cplusplus · tkoeppe · Jul 16, 2023 · Jun 21, 2023 · Jun 21, 2023 · Jun 21, 2023
diff --git a/source/basic.tex b/source/basic.tex
@@ -3384,6 +3384,21 @@
 \item the storage which the object occupies is released,
 or is reused by an object that is not nested within \placeholder{o}\iref{intro.object}.
 \end{itemize}
+When evaluating a \grammarterm{new-expression},
+storage is considered reused after it is returned from the allocation function,
+but before the evaluation of the \grammarterm{new-initializer}\iref{expr.new}.
+\begin{example}
+\begin{codeblock}
+struct S {
+  int m;
+};
+
+void f() {
+  S x{1};
+  new(&x) S(x.m);   // undefined behavior
+}
+\end{codeblock}
+\end{example}
 
 \pnum
 \indextext{reference lifetime}%
@@ -4103,6 +4118,9 @@
 at which a given object can be allocated. An object type imposes an alignment
 requirement on every object of that type; stricter alignment can be requested
 using the alignment specifier\iref{dcl.align}.
+Attempting to create an object\iref{intro.object} in storage that
+does not meet the alignment requirements of the object's type
+is undefined behavior.
 
 \pnum
 A \defnadj{fundamental}{alignment} is represented by an alignment
@@ -4637,15 +4655,28 @@
 \pnum
 \label{term.object.representation}%
 The \defnx{object representation}{representation!object}
-of an object of type \tcode{T} is the
+of a complete object type \tcode{T} is the
 sequence of \placeholder{N} \tcode{\keyword{unsigned} \keyword{char}} objects taken up
-by the object of type \tcode{T}, where \placeholder{N} equals
+by a non-bit-field complete object of type \tcode{T},
+where \placeholder{N} equals
 \tcode{\keyword{sizeof}(T)}.
 The \defnx{value representation}{representation!value}
-of an object of type \tcode{T} is the set of bits
+of a type \tcode{T} is the set of bits
+in the object representation of \tcode{T}
 that participate in representing a value of type \tcode{T}.
+The object and value representation of
+a non-bit-field complete object of type \tcode{T} are
+the bytes and bits, respectively, of
+the object corresponding to the object and value representation of its type.
+The object representation of a bit-field object is
+the sequence of \placeholder{N} bits taken up by the object,
+where \placeholder{N} is the width of the bit-field\iref{class.bit}.
+The value representation of a bit-field object is
+the set of bits in the object representation that
+participate in representing its value.
 \label{term.padding.bits}%
-Bits in the object representation that are not part of the value representation
+Bits in the object representation of a type or object that are
+not part of the value representation
 are \defn{padding bits}.
 For trivially copyable types, the value representation is
 a set of bits in the object representation that determines a
@@ -5058,6 +5089,22 @@
 the object and value representations and accuracy of operations
 of floating-point types are \impldef{representation of floating-point types}.
 
+\pnum
+The minimum range of representable values for a floating-point type is
+the most negative finite floating-point number representable
+in that type through
+the most positive finite floating-point number representable in that type.
+In addition, if negative infinity is representable in a type,
+the range of that type is extended to all negative real numbers;
+likewise, if positive infinity is representable in a type,
+the range of that type is extended to all positive real numbers.
+\begin{note}
+Since negative and positive infinity are representable
+in ISO/IEC/IEEE 60559 formats,
+all real numbers lie within the range of representable values of
+a floating-point type adhering to ISO/IEC/IEEE 60559.
+\end{note}
+
 \pnum
 Integral and floating-point types are collectively
 termed \defnx{arithmetic types}{type!arithmetic}.

diff --git a/source/classes.tex b/source/classes.tex
@@ -1247,38 +1247,34 @@
 \pnum
 A defaulted default constructor for class \tcode{X} is defined as deleted if:
 \begin{itemize}
-\item \tcode{X} is a union that has a variant member
-with a non-trivial default constructor and
-no variant member of \tcode{X} has a default member initializer,
-
-\item \tcode{X} is a non-union class that has a variant member \tcode{M}
-with a non-trivial default constructor and
-no variant member of the anonymous union containing \tcode{M}
-has a default member initializer,
-
 \item any non-static data member with no default member initializer\iref{class.mem} is
 of reference type,
 
-\item any non-variant non-static data member of const-qualified type (or array
-thereof) with no \grammarterm{brace-or-equal-initializer}
+\item any non-variant non-static data member of const-qualified type
+(or possibly multi-dimensional array thereof)
+with no \grammarterm{brace-or-equal-initializer}
 is not const-default-constructible\iref{dcl.init},
 
 \item \tcode{X} is a union and all of its variant members are of const-qualified
-type (or array thereof),
+type (or possibly multi-dimensional array thereof),
 
 \item \tcode{X} is a non-union class and all members of any anonymous union member are
-of const-qualified type (or array thereof),
+of const-qualified type (or possibly multi-dimensional array thereof),
 
 \item any potentially constructed subobject, except for a non-static data member
-with a \grammarterm{brace-or-equal-initializer}, has
-class type \tcode{M} (or array thereof) and either \tcode{M}
-has no default constructor or overload resolution\iref{over.match}
-as applied to find \tcode{M}'s corresponding
-constructor results in an ambiguity or in a function that is deleted or
-inaccessible from the defaulted default constructor, or
-
-\item any potentially constructed subobject has a type
-with a destructor that is deleted or inaccessible from the defaulted default
+with a \grammarterm{brace-or-equal-initializer}
+or a variant member of a union where another non-static data member
+has a \grammarterm{brace-or-equal-initializer},
+has class type \tcode{M} (or possibly multi-dimensional array thereof)
+and overload resolution\iref{over.match}
+as applied to find \tcode{M}'s corresponding constructor
+either does not result in a usable candidate\iref{over.match.general}
+or, in the case of a variant member, selects a non-trivial function, or
+
+\item any potentially constructed subobject has
+class type \tcode{M} (or possibly multi-dimensional array thereof) and
+\tcode{M} has
+a destructor that is deleted or inaccessible from the defaulted default
 constructor.
 \end{itemize}
 
@@ -1543,18 +1539,16 @@
   \tcode{X} is defined as deleted\iref{dcl.fct.def.delete} if \tcode{X} has:
 \begin{itemize}
 \item a potentially constructed subobject of type
-  \tcode{M} (or array thereof) that cannot be copied/moved because
+  \tcode{M} (or possibly multi-dimensional array thereof) for which
   overload resolution\iref{over.match}, as applied to find
-  \tcode{M}'s
-  corresponding constructor, results in an ambiguity or
-  a function that is deleted or inaccessible from the
-  defaulted constructor,
-
-\item a variant member whose corresponding constructor
-  as selected by overload resolution is non-trivial,
-
-\item any potentially constructed subobject of a type
-  with a destructor that is deleted or inaccessible from the defaulted
+  \tcode{M}'s corresponding constructor,
+  either does not result in a usable candidate\iref{over.match.general} or,
+  in the case of a variant member, selects a non-trivial function,
+
+\item any potentially constructed subobject of
+  class type \tcode{M} (or possibly multi-dimensional array thereof)
+  where \tcode{M} has
+  a destructor that is deleted or inaccessible from the defaulted
   constructor, or,
 
 \item for the copy constructor, a non-static data member of rvalue reference type.
@@ -1823,21 +1817,19 @@
 A defaulted copy/move assignment operator for
 class \tcode{X} is defined as deleted if \tcode{X} has:
 \begin{itemize}
-\item a variant member with a non-trivial corresponding assignment operator and
-  \tcode{X} is a union-like class, or
-
 \item a non-static data member of \keyword{const} non-class
-  type (or array thereof), or
+  type (or possibly multi-dimensional array thereof), or
 
 \item a non-static data member of reference type, or
 
 \item a direct non-static data member of class type \tcode{M}
-  (or array thereof) or a direct base class \tcode{M}
+  (or possibly multi-dimensional array thereof) or
+  a direct base class \tcode{M}
   that cannot be copied/moved because overload resolution
  \iref{over.match}, as applied to find \tcode{M}'s corresponding
-  assignment operator, results in an ambiguity or
-  a function that is deleted or inaccessible from the
-  defaulted assignment operator.
+  assignment operator,
+  either does not result in a usable candidate\iref{over.match.general} or,
+  in the case of a variant member, selects a non-trivial function.
 \end{itemize}
 
 \begin{note}
@@ -2070,13 +2062,11 @@
 A defaulted destructor for a class
   \tcode{X} is defined as deleted if:
 \begin{itemize}
-\item \tcode{X} is a union-like class that has a variant
-  member with a non-trivial destructor,
-
 \item any potentially constructed subobject has class type
-  \tcode{M} (or array thereof) and
-  \tcode{M} has a deleted destructor or a destructor
-  that is inaccessible from the defaulted destructor,
+  \tcode{M} (or possibly multi-dimensional array thereof) and
+  \tcode{M} has a destructor that is deleted or
+  is inaccessible from the defaulted destructor or,
+  in the case of a variant member, is non-trivial,
 
 \item or, for a virtual destructor, lookup of the non-array deallocation
   function results in an ambiguity or in a function that is deleted or
@@ -2489,17 +2479,16 @@
 returning \grammarterm{conversion-type-id}''.
 
 \pnum
-A conversion function is never used to convert a (possibly cv-qualified) object
-to the (possibly cv-qualified) same object type (or a reference to it),
-to a (possibly cv-qualified) base class of that type (or a reference to it),
+\begin{note}
+A conversion function is never invoked for
+implicit or explicit conversions of an object
+to the same object type (or a reference to it),
+to a base class of that type (or a reference to it),
 or to \cv{}~\keyword{void}.
-\begin{footnote}
-These conversions are considered
-as standard conversions for the purposes of overload resolution\iref{over.best.ics,over.ics.ref} and therefore initialization\iref{dcl.init} and explicit casts\iref{expr.static.cast}. A conversion to \keyword{void} does not invoke any conversion function\iref{expr.static.cast}.
 Even though never directly called to perform a conversion,
 such conversion functions can be declared and can potentially
 be reached through a call to a virtual conversion function in a base class.
-\end{footnote}
+\end{note}
 \begin{example}
 \begin{codeblock}
 struct X {

diff --git a/source/declarations.tex b/source/declarations.tex
@@ -2272,7 +2272,7 @@
 \tcode{typeid},
 the name of a type shall be specified.
 This can be done with a
-\grammarterm{type-id},
+\grammarterm{type-id} or \grammarterm{new-type-id}\iref{expr.new},
 which is syntactically a declaration for a variable or function
 of that type that omits the name of the entity.
 
@@ -2859,7 +2859,7 @@
 A reference can be thought of as a name of an object.
 \end{note}
 \indextext{\idxcode{void\&}}%
-A declarator that specifies the type
+Forming the type
 ``reference to \cv{}~\keyword{void}''
 is ill-formed.
 
@@ -4075,7 +4075,7 @@
 \end{note}
 
 \pnum
-Except for member functions of class templates, the
+Except for member functions of templated classes, the
 default arguments in a member function definition that appears
 outside of the class definition
 are added to the set of default arguments provided by the
@@ -4084,9 +4084,9 @@
 copy or move constructor\iref{class.copy.ctor}, or
 copy or move assignment operator\iref{class.copy.assign}
 is so declared.
-Default arguments for a member function of a class template
+Default arguments for a member function of a templated class
 shall be specified on the initial declaration of the member
-function within the class template.
+function within the templated class.
 \begin{example}
 \begin{codeblock}
 class C {
@@ -4489,7 +4489,7 @@
 If no initializer is specified for an object, the object is default-initialized.
 
 \pnum
-If the entity being initialized does not have class type, the
+If the entity being initialized does not have class or array type, the
 \grammarterm{expression-list} in a
 parenthesized initializer shall be a single expression.
 
@@ -4696,8 +4696,9 @@
 \item
 Otherwise, the initial value of the object being initialized is
 the (possibly converted) value of the initializer expression.
-A standard conversion sequence\iref{conv} will be used, if necessary,
-to convert the initializer expression to the cv-unqualified version of
+A standard conversion sequence\iref{conv} is used
+to convert the initializer expression to
+a prvalue of the cv-unqualified version of
 the destination type;
 no user-defined conversions are considered.
 If the conversion cannot
@@ -5738,7 +5739,8 @@
 \begin{itemize}
 \item
 If the \grammarterm{braced-init-list}
-contains a \grammarterm{designated-initializer-list},
+contains a \grammarterm{designated-initializer-list} and
+\tcode{T} is not a reference type,
 \tcode{T} shall be an aggregate class.
 The ordered \grammarterm{identifier}{s}
 in the \grammarterm{designator}{s}
@@ -5862,7 +5864,9 @@
 \end{example}
 
 \item Otherwise, if
-the initializer list has a single element of type \tcode{E} and either
+the initializer list
+is not a \grammarterm{designated-initializer-list} and
+has a single element of type \tcode{E} and either
 \tcode{T} is not a reference type or its referenced type is
 reference-related to \tcode{E}, the object or reference is initialized
 from that element (by copy-initialization for copy-list-initialization,
@@ -5907,6 +5911,9 @@
 struct A { } a;
 struct B { explicit B(const A&); };
 const B& b2{a};                     // error: cannot copy-list-initialize \tcode{B} temporary from \tcode{A}
+
+struct C { int x; };
+C&& c = { .x = 1 };                 // OK
 \end{codeblock}
 \end{example}
 
@@ -7902,6 +7909,22 @@
 \pnum
 If a declaration is named by two \grammarterm{using-declarator}s
 that inhabit the same class scope, the program is ill-formed.
+\begin{example}
+\begin{codeblock}
+struct C {
+  int i;
+};
+
+struct D1 : C { };
+struct D2 : C { };
+
+struct D3 : D1, D2 {
+  using D1::i;                  // OK, equivalent to \tcode{using C::i}
+  using D1::i;                  // error: duplicate
+  using D2::i;                  // error: duplicate, also names \tcode{C::i}
+};
+\end{codeblock}
+\end{example}
 
 \pnum
 \begin{note}
@@ -7984,6 +8007,7 @@
   using A::h;                           // error: conflicts
   using B::x;
   using A::x;                           // OK, hides \tcode{struct B::x}
+  using A::x;                           // OK, does not conflict with previous \tcode{using A::x}
   x = 99;                               // assigns to \tcode{A::x}
   struct x x1;                          // \tcode{x1} has class type \tcode{B::x}
 }

diff --git a/source/exceptions.tex b/source/exceptions.tex
@@ -257,13 +257,14 @@
 
 \pnum
 Throwing an exception
-copy-initializes\iref{dcl.init,class.copy.ctor} a temporary object,
+initializes a temporary object,
 called the
 \defnx{exception object}{exception handling!exception object}.
 If the type of the exception object would be
-an incomplete type,
+an incomplete type\iref{basic.types.general},
 an abstract class type\iref{class.abstract},
-or a pointer to an incomplete type other than \cv{}~\keyword{void}
+or a pointer to an incomplete type other than
+\cv{}~\keyword{void}\iref{basic.compound}
 the program is ill-formed.
 
 \pnum