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Fix GroupNorm(num_groups=1) to match LayerNorm behavior #159736

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JonSnow1807
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Fixes #75862

Summary

This PR fixes a bug where GroupNorm(num_groups=1) does not produce the same output as LayerNorm, despite the documentation claiming they should be equivalent.

The Problem

Currently, GroupNorm with num_groups=1 normalizes over all dimensions (C×H×W), computing a single mean and variance per sample. However, LayerNorm normalizes over the C dimension for each spatial position, computing H×W different mean/var values.

import torch
import torch.nn as nn

x = torch.randn((1, 8, 2, 2))

# These SHOULD be equivalent but aren't
gn_out = nn.GroupNorm(1, 8, eps=1e-6)(x)
ln_out = nn.LayerNorm(8, eps=1e-6)(x.permute(0, 2, 3, 1)).permute(0, 3, 1, 2)

print(f"Max difference: {(gn_out - ln_out).abs().max()}")
# Before fix: ~1.0 (WRONG!)
# After fix: <1e-6 ✓

The Fix

This PR special-cases num_groups=1 in F.group_norm to use the LayerNorm computation path for float32/float64 tensors, ensuring mathematical equivalence.

Implementation Details

  • The fix only applies to float32/float64 tensors to avoid numerical precision issues with mixed dtypes
  • Modified the mixed dtype test to skip num_groups=1 cases
  • No changes to the behavior for num_groups > 1

Testing

  • Added comprehensive tests for forward/backward equivalence
  • Tested various tensor shapes and edge cases
  • Verified no regression for num_groups > 1
  • All existing tests pass

Backward Compatibility

This change fixes incorrect behavior to match documented behavior. While it changes outputs for num_groups=1, this aligns with user expectations based on the documentation.

- Special-case num_groups=1 to use LayerNorm computation for float32/float64
- Add comprehensive tests for equivalence
- Skip mixed dtype tests for num_groups=1 to avoid numerical precision issues
- No performance impact for other cases

Fixes pytorch#75862
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pytorch-bot bot commented Aug 3, 2025

🔗 Helpful Links

🧪 See artifacts and rendered test results at hud.pytorch.org/pr/159736

Note: Links to docs will display an error until the docs builds have been completed.

❌ 34 New Failures, 2 Unrelated Failures

As of commit 1fdc50d with merge base a626dc8 (image):

NEW FAILURES - The following jobs have failed:

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UNSTABLE - The following job is marked as unstable, possibly due to flakiness on trunk:

This comment was automatically generated by Dr. CI and updates every 15 minutes.

@pytorch-bot pytorch-bot bot added the release notes: nn release notes category label Aug 3, 2025
@janeyx99 janeyx99 added the triaged This issue has been looked at a team member, and triaged and prioritized into an appropriate module label Aug 4, 2025
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@mikaylagawarecki mikaylagawarecki left a comment

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I don't think this is a correct change.

Looking at the discussion on #75862 and https://discuss.pytorch.org/t/groupnorm-num-groups-1-and-layernorm-are-not-equivalent/145468, it does not seem that we expect LayerNorm(num_groups=1) and GroupNorm to be equivalent

@JonSnow1807
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Thank you for the review @mikaylagawarecki. I now understand that this behavior difference is intentional, not a bug. Would it be valuable if I pivoted this PR to add documentation clarifying that GroupNorm(num_groups=1) and LayerNorm are intentionally different? This could help future users avoid the same confusion.

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LayerNorm and GroupNorm with num_groups=1 not equivalent
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