matplotlib · ksunden · Jan 6, 2023 · Jan 6, 2023
diff --git a/doc/users/next_whats_new/legend-figure-outside.rst b/doc/users/next_whats_new/legend-figure-outside.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Figure legends can be placed outside figures using constrained_layout
+---------------------------------------------------------------------
+Constrained layout will make space for Figure legends if they are specified
+by a *loc* keyword argument that starts with the string "outside". The
+codes are unique from axes codes, in that "outside upper right" will
+make room at the top of the figure for the legend, whereas
+"outside right upper" will make room on the right-hand side of the figure.
+See :doc:`/tutorials/intermediate/legend_guide` for details.
diff --git a/examples/text_labels_and_annotations/figlegend_demo.py b/examples/text_labels_and_annotations/figlegend_demo.py
@@ -28,3 +28,26 @@
 
 plt.tight_layout()
 plt.show()
+
+##############################################################################
+# Sometimes we do not want the legend to overlap the axes.  If you use
+# constrained_layout you can specify "outside right upper", and
+# constrained_layout will make room for the legend.
+
+fig, axs = plt.subplots(1, 2, layout='constrained')
+
+x = np.arange(0.0, 2.0, 0.02)
+y1 = np.sin(2 * np.pi * x)
+y2 = np.exp(-x)
+l1, = axs[0].plot(x, y1)
+l2, = axs[0].plot(x, y2, marker='o')
+
+y3 = np.sin(4 * np.pi * x)
+y4 = np.exp(-2 * x)
+l3, = axs[1].plot(x, y3, color='tab:green')
+l4, = axs[1].plot(x, y4, color='tab:red', marker='^')
+
+fig.legend((l1, l2), ('Line 1', 'Line 2'), loc='upper left')
+fig.legend((l3, l4), ('Line 3', 'Line 4'), loc='outside right upper')
+
+plt.show()
diff --git a/lib/matplotlib/_constrained_layout.py b/lib/matplotlib/_constrained_layout.py
@@ -418,6 +418,25 @@ def make_layout_margins(layoutgrids, fig, renderer, *, w_pad=0, h_pad=0,
         # pass the new margins down to the layout grid for the solution...
         layoutgrids[gs].edit_outer_margin_mins(margin, ss)
 
+    # make margins for figure-level legends:
+    for leg in fig.legends:
+        inv_trans_fig = None
+        if leg._outside_loc and leg._bbox_to_anchor is None:
+            if inv_trans_fig is None:
+                inv_trans_fig = fig.transFigure.inverted().transform_bbox
+            bbox = inv_trans_fig(leg.get_tightbbox(renderer))
+            w = bbox.width + 2 * w_pad
+            h = bbox.height + 2 * h_pad
+            legendloc = leg._outside_loc
+            if legendloc == 'lower':
+                layoutgrids[fig].edit_margin_min('bottom', h)
+            elif legendloc == 'upper':
+                layoutgrids[fig].edit_margin_min('top', h)
+            if legendloc == 'right':
+                layoutgrids[fig].edit_margin_min('right', w)
+            elif legendloc == 'left':
+                layoutgrids[fig].edit_margin_min('left', w)
+
 
 def make_margin_suptitles(layoutgrids, fig, renderer, *, w_pad=0, h_pad=0):
     # Figure out how large the suptitle is and make the

diff --git a/lib/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py b/lib/matplotlib/axes/_axes.py
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ def legend(self, *args, **kwargs):
 
         Other Parameters
         ----------------
-        %(_legend_kw_doc)s
+        %(_legend_kw_axes)s
 
         See Also
         --------

diff --git a/lib/matplotlib/figure.py b/lib/matplotlib/figure.py
@@ -1085,7 +1085,8 @@ def legend(self, *args, **kwargs):
 
         Other Parameters
         ----------------
-        %(_legend_kw_doc)s
+        %(_legend_kw_figure)s
+
 
         See Also
         --------

diff --git a/lib/matplotlib/legend.py b/lib/matplotlib/legend.py
@@ -94,51 +94,7 @@ def _update_bbox_to_anchor(self, loc_in_canvas):
         self.legend.set_bbox_to_anchor(loc_in_bbox)
 
 
-_docstring.interpd.update(_legend_kw_doc="""
-loc : str or pair of floats, default: :rc:`legend.loc` ('best' for axes, \
-'upper right' for figures)
-    The location of the legend.
-
-    The strings
-    ``'upper left', 'upper right', 'lower left', 'lower right'``
-    place the legend at the corresponding corner of the axes/figure.
-
-    The strings
-    ``'upper center', 'lower center', 'center left', 'center right'``
-    place the legend at the center of the corresponding edge of the
-    axes/figure.
-
-    The string ``'center'`` places the legend at the center of the axes/figure.
-
-    The string ``'best'`` places the legend at the location, among the nine
-    locations defined so far, with the minimum overlap with other drawn
-    artists.  This option can be quite slow for plots with large amounts of
-    data; your plotting speed may benefit from providing a specific location.
-
-    The location can also be a 2-tuple giving the coordinates of the lower-left
-    corner of the legend in axes coordinates (in which case *bbox_to_anchor*
-    will be ignored).
-
-    For back-compatibility, ``'center right'`` (but no other location) can also
-    be spelled ``'right'``, and each "string" locations can also be given as a
-    numeric value:
-
-        ===============   =============
-        Location String   Location Code
-        ===============   =============
-        'best'            0
-        'upper right'     1
-        'upper left'      2
-        'lower left'      3
-        'lower right'     4
-        'right'           5
-        'center left'     6
-        'center right'    7
-        'lower center'    8
-        'upper center'    9
-        'center'          10
-        ===============   =============
-
+_legend_kw_doc_base = """
 bbox_to_anchor : `.BboxBase`, 2-tuple, or 4-tuple of floats
     Box that is used to position the legend in conjunction with *loc*.
     Defaults to `axes.bbox` (if called as a method to `.Axes.legend`) or
@@ -295,7 +251,79 @@ def _update_bbox_to_anchor(self, loc_in_canvas):
 
 draggable : bool, default: False
     Whether the legend can be dragged with the mouse.
-""")
+"""
+
+_loc_doc_base = """
+loc : str or pair of floats, {0}
+    The location of the legend.
+
+    The strings
+    ``'upper left', 'upper right', 'lower left', 'lower right'``
+    place the legend at the corresponding corner of the axes/figure.
+
+    The strings
+    ``'upper center', 'lower center', 'center left', 'center right'``
+    place the legend at the center of the corresponding edge of the
+    axes/figure.
+
+    The string ``'center'`` places the legend at the center of the axes/figure.
+
+    The string ``'best'`` places the legend at the location, among the nine
+    locations defined so far, with the minimum overlap with other drawn
+    artists.  This option can be quite slow for plots with large amounts of
+    data; your plotting speed may benefit from providing a specific location.
+
+    The location can also be a 2-tuple giving the coordinates of the lower-left
+    corner of the legend in axes coordinates (in which case *bbox_to_anchor*
+    will be ignored).
+
+    For back-compatibility, ``'center right'`` (but no other location) can also
+    be spelled ``'right'``, and each "string" locations can also be given as a
+    numeric value:
+
+        ===============   =============
+        Location String   Location Code
+        ===============   =============
+        'best'            0
+        'upper right'     1
+        'upper left'      2
+        'lower left'      3
+        'lower right'     4
+        'right'           5
+        'center left'     6
+        'center right'    7
+        'lower center'    8
+        'upper center'    9
+        'center'          10
+        ===============   =============
+    {1}"""
+
+_legend_kw_axes_st = (_loc_doc_base.format("default: :rc:`legend.loc`", '') +
+                      _legend_kw_doc_base)
+_docstring.interpd.update(_legend_kw_axes=_legend_kw_axes_st)
+
+_outside_doc = """
+    If a figure is using the constrained layout manager, the string codes
+    of the *loc* keyword argument can get better layout behaviour using the
+    prefix 'outside'. There is ambiguity at the corners, so 'outside
+    upper right' will make space for the legend above the rest of the
+    axes in the layout, and 'outside right upper' will make space on the
+    right side of the layout.  In addition to the values of *loc*
+    listed above, we have 'outside right upper', 'outside right lower',
+    'outside left upper', and 'outside left lower'.  See
+    :doc:`/tutorials/intermediate/legend_guide` for more details.
+"""
+
+_legend_kw_figure_st = (_loc_doc_base.format("default: 'upper right'",
+                                             _outside_doc) +
+                        _legend_kw_doc_base)
+_docstring.interpd.update(_legend_kw_figure=_legend_kw_figure_st)
+
+_legend_kw_both_st = (
+    _loc_doc_base.format("default: 'best' for axes, 'upper right' for figures",
+                         _outside_doc) +
+    _legend_kw_doc_base)
+_docstring.interpd.update(_legend_kw_doc=_legend_kw_both_st)
 
 
 class Legend(Artist):
@@ -482,13 +510,37 @@ def val_or_rc(val, rc_name):
             )
         self.parent = parent
 
+        loc0 = loc
         self._loc_used_default = loc is None
         if loc is None:
             loc = mpl.rcParams["legend.loc"]
             if not self.isaxes and loc in [0, 'best']:
                 loc = 'upper right'
+
+        # handle outside legends:
+        self._outside_loc = None
         if isinstance(loc, str):
+            if loc.split()[0] == 'outside':
+                # strip outside:
+                loc = loc.split('outside ')[1]
+                # strip "center" at the beginning
+                self._outside_loc = loc.replace('center ', '')
+                # strip first
+                self._outside_loc = self._outside_loc.split()[0]
+                locs = loc.split()
+                if len(locs) > 1 and locs[0] in ('right', 'left'):
+                    # locs doesn't accept "left upper", etc, so swap
+                    if locs[0] != 'center':
+                        locs = locs[::-1]
+                    loc = locs[0] + ' ' + locs[1]
+            # check that loc is in acceptable strings
             loc = _api.check_getitem(self.codes, loc=loc)
+
+        if self.isaxes and self._outside_loc:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"'outside' option for loc='{loc0}' keyword argument only "
+                "works for figure legends")
+
         if not self.isaxes and loc == 0:
             raise ValueError(
                 "Automatic legend placement (loc='best') not implemented for "

diff --git a/lib/matplotlib/tests/test_legend.py b/lib/matplotlib/tests/test_legend.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 import warnings
 
 import numpy as np
+from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 import pytest
 
 from matplotlib.testing.decorators import check_figures_equal, image_comparison
@@ -18,7 +19,6 @@
 import matplotlib.legend as mlegend
 from matplotlib import rc_context
 from matplotlib.font_manager import FontProperties
-from numpy.testing import assert_allclose
 
 
 def test_legend_ordereddict():
@@ -486,6 +486,47 @@ def test_warn_args_kwargs(self):
             "be discarded.")
 
 
+def test_figure_legend_outside():
+    todos = ['upper ' + pos for pos in ['left', 'center', 'right']]
+    todos += ['lower ' + pos for pos in ['left', 'center', 'right']]
+    todos += ['left ' + pos for pos in ['lower', 'center', 'upper']]
+    todos += ['right ' + pos for pos in ['lower', 'center', 'upper']]
+
+    upperext = [20.347556,  27.722556, 790.583, 545.499]
+    lowerext = [20.347556,  71.056556, 790.583, 588.833]
+    leftext = [151.681556, 27.722556, 790.583, 588.833]
+    rightext = [20.347556,  27.722556, 659.249, 588.833]
+    axbb = [upperext, upperext, upperext,
+            lowerext, lowerext, lowerext,
+            leftext, leftext, leftext,
+            rightext, rightext, rightext]
+
+    legbb = [[10., 555., 133., 590.],     # upper left
+             [338.5, 555., 461.5, 590.],  # upper center
+             [667, 555., 790.,  590.],    # upper right
+             [10., 10., 133.,  45.],      # lower left
+             [338.5, 10., 461.5,  45.],   # lower center
+             [667., 10., 790.,  45.],     # lower right
+             [10., 10., 133., 45.],       # left lower
+             [10., 282.5, 133., 317.5],   # left center
+             [10., 555., 133., 590.],     # left upper
+             [667, 10., 790., 45.],       # right lower
+             [667., 282.5, 790., 317.5],  # right center
+             [667., 555., 790., 590.]]    # right upper
+
+    for nn, todo in enumerate(todos):
+        print(todo)
+        fig, axs = plt.subplots(constrained_layout=True, dpi=100)
+        axs.plot(range(10), label='Boo1')
+        leg = fig.legend(loc='outside ' + todo)
+        fig.draw_without_rendering()
+
+        assert_allclose(axs.get_window_extent().extents,
+                        axbb[nn])
+        assert_allclose(leg.get_window_extent().extents,
+                        legbb[nn])
+
+
 @image_comparison(['legend_stackplot.png'])
 def test_legend_stackplot():
     """Test legend for PolyCollection using stackplot."""

diff --git a/tutorials/intermediate/legend_guide.py b/tutorials/intermediate/legend_guide.py
@@ -135,7 +135,54 @@
 ax_dict['bottom'].legend(bbox_to_anchor=(1.05, 1),
                          loc='upper left', borderaxespad=0.)
 
-plt.show()
+##############################################################################
+# Figure legends
+# --------------
+#
+# Sometimes it makes more sense to place a legend relative to the (sub)figure
+# rather than individual Axes.  By using ``constrained_layout`` and
+# specifying "outside" at the beginning of the *loc* keyword argument,
+# the legend is drawn outside the Axes on the (sub)figure.
+
+fig, axs = plt.subplot_mosaic([['left', 'right']], layout='constrained')
+
+axs['left'].plot([1, 2, 3], label="test1")
+axs['left'].plot([3, 2, 1], label="test2")
+
+axs['right'].plot([1, 2, 3], 'C2', label="test3")
+axs['right'].plot([3, 2, 1], 'C3', label="test4")
+# Place a legend to the right of this smaller subplot.
+fig.legend(loc='outside upper right')
+
+##############################################################################
+# This accepts a slightly different grammar than the normal *loc* keyword,
+# where "outside right upper" is different from "outside upper right".
+#
+ucl = ['upper', 'center', 'lower']
+lcr = ['left', 'center', 'right']
+fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 4), layout='constrained', facecolor='0.7')
+
+ax.plot([1, 2], [1, 2], label='TEST')
+# Place a legend to the right of this smaller subplot.
+for loc in [
+        'outside upper left',
+        'outside upper center',
+        'outside upper right',
+        'outside lower left',
+        'outside lower center',
+        'outside lower right']:
+    fig.legend(loc=loc, title=loc)
+
+fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 4), layout='constrained', facecolor='0.7')
+ax.plot([1, 2], [1, 2], label='test')
+
+for loc in [
+        'outside left upper',
+        'outside right upper',
+        'outside left lower',
+        'outside right lower']:
+    fig.legend(loc=loc, title=loc)
+
 
 ###############################################################################
 # Multiple legends on the same Axes