import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.datasets import make_classification
from sklearn.model_selection import ValidationCurveDisplay, validation_curve
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression

X, y = make_classification(n_samples=1_000, random_state=0)
logistic_regression = LogisticRegression()

# put categorical values in param space
param_name, param_range = "penalty", ['elasticnet', 'l1', 'l2']
train_scores, test_scores = validation_curve(
     logistic_regression, X, y, param_name=param_name, param_range=param_range
 )
display = ValidationCurveDisplay(
     param_name=param_name, param_range=param_range,
     train_scores=train_scores, test_scores=test_scores, score_name="Score"
 )
display.plot()
plt.show()

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
UFuncTypeError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [12], line 19
     12 train_scores, test_scores = validation_curve(
     13      logistic_regression, X, y, param_name=param_name, param_range=param_range
     14  )
     15 display = ValidationCurveDisplay(
     16      param_name=param_name, param_range=param_range,
     17      train_scores=train_scores, test_scores=test_scores, score_name="Score"
     18  )
---> 19 display.plot()
     20 plt.show()

File ~/work/miniconda/envs/GC_overhaul_nb/lib/python3.10/site-packages/sklearn/model_selection/_plot.py:691, in ValidationCurveDisplay.plot(self, ax, negate_score, score_name, score_type, std_display_style, line_kw, fill_between_kw, errorbar_kw)
    630 def plot(
    631     self,
    632     ax=None,
   (...)
    640     errorbar_kw=None,
    641 ):
    642     """Plot visualization.
    643 
    644     Parameters
   (...)
    689         Object that stores computed values.
    690     """
--> 691     self._plot_curve(
    692         self.param_range,
    693         ax=ax,
    694         negate_score=negate_score,
    695         score_name=score_name,
    696         score_type=score_type,
    697         log_scale="deprecated",
    698         std_display_style=std_display_style,
    699         line_kw=line_kw,
    700         fill_between_kw=fill_between_kw,
    701         errorbar_kw=errorbar_kw,
    702     )
    703     self.ax_.set_xlabel(f"{self.param_name}")
    704     return self

File ~/work/miniconda/envs/GC_overhaul_nb/lib/python3.10/site-packages/sklearn/model_selection/_plot.py:126, in _BaseCurveDisplay._plot_curve(self, x_data, ax, negate_score, score_name, score_type, log_scale, std_display_style, line_kw, fill_between_kw, errorbar_kw)
    121     xscale = "log" if log_scale else "linear"
    122 else:
    123     # We found that a ratio, smaller or bigger than 5, between the largest and
    124     # smallest gap of the x values is a good indicator to choose between linear
    125     # and log scale.
--> 126     if _interval_max_min_ratio(x_data) > 5:
    127         xscale = "symlog" if x_data.min() <= 0 else "log"
    128     else:

File ~/work/miniconda/envs/GC_overhaul_nb/lib/python3.10/site-packages/sklearn/utils/_plotting.py:97, in _interval_max_min_ratio(data)
     90 def _interval_max_min_ratio(data):
     91     """Compute the ratio between the largest and smallest inter-point distances.
     92 
     93     A value larger than 5 typically indicates that the parameter range would
     94     better be displayed with a log scale while a linear scale would be more
     95     suitable otherwise.
     96     """
---> 97     diff = np.diff(np.sort(data))
     98     return diff.max() / diff.min()

File ~/work/miniconda/envs/GC_overhaul_nb/lib/python3.10/site-packages/numpy/lib/function_base.py:1452, in diff(a, n, axis, prepend, append)
   1450 op = not_equal if a.dtype == np.bool_ else subtract
   1451 for _ in range(n):
-> 1452     a = op(a[slice1], a[slice2])
   1454 return a

UFuncTypeError: ufunc 'subtract' did not contain a loop with signature matching types (dtype('<U10'), dtype('<U10')) -> None