• Fix TypeError when taking the union of typing_extensions.TypeAliasType and a
  typing.TypeAliasType on Python 3.12 and 3.13.
  Patch by Joren Hammudoglu.
• Backport from CPython PR #132160
  to avoid having user arguments shadowed in generated __new__ by
  @typing_extensions.deprecated.
  Patch by Victorien Plot.

This is a bugfix release fixing two edge cases that appear on old bugfix releases of CPython.

Bugfixes:

• Fix regression in 4.13.0 on Python 3.10.2 causing a TypeError when using Concatenate.
  Patch by Daraan.
• Fix TypeError when using evaluate_forward_ref on Python 3.10.1-2 and 3.9.8-10.
  Patch by Daraan.

New features:

• Add typing_extensions.TypeForm from PEP 747. Patch by
  Jelle Zijlstra.
• Add typing_extensions.get_annotations, a backport of
  inspect.get_annotations that adds features specified
  by PEP 649. Patches by Jelle Zijlstra and Alex Waygood.
• Backport evaluate_forward_ref from CPython PR
  #119891 to evaluate ForwardRefs.
  Patch by Daraan, backporting a CPython PR by Jelle Zijlstra.

Bugfixes and changed features:

• Update PEP 728 implementation to a newer version of the PEP. Patch by Jelle Zijlstra.
• Copy the coroutine status of functions and methods wrapped
  with @typing_extensions.deprecated. Patch by Sebastian Rittau.
• Fix bug where TypeAliasType instances could be subscripted even
  where they were not generic. Patch by Daraan.
• Fix bug where a subscripted TypeAliasType instance did not have all
  attributes of the original TypeAliasType instance on older Python versions.
  Patch by Daraan and Alex Waygood.
• Fix bug where subscripted TypeAliasType instances (and some other
  subscripted objects) had wrong parameters if they were directly
  subscripted with an Unpack object.
  Patch by Daraan.
• Backport to Python 3.10 the ability to substitute ... in generic Callable
  aliases that have a Concatenate special form as their argument.
  Patch by Daraan.
• Extended the Concatenate backport for Python 3.8-3.10 to now accept
  Ellipsis as an argument. Patch by Daraan.
• Fix backport of get_type_hints to reflect Python 3.11+ behavior which does not add
  Union[..., NoneType] to annotations that have a None default value anymore.
  This fixes wrapping of Annotated in an unwanted Optional in such cases.
  Patch by Daraan.
• Fix error in subscription of Unpack aliases causing nested Unpacks
  to not be resolved correctly. Patch by Daraan.
• Backport CPython PR #124795:
  fix TypeAliasType not raising an error on non-tuple inputs for type_params.
  Patch by Daraan.
• Fix that lists and ... could not be used for parameter expressions for TypeAliasType
  instances before Python 3.11.
  Patch by Daraan.
• Fix error on Python 3.10 when using typing.Concatenate and
  typing_extensions.Concatenate together. Patch by Daraan.
• Backport of CPython PR #109544
  to reflect Python 3.13+ behavior: A value assigned to __total__ in the class body of a
  TypedDict will be overwritten by the total argument of the TypedDict constructor.
  Patch by Daraan, backporting a CPython PR by Jelle Zijlstra.
• isinstance(typing_extensions.Unpack[...], TypeVar) now evaluates to False on Python 3.11
  and newer, but remains True on versions before 3.11.
  Patch by Daraan.

New features:

• Add typing_extensions.TypeForm from PEP 747. Patch by
  Jelle Zijlstra.
• Add typing_extensions.get_annotations, a backport of
  inspect.get_annotations that adds features specified
  by PEP 649. Patches by Jelle Zijlstra and Alex Waygood.
• Backport evaluate_forward_ref from CPython PR
  #119891 to evaluate ForwardRefs.
  Patch by Daraan, backporting a CPython PR by Jelle Zijlstra.

Bugfixes and changed features:

• Update PEP 728 implementation to a newer version of the PEP. Patch by Jelle Zijlstra.
• Copy the coroutine status of functions and methods wrapped
  with @typing_extensions.deprecated. Patch by Sebastian Rittau.
• Fix bug where TypeAliasType instances could be subscripted even
  where they were not generic. Patch by Daraan.
• Fix bug where a subscripted TypeAliasType instance did not have all
  attributes of the original TypeAliasType instance on older Python versions.
  Patch by Daraan and Alex Waygood.
• Fix bug where subscripted TypeAliasType instances (and some other
  subscripted objects) had wrong parameters if they were directly
  subscripted with an Unpack object.
  Patch by Daraan.
• Backport to Python 3.10 the ability to substitute ... in generic Callable
  aliases that have a Concatenate special form as their argument.
  Patch by Daraan.
• Extended the Concatenate backport for Python 3.8-3.10 to now accept
  Ellipsis as an argument. Patch by Daraan.
• Fix backport of get_type_hints to reflect Python 3.11+ behavior which does not add
  Union[..., NoneType] to annotations that have a None default value anymore.
  This fixes wrapping of Annotated in an unwanted Optional in such cases.
  Patch by Daraan.
• Fix error in subscription of Unpack aliases causing nested Unpacks
  to not be resolved correctly. Patch by Daraan.
• Backport CPython PR #124795:
  fix TypeAliasType not raising an error on non-tuple inputs for type_params.
  Patch by Daraan.
• Fix that lists and ... could not be used for parameter expressions for TypeAliasType
  instances before Python 3.11.
  Patch by Daraan.
• Fix error on Python 3.10 when using typing.Concatenate and
  typing_extensions.Concatenate together. Patch by Daraan.
• Backport of CPython PR #109544
  to reflect Python 3.13+ behavior: A value assigned to __total__ in the class body of a
  TypedDict will be overwritten by the total argument of the TypedDict constructor.
  Patch by Daraan, backporting a CPython PR by Jelle Zijlstra.
• Fix for Python 3.11 that now isinstance(typing_extensions.Unpack[...], TypeVar)
  evaluates to False, however still True for <3.11.
  Patch by Daraan

• Fix regression in v4.12.0 where specialization of certain generics with an overridden __eq__ method would raise errors. Patch by Jelle Zijlstra.
• Fix tests so they pass on 3.13.0b2

• Preliminary changes for compatibility with the draft implementation
  of PEP 649 in Python 3.14. Patch by Jelle Zijlstra.
• Fix regression in v4.12.0 where nested Annotated types would cause
  TypeError to be raised if the nested Annotated type had unhashable
  metadata. Patch by Alex Waygood.

This release focuses on compatibility with the upcoming release of
Python 3.13. Most changes are related to the implementation of type
parameter defaults (PEP 696).

Thanks to all of the people who contributed patches, especially Alex
Waygood, who did most of the work adapting typing-extensions to the
CPython PEP 696 implementation.

There is a single change since 4.12.0rc1:

• Fix incorrect behaviour of typing_extensions.ParamSpec on Python 3.8 and
  3.9 that meant that
  isinstance(typing_extensions.ParamSpec("P"), typing.TypeVar) would have a
  different result in some situations depending on whether or not a profiling
  function had been set using sys.setprofile. Patch by Alex Waygood.

Changes included in 4.12.0rc1:

• Improve the implementation of type parameter defaults (PEP 696)
  • Backport the typing.NoDefault sentinel object from Python 3.13.
    TypeVars, ParamSpecs and TypeVarTuples without default values now have
    their __default__ attribute set to this sentinel value.
  • TypeVars, ParamSpecs and TypeVarTuples now have a has_default()
    method, matching typing.TypeVar, typing.ParamSpec and
    typing.TypeVarTuple on Python 3.13+.
  • TypeVars, ParamSpecs and TypeVarTuples with default=None passed to
    their constructors now have their __default__ attribute set to None
    at runtime rather than types.NoneType.
  • Fix most tests for TypeVar, ParamSpec and TypeVarTuple on Python
    3.13.0b1 and newer.
  • Backport CPython PR #118774,
    allowing type parameters without default values to follow those with
    default values in some type parameter lists. Patch by Alex Waygood,
    backporting a CPython PR by Jelle Zijlstra.
  • It is now disallowed to use a TypeVar with a default value after a
    TypeVarTuple in a type parameter list. This matches the CPython
    implementation of PEP 696 on Python 3.13+.
  • Fix bug in PEP-696 implementation where a default value for a ParamSpec
    would be cast to a tuple if a list was provided.
    Patch by Alex Waygood.
• Fix Protocol tests on Python 3.13.0a6 and newer. 3.13.0a6 adds a new
  __static_attributes__ attribute to all classes in Python,
  which broke some assumptions made by the implementation of
  typing_extensions.Protocol. Similarly, 3.13.0b1 adds the new
  __firstlineno__ attribute to all classes.
• Fix AttributeError when using typing_extensions.runtime_checkable
  in combination with typing.Protocol on Python 3.12.2 or newer.
  Patch by Alex Waygood.
• At runtime, assert_never now includes the repr of the argument
  in the AssertionError. Patch by Hashem, backporting of the original
  fix python/cpython#91720 by Jelle Zijlstra.
• The second and third parameters of typing_extensions.Generator,
  and the second parameter of typing_extensions.AsyncGenerator,
  now default to None. This matches the behaviour of typing.Generator
  and typing.AsyncGenerator on Python 3.13+.
• typing_extensions.ContextManager and
  typing_extensions.AsyncContextManager now have an optional second
  parameter, which defaults to Optional[bool]. The new parameter
  signifies the return type of the __(a)exit__ method, matching
  typing.ContextManager and typing.AsyncContextManager on Python
  3.13+.
• Backport types.CapsuleType from Python 3.13.
• Releases are now made using Trusted Publishers
  improving the security of the release process. Patch by Jelle Zijlstra.

This release focuses on compatibility with the upcoming release of
Python 3.13. Most changes are related to the implementation of type
parameter defaults (PEP 696).

Thanks to all of the people who contributed patches, especially Alex
Waygood, who did most of the work adapting typing-extensions to the
CPython PEP 696 implementation.

Full changelog:

• Improve the implementation of type parameter defaults (PEP 696)
  • Backport the typing.NoDefault sentinel object from Python 3.13.
    TypeVars, ParamSpecs and TypeVarTuples without default values now have
    their __default__ attribute set to this sentinel value.
  • TypeVars, ParamSpecs and TypeVarTuples now have a has_default()
    method, matching typing.TypeVar, typing.ParamSpec and
    typing.TypeVarTuple on Python 3.13+.
  • TypeVars, ParamSpecs and TypeVarTuples with default=None passed to
    their constructors now have their __default__ attribute set to None
    at runtime rather than types.NoneType.
  • Fix most tests for TypeVar, ParamSpec and TypeVarTuple on Python
    3.13.0b1 and newer.
  • Backport CPython PR #118774,
    allowing type parameters without default values to follow those with
    default values in some type parameter lists. Patch by Alex Waygood,
    backporting a CPython PR by Jelle Zijlstra.
  • It is now disallowed to use a TypeVar with a default value after a
    TypeVarTuple in a type parameter list. This matches the CPython
    implementation of PEP 696 on Python 3.13+.
  • Fix bug in PEP-696 implementation where a default value for a ParamSpec
    would be cast to a tuple if a list was provided.
    Patch by Alex Waygood.
• Fix Protocol tests on Python 3.13.0a6 and newer. 3.13.0a6 adds a new
  __static_attributes__ attribute to all classes in Python,
  which broke some assumptions made by the implementation of
  typing_extensions.Protocol. Similarly, 3.13.0b1 adds the new
  __firstlineno__ attribute to all classes.
• Fix AttributeError when using typing_extensions.runtime_checkable
  in combination with typing.Protocol on Python 3.12.2 or newer.
  Patch by Alex Waygood.
• At runtime, assert_never now includes the repr of the argument
  in the AssertionError. Patch by Hashem, backporting of the original
  fix python/cpython#91720 by Jelle Zijlstra.
• The second and third parameters of typing_extensions.Generator,
  and the second parameter of typing_extensions.AsyncGenerator,
  now default to None. This matches the behaviour of typing.Generator
  and typing.AsyncGenerator on Python 3.13+.
• typing_extensions.ContextManager and
  typing_extensions.AsyncContextManager now have an optional second
  parameter, which defaults to Optional[bool]. The new parameter
  signifies the return type of the __(a)exit__ method, matching
  typing.ContextManager and typing.AsyncContextManager on Python
  3.13+.
• Backport types.CapsuleType from Python 3.13.
• Releases are now made using Trusted Publishers
  improving the security of the release process. Patch by Jelle Zijlstra.

This is another alpha release to test the new release workflow.

This release primarily tests a revised release workflow. If all goes
well, release 4.12.0rc1 will follow soon.

• Backport the typing.NoDefault sentinel object from Python 3.13.
  TypeVars, ParamSpecs and TypeVarTuples without default values now have
  their __default__ attribute set to this sentinel value.
• TypeVars, ParamSpecs and TypeVarTuples now have a has_default()
  method, matching typing.TypeVar, typing.ParamSpec and
  typing.TypeVarTuple on Python 3.13+.
• TypeVars, ParamSpecs and TypeVarTuples with default=None passed to
  their constructors now have their __default__ attribute set to None
  at runtime rather than types.NoneType.
• Fix most tests for TypeVar, ParamSpec and TypeVarTuple on Python
  3.13.0b1 and newer.
• Backport CPython PR #118774,
  allowing type parameters without default values to follow those with
  default values in some type parameter lists. Patch by Alex Waygood,
  backporting a CPython PR by Jelle Zijlstra.
• It is now disallowed to use a TypeVar with a default value after a
  TypeVarTuple in a type parameter list. This matches the CPython
  implementation of PEP 696 on Python 3.13+.
• Fix bug in PEP-696 implementation where default values for ParamSpecs
  would be cast to tuples if a list was provided as the default value.
  Patch by Alex Waygood.
• Fix Protocol tests on Python 3.13.0a6 and newer. 3.13.0a6 adds a new
  __static_attributes__ attribute to all classes in Python,
  which broke some assumptions made by the implementation of
  typing_extensions.Protocol. Similarly, 3.13.0b1 adds the new
  __firstlineno__ attribute to all classes.
• Fix AttributeError when using typing_extensions.runtime_checkable
  in combination with typing.Protocol on Python 3.12.2 or newer.
  Patch by Alex Waygood.
• At runtime, assert_never now includes the repr of the argument
  in the AssertionError. Patch by Hashem, backporting of the original
  fix python/cpython#91720 by Jelle Zijlstra.
• The second and third parameters of typing_extensions.Generator,
  and the second parameter of typing_extensions.AsyncGenerator,
  now default to None. This matches the behaviour of typing.Generator
  and typing.AsyncGenerator on Python 3.13+.
• typing_extensions.ContextManager and
  typing_extensions.AsyncContextManager now have an optional second
  parameter, which defaults to Optional[bool]. The new parameter
  signifies the return type of the __(a)exit__ method, matching
  typing.ContextManager and typing.AsyncContextManager on Python
  3.13+.
• Backport types.CapsuleType from Python 3.13.