Intensive clear cutting of natural forests and conversion to monoculture plantations are ongoing ... more Intensive clear cutting of natural forests and conversion to monoculture plantations are ongoing worldwide, leading to degradation of soil quality and microbial functions. Here, we compared soil quality index (SQI) and fungal community in a natural forest (Forest) and four 5-year-old monoculture plantations, including Camellia oleifera (Oil), Amygdalus persica (Peach), Myrica rubra (Berry) and Cunninghamia lanceolata (Fir), in a subtropical region of China. After conversion, soil pH rose up to 0.31, but organic carbon, total nitrogen, sucrase, acid protease, glutaminase and phosphatase activities decreased by 83%, 59%, 43%, 31%, 64%, 66% and 77%, respectively, in the plantations. Correspondingly, the SQI dropped by 65%. High-throughput sequencing of the ITS1 region demonstrated an increase in α-diversity and a striking difference in β-diversity following conversion. Changes in the dominant fungal taxa following forest conversion to plantations was interpreted by Grime's C-S-R life history framework. Conversion increased the fungal groups with stress-tolerant (S) and ruderal (R) strategies-mainly copiotrophic saprophytes, such as Ascomycota and Zygomycota, but decreased the fungal groups with competitor (C) strategiesmainly oligotrophic saprophytes and mycorrhizal fungi, such as Basidiomycota. Genera affiliated to those phyla including Pseudophialophora, Rhytisma increased, but Russula decreased. Redundancy analysis and structural equation modeling indicated that the diversity and composition of fungal communities changed with soil quality degradation, which were mainly driven by increased soil pH, decreased available carbon and nutrients (N, P), and related enzymes activities.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms in a habitat, whether it is a local environment ... more Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms in a habitat, whether it is a local environment or an entire planet. Every existing species is unique in its combination of evolutionary history and ecological role, so taken together they are a global resource. The biodiversity is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to humankind. However, our planet has been undergoing a massive loss of biodiversity since last center . Although it is natural for the loss of biodiversity (synonymic words: species extinction) to occur over time, human activities have increased the extinction rate by a factor of 100 to 1,000. It estimates that currently as many as 400 species per day are lost because of human activities. The present rate of extinction and the resulting loss of biodiversity have raised a public concern worldwide. In this project, the latest data and information about biodiversity are collected and summarized. The purpose of the project is to enrich intellectual life in the entire GSU community. The specific objectives of this project are: (1) to provide the latest data and information about biodiversity to the GSU community, (2) to enhance the university community to better understanding of the values of biodiversity, and (3) to encourage all members of the GSU community to participate in biodiversity conservation and restoration
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Thinning is a common silviculture technology in forestry, but there is considerable uncertainty a... more Thinning is a common silviculture technology in forestry, but there is considerable uncertainty about the changes of soil nutrients due to thinning practice in different aged forests. The influence of light thinning (reduction of 20% of stand density) on soil organic carbon (SOC) and other mineral elements (N, P, K, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn and S), as well as soil pH and soil bulk density were investigated in 6-, 13-, and 23-year-old growth stands of Chinese fir forests in subtropical China. Six 10m ×10m plots (three thinning and three non-thinning plots) were set up in each aged forests. Soil samples were taken from different soil layers from these plots for nutrient analysis. Results showed that SOC increased 59.4, 48.9, and 62.0% in topsoil layer (0-30 cm) in 6, 13, and 23 year-old growth stands, respectively when compared to the control, and the content of N increased by 20.5, 44.6, and 54.1% corresponding after two year post-thinning. In the thinned forests, soil P slightly increased at ...
Tropical savannas cover a quarter of the Australian landmass and the biome represents a significa... more Tropical savannas cover a quarter of the Australian landmass and the biome represents a significant potential carbon sink. However, these savannas are subject to frequent and extensive fire. Fire regimes are likely to affect the productivity and carbon sequestration potential of savannas, through effects on both biomass and carbon emissions. The carbon sequestration potential has been estimated for some savanna sites by quantifying carbon storage in biomass and soil pools, and the fluxes to these pools. Using different techniques, previous work in these savannas has indicated that net ecosystem productivity [NEP, net primary productivity (NPP) less heterotrophic respiration] was about –3 t C ha–1 y–1 (i.e. a carbon sink). However, the impacts of fire were not accounted for in these calculations. Estimates of NEP have been combined with remotely-sensed estimates of area burnt and associated emissions for an extensive area of mesic savanna in Arnhem Land, NT, Australia. Combining NEP ...
Ecological stoichiometry plays important roles in understanding the nutrient constraints on tree ... more Ecological stoichiometry plays important roles in understanding the nutrient constraints on tree growth and development, as well in maintaining ecosystem services in forests, yet the characteristics of carbon:nitrogen:phosphorous (C:N:P) stoichiometry in forests under karst environment have not been sufficiently evaluated. In this study, concentration, distribution, stocks of Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorous (P), and ecological stoichiometry were studied in three common forest types: Masson pine natural forests (MPNF), Masson pine plantation forests (MPPF), and Slash pine plantation forests (SPPF) in a karst region of southwestern China. Results showed that N concentrations were higher in overstory than in understory and litter in the studied forests. However, P concentration was relatively low in overstory component of the forested ecosystems. Meanwhile, the N and P concentrations were higher in SPPF in the stem and litter, while these contents were higher in MPPF and MPNP in the overs...
Agroforest systems have been widely recognized as an integrated approach to sustainable land use ... more Agroforest systems have been widely recognized as an integrated approach to sustainable land use for addressing the climate change problem because of their greater potential to sequester atmospheric CO2 with multiple economic and ecological benefits. However, the nature and extent of the effects of an age-sequence of agroforestry systems on carbon (C) storage remain largely unknown. To reveal the influence of different aged poplar-crop systems on C stocks, we investigated the variation in biomass and C storage under four aged poplar-crop agroforest systems (3-, 9-, 13-, and 17-year-old) in the Henan province of China. The results showed that stand biomass increased with forest age, ranging from 26.9 to 121.6 t/ha in the corresponding four aged poplar-crop systems. The poplar tree biomass accounted for >80% of the total stand biomass in these poplar-crop agroforestry systems, except in the 3-year-old agroforestry system. The average stand productivity peaked in a 9-year-old poplar...
Nitrogen (N) is often recognized as the primary limiting nutrient element for the growth and prod... more Nitrogen (N) is often recognized as the primary limiting nutrient element for the growth and production of forests worldwide. Litterfall represents a significant pathway for returning nutrients from aboveground parts of trees to the soils and plays an essential role in N availability in different forest ecosystems. This study explores the N transformation processes under litterfall manipulation treatments in a Masson pine pure forest (MPPF), and Masson pine and Camphor tree mixed forest (MCMF) stands in subtropical southern China. The litterfall manipulation included litterfall addition (LA), litterfall removal (LR), and litterfall control (LC) treatments. The project aimed to examine how litterfall inputs affect the soil N process in different forest types in the study region. Results showed that soil ammonium N (NH4+-N) and nitrate N (NO3−-N) content increased under LA treatment and decreased under LR treatment compared to LC treatment. LA treatment significantly increased soil to...
Litterfall, directly and indirectly, affects the soil physicochemical properties, microbial activ... more Litterfall, directly and indirectly, affects the soil physicochemical properties, microbial activity, and diversity of soil fauna and flora by adding organic matter and nutrients to the soil. This study explores litterfall dynamics such as litterfall production, litter decomposition rate, and associated nutrient return in three forest types, that is, camphor tree forest (CTF), Masson pine forest (MPF), and camphor tree and Masson pine mixed forest (CMF), in subtropical China. Results showed that CMF had the highest mean annual litterfall production (4.30 ± 0.22 t ha−1), which was significantly higher than that of MPF (3.41 ± 0.25 t ha−1) and CTF (3.26 ± 0.17 t ha−1). Leaf represented the major fraction of litterfall, constituting over 71% of the total litterfall mass in the three forest types. The contribution of branch litter was 16.3, 8.9, and 16.9%, and miscellaneous litter was 12.6, 18.9, and 11.1% in CTF, MPF, and CMF, respectively. The concentration of macronutrients ranked as...
To quantify changes in soil properties caused by agroforestry management practice, the fractal di... more To quantify changes in soil properties caused by agroforestry management practice, the fractal dimension (D m) of soil particle size distribution (PSD) and their relationships with soil bulk density, porosity, soil organic matter (SOM) and soil total nitrogen (TN) were investigated in five types of treecropping systems in Chongqing, southwestern China. The five tree-cropping systems included (1) Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck system (CO), (2) CO and Ipomoea batatas Lam system (CI), (3) CO and Arachishypogaea (L.) system (CA), (4) CO and Zea mays (L.) system (CZ), and (5) CO and Solanummelongena (L.) system (CS). The results showed that the D m values ranged from 2.7318 to 2.8062 with an order CO [ CS [ CZ [ CA [ CI. The D m was positively related to clay and silt contents, but negatively related to sand contents. A relatively closer relationship was found between D m and soil bulk density, non-capillary porosity and soil TN than with capillary porosity, total porosity and SOM. Soil quality was more effectively improved under multiple-species systems than monoculture systems. Our study confirmed that D m is a useful parameter able to describe and monitor changes of soil properties in agroforestry systems. The results provide scientific reference for evaluating effect of management practices in agroforestry systems and have important implications for sustainable management of tree-cropping systems.
Soil respiration (Rs) is overwhelmingly the sum of autotrophic respiration (Ra, root and rhizosph... more Soil respiration (Rs) is overwhelmingly the sum of autotrophic respiration (Ra, root and rhizosphere) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh, microbes and soil fauna). Separating Rs into Ra and Rh components is a major challenge but necessary for understanding the implications of environmental change on soil C cycling and sequestration. In this study, a trenching method was employed to partition Rs sources in Chinese fir plantations in Southern China. Soil CO2 efflux (FCO2) rates were measured using an infrared gas analyser system with soil chambers at the trenched and untrenched (Control) plots from January 2007 to December 2008. Soil temperature (Tsoil) and soil water content (Wsoil) were also measured at the plots during the study period. The results showed that the mean soil FCO2 rate from trenched plots (0.88 ± 0.12 µmol m–2 s–1, mean ± s.e.) was significantly lower than that from untrenched plots (1.22 ± 0.18 µmol m–2 s–1) (P < 0.001) during the study period. Compared with Ra, R...
Through estimations of above-and belowground standing biomass, annual biomass increment, fine roo... more Through estimations of above-and belowground standing biomass, annual biomass increment, fine root production and turnover, litterfall, canopy respiration and total soil CO 2 efflux, a carbon balance on seasonal and yearly timescales is developed for a Eucalypt openforest savanna in northern Australia. This carbon balance is compared to estimates of carbon fluxes derived from eddy covariance measurements conducted at the same site. The total carbon (C) stock of the savanna was 204€53 ton C ha 1 , with approximately 84% belowground and 16% above-ground. Soil organic carbon content (01 m) was 151€33 ton C ha 1 , accounting for about 74% of the total carbon content in the ecosystem. Vegetation biomass was 53€20 ton C ha 1 , 39% of which was found in the root component and 61% in aboveground components (trees, shrubs, grasses). Annual gross primary production was 20.8 ton C ha 1 , of which 27% occurred in above-ground components and 73% belowground components. Net primary production was 11 ton C ha 1 year 1 , of which 8.0 ton C ha 1 (73%) was contributed by below-ground net primary production and 3.0 ton C ha 1 (27%) by above-ground net primary production. Annual soil carbon efflux was 14.3 ton C ha 1 year 1. Approximately three-quarters of the carbon flux (above-ground, below-ground and total ecosystem) occur during the 5-6 months of the wet season. This savanna site is a carbon sink during the wet season, but becomes a weak source during the dry season. Annual net ecosystem production was 3.8 ton C ha 1 year 1 .
Intensive clear cutting of natural forests and conversion to monoculture plantations are ongoing ... more Intensive clear cutting of natural forests and conversion to monoculture plantations are ongoing worldwide, leading to degradation of soil quality and microbial functions. Here, we compared soil quality index (SQI) and fungal community in a natural forest (Forest) and four 5-year-old monoculture plantations, including Camellia oleifera (Oil), Amygdalus persica (Peach), Myrica rubra (Berry) and Cunninghamia lanceolata (Fir), in a subtropical region of China. After conversion, soil pH rose up to 0.31, but organic carbon, total nitrogen, sucrase, acid protease, glutaminase and phosphatase activities decreased by 83%, 59%, 43%, 31%, 64%, 66% and 77%, respectively, in the plantations. Correspondingly, the SQI dropped by 65%. High-throughput sequencing of the ITS1 region demonstrated an increase in α-diversity and a striking difference in β-diversity following conversion. Changes in the dominant fungal taxa following forest conversion to plantations was interpreted by Grime's C-S-R life history framework. Conversion increased the fungal groups with stress-tolerant (S) and ruderal (R) strategies-mainly copiotrophic saprophytes, such as Ascomycota and Zygomycota, but decreased the fungal groups with competitor (C) strategiesmainly oligotrophic saprophytes and mycorrhizal fungi, such as Basidiomycota. Genera affiliated to those phyla including Pseudophialophora, Rhytisma increased, but Russula decreased. Redundancy analysis and structural equation modeling indicated that the diversity and composition of fungal communities changed with soil quality degradation, which were mainly driven by increased soil pH, decreased available carbon and nutrients (N, P), and related enzymes activities.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms in a habitat, whether it is a local environment ... more Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms in a habitat, whether it is a local environment or an entire planet. Every existing species is unique in its combination of evolutionary history and ecological role, so taken together they are a global resource. The biodiversity is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to humankind. However, our planet has been undergoing a massive loss of biodiversity since last center . Although it is natural for the loss of biodiversity (synonymic words: species extinction) to occur over time, human activities have increased the extinction rate by a factor of 100 to 1,000. It estimates that currently as many as 400 species per day are lost because of human activities. The present rate of extinction and the resulting loss of biodiversity have raised a public concern worldwide. In this project, the latest data and information about biodiversity are collected and summarized. The purpose of the project is to enrich intellectual life in the entire GSU community. The specific objectives of this project are: (1) to provide the latest data and information about biodiversity to the GSU community, (2) to enhance the university community to better understanding of the values of biodiversity, and (3) to encourage all members of the GSU community to participate in biodiversity conservation and restoration
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Thinning is a common silviculture technology in forestry, but there is considerable uncertainty a... more Thinning is a common silviculture technology in forestry, but there is considerable uncertainty about the changes of soil nutrients due to thinning practice in different aged forests. The influence of light thinning (reduction of 20% of stand density) on soil organic carbon (SOC) and other mineral elements (N, P, K, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn and S), as well as soil pH and soil bulk density were investigated in 6-, 13-, and 23-year-old growth stands of Chinese fir forests in subtropical China. Six 10m ×10m plots (three thinning and three non-thinning plots) were set up in each aged forests. Soil samples were taken from different soil layers from these plots for nutrient analysis. Results showed that SOC increased 59.4, 48.9, and 62.0% in topsoil layer (0-30 cm) in 6, 13, and 23 year-old growth stands, respectively when compared to the control, and the content of N increased by 20.5, 44.6, and 54.1% corresponding after two year post-thinning. In the thinned forests, soil P slightly increased at ...
Tropical savannas cover a quarter of the Australian landmass and the biome represents a significa... more Tropical savannas cover a quarter of the Australian landmass and the biome represents a significant potential carbon sink. However, these savannas are subject to frequent and extensive fire. Fire regimes are likely to affect the productivity and carbon sequestration potential of savannas, through effects on both biomass and carbon emissions. The carbon sequestration potential has been estimated for some savanna sites by quantifying carbon storage in biomass and soil pools, and the fluxes to these pools. Using different techniques, previous work in these savannas has indicated that net ecosystem productivity [NEP, net primary productivity (NPP) less heterotrophic respiration] was about –3 t C ha–1 y–1 (i.e. a carbon sink). However, the impacts of fire were not accounted for in these calculations. Estimates of NEP have been combined with remotely-sensed estimates of area burnt and associated emissions for an extensive area of mesic savanna in Arnhem Land, NT, Australia. Combining NEP ...
Ecological stoichiometry plays important roles in understanding the nutrient constraints on tree ... more Ecological stoichiometry plays important roles in understanding the nutrient constraints on tree growth and development, as well in maintaining ecosystem services in forests, yet the characteristics of carbon:nitrogen:phosphorous (C:N:P) stoichiometry in forests under karst environment have not been sufficiently evaluated. In this study, concentration, distribution, stocks of Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorous (P), and ecological stoichiometry were studied in three common forest types: Masson pine natural forests (MPNF), Masson pine plantation forests (MPPF), and Slash pine plantation forests (SPPF) in a karst region of southwestern China. Results showed that N concentrations were higher in overstory than in understory and litter in the studied forests. However, P concentration was relatively low in overstory component of the forested ecosystems. Meanwhile, the N and P concentrations were higher in SPPF in the stem and litter, while these contents were higher in MPPF and MPNP in the overs...
Agroforest systems have been widely recognized as an integrated approach to sustainable land use ... more Agroforest systems have been widely recognized as an integrated approach to sustainable land use for addressing the climate change problem because of their greater potential to sequester atmospheric CO2 with multiple economic and ecological benefits. However, the nature and extent of the effects of an age-sequence of agroforestry systems on carbon (C) storage remain largely unknown. To reveal the influence of different aged poplar-crop systems on C stocks, we investigated the variation in biomass and C storage under four aged poplar-crop agroforest systems (3-, 9-, 13-, and 17-year-old) in the Henan province of China. The results showed that stand biomass increased with forest age, ranging from 26.9 to 121.6 t/ha in the corresponding four aged poplar-crop systems. The poplar tree biomass accounted for >80% of the total stand biomass in these poplar-crop agroforestry systems, except in the 3-year-old agroforestry system. The average stand productivity peaked in a 9-year-old poplar...
Nitrogen (N) is often recognized as the primary limiting nutrient element for the growth and prod... more Nitrogen (N) is often recognized as the primary limiting nutrient element for the growth and production of forests worldwide. Litterfall represents a significant pathway for returning nutrients from aboveground parts of trees to the soils and plays an essential role in N availability in different forest ecosystems. This study explores the N transformation processes under litterfall manipulation treatments in a Masson pine pure forest (MPPF), and Masson pine and Camphor tree mixed forest (MCMF) stands in subtropical southern China. The litterfall manipulation included litterfall addition (LA), litterfall removal (LR), and litterfall control (LC) treatments. The project aimed to examine how litterfall inputs affect the soil N process in different forest types in the study region. Results showed that soil ammonium N (NH4+-N) and nitrate N (NO3−-N) content increased under LA treatment and decreased under LR treatment compared to LC treatment. LA treatment significantly increased soil to...
Litterfall, directly and indirectly, affects the soil physicochemical properties, microbial activ... more Litterfall, directly and indirectly, affects the soil physicochemical properties, microbial activity, and diversity of soil fauna and flora by adding organic matter and nutrients to the soil. This study explores litterfall dynamics such as litterfall production, litter decomposition rate, and associated nutrient return in three forest types, that is, camphor tree forest (CTF), Masson pine forest (MPF), and camphor tree and Masson pine mixed forest (CMF), in subtropical China. Results showed that CMF had the highest mean annual litterfall production (4.30 ± 0.22 t ha−1), which was significantly higher than that of MPF (3.41 ± 0.25 t ha−1) and CTF (3.26 ± 0.17 t ha−1). Leaf represented the major fraction of litterfall, constituting over 71% of the total litterfall mass in the three forest types. The contribution of branch litter was 16.3, 8.9, and 16.9%, and miscellaneous litter was 12.6, 18.9, and 11.1% in CTF, MPF, and CMF, respectively. The concentration of macronutrients ranked as...
To quantify changes in soil properties caused by agroforestry management practice, the fractal di... more To quantify changes in soil properties caused by agroforestry management practice, the fractal dimension (D m) of soil particle size distribution (PSD) and their relationships with soil bulk density, porosity, soil organic matter (SOM) and soil total nitrogen (TN) were investigated in five types of treecropping systems in Chongqing, southwestern China. The five tree-cropping systems included (1) Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck system (CO), (2) CO and Ipomoea batatas Lam system (CI), (3) CO and Arachishypogaea (L.) system (CA), (4) CO and Zea mays (L.) system (CZ), and (5) CO and Solanummelongena (L.) system (CS). The results showed that the D m values ranged from 2.7318 to 2.8062 with an order CO [ CS [ CZ [ CA [ CI. The D m was positively related to clay and silt contents, but negatively related to sand contents. A relatively closer relationship was found between D m and soil bulk density, non-capillary porosity and soil TN than with capillary porosity, total porosity and SOM. Soil quality was more effectively improved under multiple-species systems than monoculture systems. Our study confirmed that D m is a useful parameter able to describe and monitor changes of soil properties in agroforestry systems. The results provide scientific reference for evaluating effect of management practices in agroforestry systems and have important implications for sustainable management of tree-cropping systems.
Soil respiration (Rs) is overwhelmingly the sum of autotrophic respiration (Ra, root and rhizosph... more Soil respiration (Rs) is overwhelmingly the sum of autotrophic respiration (Ra, root and rhizosphere) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh, microbes and soil fauna). Separating Rs into Ra and Rh components is a major challenge but necessary for understanding the implications of environmental change on soil C cycling and sequestration. In this study, a trenching method was employed to partition Rs sources in Chinese fir plantations in Southern China. Soil CO2 efflux (FCO2) rates were measured using an infrared gas analyser system with soil chambers at the trenched and untrenched (Control) plots from January 2007 to December 2008. Soil temperature (Tsoil) and soil water content (Wsoil) were also measured at the plots during the study period. The results showed that the mean soil FCO2 rate from trenched plots (0.88 ± 0.12 µmol m–2 s–1, mean ± s.e.) was significantly lower than that from untrenched plots (1.22 ± 0.18 µmol m–2 s–1) (P < 0.001) during the study period. Compared with Ra, R...
Through estimations of above-and belowground standing biomass, annual biomass increment, fine roo... more Through estimations of above-and belowground standing biomass, annual biomass increment, fine root production and turnover, litterfall, canopy respiration and total soil CO 2 efflux, a carbon balance on seasonal and yearly timescales is developed for a Eucalypt openforest savanna in northern Australia. This carbon balance is compared to estimates of carbon fluxes derived from eddy covariance measurements conducted at the same site. The total carbon (C) stock of the savanna was 204€53 ton C ha 1 , with approximately 84% belowground and 16% above-ground. Soil organic carbon content (01 m) was 151€33 ton C ha 1 , accounting for about 74% of the total carbon content in the ecosystem. Vegetation biomass was 53€20 ton C ha 1 , 39% of which was found in the root component and 61% in aboveground components (trees, shrubs, grasses). Annual gross primary production was 20.8 ton C ha 1 , of which 27% occurred in above-ground components and 73% belowground components. Net primary production was 11 ton C ha 1 year 1 , of which 8.0 ton C ha 1 (73%) was contributed by below-ground net primary production and 3.0 ton C ha 1 (27%) by above-ground net primary production. Annual soil carbon efflux was 14.3 ton C ha 1 year 1. Approximately three-quarters of the carbon flux (above-ground, below-ground and total ecosystem) occur during the 5-6 months of the wet season. This savanna site is a carbon sink during the wet season, but becomes a weak source during the dry season. Annual net ecosystem production was 3.8 ton C ha 1 year 1 .
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