned" NgModule.
An NgModule becomes poisoned when its declaration contains semantic errors:
declarations which are not components or pipes, imports which are not other
NgModules, etc. An NgModule also becomes poisoned if it imports or exports
another poisoned NgModule.

Previously, the compiler tracked this poisoned status as an alternate state
for each scope. Either a correct scope could be produced, or the entire
scope would be set to a sentinel error value. This meant that the compiler
would not track any information about a scope that was determined to be in
error.

This method presents several issues:

1. The compiler is unable to support the language service and return results
when a component or its module scope is poisoned.

This is fine for compilation, since diagnostics will be produced showing the
error(s), but the language service needs to still work for incorrect code.

2. `getComponentScopes()` does not return components with a poisoned scope,
which interferes with resource tracking of incremental builds.

If the component isn't included in that list, then the NgModule for it will
not have its dependencies properly tracked, and this can cause future
incremental build steps to produce incorrect results.

This commit changes the tracking of poisoned module scopes to use a flag on
the scope itself, rather than a sentinel value that replaces the scope. This
means that the scope itself will still be tracked, even if it contains
semantic errors.

PR Close #39967

…rts (#39967)

When the compiler is invoked via ngc or the Angular CLI, its APIs are used
under the assumption that Angular analysis/diagnostics are only requested if
the program has no TypeScript-level errors. A result of this assumption is
that the incremental engine has not needed to resolve changes via its
dependency graph when the program contained broken imports, since broken
imports are a TypeScript error.

The Angular Language Service for Ivy is using the compiler as a backend, and
exercising its incremental compilation APIs without enforcing this
assumption. As a result, the Language Service has run into issues where
broken imports cause incremental compilation to fail and produce incorrect
results.

This commit introduces a mechanism within the compiler to keep track of
files for which dependency analysis has failed, and to always treat such
files as potentially affected by future incremental steps.

PR Close #39967