scikit-learn · OmarManzoor · Jun 18, 2025 · Feb 22, 2025 · Mar 2, 2025 · Mar 2, 2025
diff --git a/doc/modules/array_api.rst b/doc/modules/array_api.rst
@@ -165,6 +165,7 @@ Metrics
 - :func:`sklearn.metrics.precision_recall_fscore_support`
 - :func:`sklearn.metrics.r2_score`
 - :func:`sklearn.metrics.recall_score`
+- :func:`sklearn.metrics.roc_curve`
 - :func:`sklearn.metrics.root_mean_squared_error`
 - :func:`sklearn.metrics.root_mean_squared_log_error`
 - :func:`sklearn.metrics.zero_one_loss`

diff --git a/doc/whats_new/upcoming_changes/array-api/30878.feature.rst b/doc/whats_new/upcoming_changes/array-api/30878.feature.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+- :func:`sklearn.metrics.roc_curve` now supports Array API compatible inputs.
+  By :user:`Thomas Li <lithomas1>`
diff --git a/sklearn/metrics/_ranking.py b/sklearn/metrics/_ranking.py
@@ -27,9 +27,13 @@
     check_consistent_length,
     column_or_1d,
 )
+from ..utils._array_api import (
+    _max_precision_float_dtype,
+    get_namespace_and_device,
+    size,
+)
 from ..utils._encode import _encode, _unique
 from ..utils._param_validation import Interval, StrOptions, validate_params
-from ..utils.extmath import stable_cumsum
 from ..utils.multiclass import type_of_target
 from ..utils.sparsefuncs import count_nonzero
 from ..utils.validation import _check_pos_label_consistency, _check_sample_weight
@@ -862,6 +866,8 @@ def _binary_clf_curve(y_true, y_score, pos_label=None, sample_weight=None):
     if not (y_type == "binary" or (y_type == "multiclass" and pos_label is not None)):
         raise ValueError("{0} format is not supported".format(y_type))
 
+    xp, _, device = get_namespace_and_device(y_true, y_score, sample_weight)
+
     check_consistent_length(y_true, y_score, sample_weight)
     y_true = column_or_1d(y_true)
     y_score = column_or_1d(y_score)
@@ -883,7 +889,7 @@ def _binary_clf_curve(y_true, y_score, pos_label=None, sample_weight=None):
     y_true = y_true == pos_label
 
     # sort scores and corresponding truth values
-    desc_score_indices = np.argsort(y_score, kind="mergesort")[::-1]
+    desc_score_indices = xp.argsort(y_score, stable=True, descending=True)
     y_score = y_score[desc_score_indices]
     y_true = y_true[desc_score_indices]
     if sample_weight is not None:
@@ -894,17 +900,27 @@ def _binary_clf_curve(y_true, y_score, pos_label=None, sample_weight=None):
     # y_score typically has many tied values. Here we extract
     # the indices associated with the distinct values. We also
     # concatenate a value for the end of the curve.
-    distinct_value_indices = np.where(np.diff(y_score))[0]
-    threshold_idxs = np.r_[distinct_value_indices, y_true.size - 1]
+    distinct_value_indices = xp.nonzero(xp.diff(y_score))[0]
+    threshold_idxs = xp.concat(
+        [distinct_value_indices, xp.asarray([size(y_true) - 1], device=device)]
+    )
 
     # accumulate the true positives with decreasing threshold
-    tps = stable_cumsum(y_true * weight)[threshold_idxs]
+    max_float_dtype = _max_precision_float_dtype(xp, device)
+    # Perform the weighted cumulative sum using float64 precision when possible
+    # to avoid numerical stability problem with tens of millions of very noisy
+    # predictions:
+    # https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/31533#issuecomment-2967062437
+    y_true = xp.astype(y_true, max_float_dtype)
+    tps = xp.cumulative_sum(y_true * weight, dtype=max_float_dtype)[threshold_idxs]
     if sample_weight is not None:
         # express fps as a cumsum to ensure fps is increasing even in
         # the presence of floating point errors
-        fps = stable_cumsum((1 - y_true) * weight)[threshold_idxs]
+        fps = xp.cumulative_sum((1 - y_true) * weight, dtype=max_float_dtype)[
+            threshold_idxs
+        ]
     else:
-        fps = 1 + threshold_idxs - tps
+        fps = 1 + xp.astype(threshold_idxs, max_float_dtype) - tps
     return fps, tps, y_score[threshold_idxs]
 
 
@@ -1160,6 +1176,7 @@ def roc_curve(
     >>> thresholds
     array([ inf, 0.8 , 0.4 , 0.35, 0.1 ])
     """
+    xp, _, device = get_namespace_and_device(y_true, y_score)
     fps, tps, thresholds = _binary_clf_curve(
         y_true, y_score, pos_label=pos_label, sample_weight=sample_weight
     )
@@ -1173,27 +1190,34 @@ def roc_curve(
     # _binary_clf_curve). This keeps all cases where the point should be kept,
     # but does not drop more complicated cases like fps = [1, 3, 7],
     # tps = [1, 2, 4]; there is no harm in keeping too many thresholds.
-    if drop_intermediate and len(fps) > 2:
-        optimal_idxs = np.where(
-            np.r_[True, np.logical_or(np.diff(fps, 2), np.diff(tps, 2)), True]
+    if drop_intermediate and fps.shape[0] > 2:
+        optimal_idxs = xp.where(
+            xp.concat(
+                [
+                    xp.asarray([True], device=device),
+                    xp.logical_or(xp.diff(fps, 2), xp.diff(tps, 2)),
+                    xp.asarray([True], device=device),
+                ]
+            )
         )[0]
         fps = fps[optimal_idxs]
         tps = tps[optimal_idxs]
         thresholds = thresholds[optimal_idxs]
 
     # Add an extra threshold position
     # to make sure that the curve starts at (0, 0)
-    tps = np.r_[0, tps]
-    fps = np.r_[0, fps]
+    tps = xp.concat([xp.asarray([0.0], device=device), tps])
+    fps = xp.concat([xp.asarray([0.0], device=device), fps])
     # get dtype of `y_score` even if it is an array-like
-    thresholds = np.r_[np.inf, thresholds]
+    thresholds = xp.astype(thresholds, _max_precision_float_dtype(xp, device))
+    thresholds = xp.concat([xp.asarray([xp.inf], device=device), thresholds])
 
     if fps[-1] <= 0:
         warnings.warn(
             "No negative samples in y_true, false positive value should be meaningless",
             UndefinedMetricWarning,
         )
-        fpr = np.repeat(np.nan, fps.shape)
+        fpr = xp.full(fps.shape, xp.nan)
     else:
         fpr = fps / fps[-1]
 
@@ -1202,7 +1226,7 @@ def roc_curve(
             "No positive samples in y_true, true positive value should be meaningless",
             UndefinedMetricWarning,
         )
-        tpr = np.repeat(np.nan, tps.shape)
+        tpr = xp.full(tps.shape, xp.nan)
     else:
         tpr = tps / tps[-1]
 

diff --git a/sklearn/metrics/tests/test_common.py b/sklearn/metrics/tests/test_common.py
@@ -1928,11 +1928,19 @@ def check_array_api_metric(
     with config_context(array_api_dispatch=True):
         metric_xp = metric(a_xp, b_xp, **metric_kwargs)
 
-        assert_allclose(
-            _convert_to_numpy(xp.asarray(metric_xp), xp),
-            metric_np,
-            atol=_atol_for_type(dtype_name),
-        )
+        def _check_metric_matches(xp_val, np_val):
+            assert_allclose(
+                _convert_to_numpy(xp.asarray(xp_val), xp),
+                np_val,
+                atol=_atol_for_type(dtype_name),
+            )
+
+        # Handle cases where there are multiple return values, e.g. roc_curve:
+        if isinstance(metric_xp, tuple):
+            for metric_xp_val, metric_np_val in zip(metric_xp, metric_np):
+                _check_metric_matches(metric_xp_val, metric_np_val)
+        else:
+            _check_metric_matches(metric_xp, metric_np)
 
 
 def check_array_api_binary_classification_metric(
@@ -2269,6 +2277,9 @@ def check_array_api_metric_pairwise(metric, array_namespace, device, dtype_name)
         check_array_api_regression_metric_multioutput,
     ],
     sigmoid_kernel: [check_array_api_metric_pairwise],
+    roc_curve: [
+        check_array_api_binary_classification_metric,
+    ],
 }
 
 

diff --git a/sklearn/utils/tests/test_validation.py b/sklearn/utils/tests/test_validation.py
@@ -35,7 +35,9 @@
     deprecated,
 )
 from sklearn.utils._array_api import (
+    _convert_to_numpy,
     _get_namespace_device_dtype_ids,
+    _is_numpy_namespace,
     yield_namespace_device_dtype_combinations,
 )
 from sklearn.utils._mocking import (
@@ -66,6 +68,7 @@
     _allclose_dense_sparse,
     _check_feature_names_in,
     _check_method_params,
+    _check_pos_label_consistency,
     _check_psd_eigenvalues,
     _check_response_method,
     _check_sample_weight,
@@ -1593,50 +1596,117 @@ def test_check_psd_eigenvalues_invalid(lambdas, err_type, err_msg):
         _check_psd_eigenvalues(lambdas)
 
 
-def test_check_sample_weight():
-    # check array order
-    sample_weight = np.ones(10)[::2]
-    assert not sample_weight.flags["C_CONTIGUOUS"]
-    sample_weight = _check_sample_weight(sample_weight, X=np.ones((5, 1)))
-    assert sample_weight.flags["C_CONTIGUOUS"]
-
+def _check_sample_weight_common(xp):
+    # Common checks between numpy/array api tests
+    # for check_sample_weight
     # check None input
-    sample_weight = _check_sample_weight(None, X=np.ones((5, 2)))
-    assert_allclose(sample_weight, np.ones(5))
+    sample_weight = _check_sample_weight(None, X=xp.ones((5, 2)))
+    assert_allclose(_convert_to_numpy(sample_weight, xp), np.ones(5))
 
     # check numbers input
-    sample_weight = _check_sample_weight(2.0, X=np.ones((5, 2)))
-    assert_allclose(sample_weight, 2 * np.ones(5))
+    sample_weight = _check_sample_weight(2.0, X=xp.ones((5, 2)))
+    assert_allclose(_convert_to_numpy(sample_weight, xp), 2 * np.ones(5))
 
     # check wrong number of dimensions
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Sample weights must be 1D array or scalar"):
-        _check_sample_weight(np.ones((2, 4)), X=np.ones((2, 2)))
+        _check_sample_weight(xp.ones((2, 4)), X=xp.ones((2, 2)))
 
     # check incorrect n_samples
-    msg = r"sample_weight.shape == \(4,\), expected \(2,\)!"
+    msg = re.escape(f"sample_weight.shape == {xp.ones(4).shape}, expected (2,)!")
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
-        _check_sample_weight(np.ones(4), X=np.ones((2, 2)))
+        _check_sample_weight(xp.ones(4), X=xp.ones((2, 2)))
 
     # float32 dtype is preserved
-    X = np.ones((5, 2))
-    sample_weight = np.ones(5, dtype=np.float32)
+    X = xp.ones((5, 2))
+    sample_weight = xp.ones(5, dtype=xp.float32)
     sample_weight = _check_sample_weight(sample_weight, X)
-    assert sample_weight.dtype == np.float32
-
-    # int dtype will be converted to float64 instead
-    X = np.ones((5, 2), dtype=int)
-    sample_weight = _check_sample_weight(None, X, dtype=X.dtype)
-    assert sample_weight.dtype == np.float64
+    assert sample_weight.dtype == xp.float32
 
     # check negative weight when ensure_non_negative=True
-    X = np.ones((5, 2))
-    sample_weight = np.ones(_num_samples(X))
+    X = xp.ones((5, 2))
+    sample_weight = xp.ones(_num_samples(X))
     sample_weight[-1] = -10
     err_msg = "Negative values in data passed to `sample_weight`"
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=err_msg):
         _check_sample_weight(sample_weight, X, ensure_non_negative=True)
 
 
+def test_check_sample_weight():
+    # check array order
+    sample_weight = np.ones(10)[::2]
+    assert not sample_weight.flags["C_CONTIGUOUS"]
+    sample_weight = _check_sample_weight(sample_weight, X=np.ones((5, 1)))
+    assert sample_weight.flags["C_CONTIGUOUS"]
+
+    _check_sample_weight_common(np)
+
+    # int dtype will be converted to float64 instead
+    X = np.ones((5, 2), dtype=int)
+    sample_weight = _check_sample_weight(None, X, dtype=X.dtype)
+    assert sample_weight.dtype == np.float64
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "array_namespace,device,dtype", yield_namespace_device_dtype_combinations()
+)
+def test_check_sample_weight_array_api(array_namespace, device, dtype):
+    xp = _array_api_for_tests(array_namespace, device)
+    with config_context(array_api_dispatch=True):
+        # check array order
+        sample_weight = xp.ones(10)[::2]
+        if _is_numpy_namespace(xp):
+            assert not sample_weight.flags["C_CONTIGUOUS"]
+        sample_weight = _check_sample_weight(sample_weight, X=xp.ones((5, 1)))
+        if _is_numpy_namespace(xp):
+            assert sample_weight.flags["C_CONTIGUOUS"]
+
+        _check_sample_weight_common(xp)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("y_true", [[0], [0, 1], [-1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [-1, -1, -1]])
+def test_check_pos_label_consistency(y_true):
+    assert _check_pos_label_consistency(None, y_true) == 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "array_namespace,device,dtype",
+    yield_namespace_device_dtype_combinations(),
+    ids=_get_namespace_device_dtype_ids,
+)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("y_true", [[0], [0, 1], [-1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [-1, -1, -1]])
+def test_check_pos_label_consistency_array_api(array_namespace, device, dtype, y_true):
+    xp = _array_api_for_tests(array_namespace, device)
+    with config_context(array_api_dispatch=True):
+        arr = xp.asarray(y_true, device=device)
+        assert _check_pos_label_consistency(None, arr) == 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("y_true", [[2, 3, 4], [-10], [0, -1]])
+def test_check_pos_label_consistency_invalid(y_true):
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="y_true takes value in"):
+        _check_pos_label_consistency(None, y_true)
+    # Make sure we only raise if pos_label is None
+    assert _check_pos_label_consistency("a", y_true) == "a"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "array_namespace,device,dtype",
+    yield_namespace_device_dtype_combinations(),
+    ids=_get_namespace_device_dtype_ids,
+)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("y_true", [[2, 3, 4], [-10], [0, -1]])
+def test_check_pos_label_consistency_invalid_array_api(
+    array_namespace, device, dtype, y_true
+):
+    xp = _array_api_for_tests(array_namespace, device)
+    with config_context(array_api_dispatch=True):
+        arr = xp.asarray(y_true, device=device)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="y_true takes value in"):
+            _check_pos_label_consistency(None, arr)
+        # Make sure we only raise if pos_label is None
+        assert _check_pos_label_consistency("a", arr) == "a"
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("toarray", [np.array, sp.csr_matrix, sp.csc_matrix])
 def test_allclose_dense_sparse_equals(toarray):
     base = np.arange(9).reshape(3, 3)

diff --git a/sklearn/utils/validation.py b/sklearn/utils/validation.py
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 from ..exceptions import DataConversionWarning, NotFittedError, PositiveSpectrumWarning
 from ..utils._array_api import (
     _asarray_with_order,
+    _convert_to_numpy,
     _is_numpy_namespace,
     _max_precision_float_dtype,
     get_namespace,
@@ -2174,7 +2175,9 @@ def _check_sample_weight(
     sample_weight : ndarray of shape (n_samples,)
         Validated sample weight. It is guaranteed to be "C" contiguous.
     """
-    xp, _, device = get_namespace_and_device(sample_weight, X)
+    xp, _, device = get_namespace_and_device(
+        sample_weight, X, remove_types=(int, float)
+    )
 
     n_samples = _num_samples(X)
 
@@ -2186,9 +2189,9 @@ def _check_sample_weight(
         dtype = max_float_type
 
     if sample_weight is None:
-        sample_weight = xp.ones(n_samples, dtype=dtype)
+        sample_weight = xp.ones(n_samples, dtype=dtype, device=device)
     elif isinstance(sample_weight, numbers.Number):
-        sample_weight = xp.full(n_samples, sample_weight, dtype=dtype)
+        sample_weight = xp.full(n_samples, sample_weight, dtype=dtype, device=device)
     else:
         if dtype is None:
             dtype = float_dtypes
@@ -2650,14 +2653,20 @@ def _check_pos_label_consistency(pos_label, y_true):
     # when elements in the two arrays are not comparable.
     if pos_label is None:
         # Compute classes only if pos_label is not specified:
-        classes = np.unique(y_true)
-        if classes.dtype.kind in "OUS" or not (
-            np.array_equal(classes, [0, 1])
-            or np.array_equal(classes, [-1, 1])
-            or np.array_equal(classes, [0])
-            or np.array_equal(classes, [-1])
-            or np.array_equal(classes, [1])
+        xp, _, device = get_namespace_and_device(y_true)
+        classes = xp.unique_values(y_true)
+        if (
+            (_is_numpy_namespace(xp) and classes.dtype.kind in "OUS")
+            or classes.shape[0] > 2
+            or not (
+                xp.all(classes == xp.asarray([0, 1], device=device))
+                or xp.all(classes == xp.asarray([-1, 1], device=device))
+                or xp.all(classes == xp.asarray([0], device=device))
+                or xp.all(classes == xp.asarray([-1], device=device))
+                or xp.all(classes == xp.asarray([1], device=device))
+            )
         ):
+            classes = _convert_to_numpy(classes, xp=xp)
             classes_repr = ", ".join([repr(c) for c in classes.tolist()])
             raise ValueError(
                 f"y_true takes value in {{{classes_repr}}} and pos_label is not "
Original file line number	Diff line number	Diff line change
		@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
		- :func:`sklearn.metrics.roc_curve` now supports Array API compatible inputs.
		By :user:`Thomas Li <lithomas1>`