[RateLimit] Test and fix peeking behavior on rate limit policies #53259
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Although heavily discouraged for user-land code, we've implemented peeking behavior for rate limiting in 6.2 with #46110. However, I found that our rate limit policies show very inconsistent behavior on this.
As we didn't have great test covering peeking return values, we broke BC with #51676 in 6.4. I propose this PR to verify the behavior of the policies and also make it inconsistent. I target 6.3 because we rely on this in the login throttling since 6.2 and this shows buggy error messages ("try again in 0 minute") when not using the default policy for login throttling.
Note
When merging this PR, there will be heavy merge conflicts in the SlidingWindowLimiter. You can ignore the changes in this PR for this policy in 6.4. I'll rebase and update #52835 to fix the sliding window limiter in 6.4+