Papers by Kris Udd
Detroit Baptist Seminary Journal, 2019
Kainan, the son of Arpachshad in Luke 3:36, is considered original to Luke’s messianic genealogy ... more Kainan, the son of Arpachshad in Luke 3:36, is considered original to Luke’s messianic genealogy by the editors of Novum Testamentum Graece 28 (NA28) and UBS 5. A few scholars have argued instead that his name originated as a scribal error in an early manuscript of Luke’s Gospel. Then, Christian scribes across the Mediterranean world almost universally accepted his name as original to Luke, interpolating Kainam/n into the forty plus manuscripts of Luke presently extant. According to this theory, Christian scribes also added Kainan to all known Septuagint (LXX) manuscripts of Genesis 11:13b–14b dated prior to the 12th century AD. While doing so, they allegedly borrowed the begetting age (130) and remaining years of life (330) from Shelah in the next verse (LXX Gen 11:15–16) and falsely assigned them to Kainan. They also added Kainan to some manuscripts of LXX Genesis 10:24 and 1 Chronicles 1:18, 24. Additionally, Christian scribes also amended extant copies of the pseudepigraphical Book of Jubilees by fabricating a biography for Kainan in chapter eight and inserting it between the lives of Arpachshad and Shelah.
This article will examine several lines of textual and historical evidence and demonstrate that this explanation for Kainan’s origin cannot be sustained. Other untenable theories of Kainan’s origin will also be explored. Instead of being spurious, Kainan’s originality in LXX Genesis 10:24 and 11:13b–14b, the Book of Jubilees, and Luke 3:36 is virtually certain. Moreover, we will also propose that the most viable explanation for the known matrix of evidence is that Kainan appeared in the original Hebrew text of Genesis, but first disappeared from Genesis 11 by a combination of scribal and mental error in a very ancient archetypal Hebrew manuscript. This was followed by a complex sequence of events that occurred over the span of several centuries.
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Dissertation, 2011
Problem:
Bab edh-Dhra‘ and Numeira have been identified by archaeologists as possible candidates... more Problem:
Bab edh-Dhra‘ and Numeira have been identified by archaeologists as possible candidates for two of the biblical cities of the plain, but their existence in the Early Bronze Age III is too early to match the biblical narrative (Gen 19) by many chronologies of ancient Canaan. This study sought to determine if there is sufficient flexibility in the archaeological and biblical chronologies to make the identification of Bab edh-Dhra‘ and Numeira with the cities of the plain a viable interpretation.
Method:
The range of dates possible for both the archaeological data and the biblical narratives was analyzed. For the archaeological data this involved a study of the absolute dates for contemporary periods in Mesopotamia and Egypt, with particular emphasis on the trends in dating for both areas over the last century or so, as well as a study of radiocarbon dating in the region for this time period. For the biblical narratives the study consisted of a review of the spectrum of absolute dates that have been suggested for the patriarchs. The results of these two datasets were then compared for possible overlap.
Results:
Chronologies for both Mesopotamia and Egypt have been steadily lowered over the past century, and it is not clear that the trend is over. This trend has not been yet fully embraced by mainstream archaeology in Syria/Palestine. Radiocarbon was found to generally favor higher dates, but the method has problems that render it inconclusive by itself. The absolute dates possible for the patriarchs span a lengthy period,
the early end of which may overlap the newer low chronologies for Mesopotamia and Egypt.
Conclusions:
Combining the new lower archaeological chronologies and the higher dates for the patriarchs indicates the possibility that Bab edh-Dhra‘ and Numeira could be two of the biblical cities of the plain. Further investigation into this possible identification is merited.
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Journal of Biblical Studies, 2001
By retaining a non-substantive definition of “nature” and by recognizing the biblical evidence th... more By retaining a non-substantive definition of “nature” and by recognizing the biblical evidence that not all divine attributes are essential, we may rightly conclude that Jesus was divine and ignorant of some facts at the same time. He had all the attributes (nature) necessary for complete humanity, and he had all the attributes (nature) necessary for full divinity. Omniscience, according to this view, is not a necessary attribute for divinity. According to the Mark 13:32, it is acceptable for God to choose to not know something.
This view preserves both the divinity and humanity of Christ in a balanced way. As one person who has all of the attributes necessary to humanity and divinity, he is truly the God-man. Mark 13:32 can be taken at face value without negating Jesus‟ divinity or resorting to antinomy or other incomprehensible positions.
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Tyndale Bulletin, 2005
Ezekiel's prophecy that Tyre would be destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar was not fulfilled in the manner... more Ezekiel's prophecy that Tyre would be destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar was not fulfilled in the manner predicted by the prophet. This is demonstrated from extra-biblical literature, supported by archaeological evidence, and acknowledged by Ezekiel himself in a later prophecy. As a result, it is argued that the passage supports a world-view in which God is sometimes willing to adjust his plan from what he initially declared. This supports a relational view over the conventional deterministic view of divine foreknowledge, and it helps ease the tension between the test of a true prophet and a true prophet whose prediction is not fully realised.
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Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin, 2013
Radiocarbon dating has come to play a regular part in the discussion of the chronology of the Anc... more Radiocarbon dating has come to play a regular part in the discussion of the chronology of the Ancient Near East. It has been a popular subject of discussion in the ongoing controversy over Iron Age dates, most notable between Mazar and Finklestein. But it has had an even more influential role in earlier archaeological periods. Already 40 years ago Dever considered the start of the Early Bronze Age IV to be "fixed by Radio Carbon dates at about 2350 B.C." However, over time it has become apparent that radiocarbon dating is not so trustworthy as it was once hoped it would be. When compared to known historical dates for the second half of the second millennium B.C. radiocarbon shows a strong tendency toward older dates. It will be argued here that this phenomenon almost certainly holds true for the first half of the second millennium as well, and that radiocarbon dating has yielded many estimates for second millennium chronologies of the Levant that are too old by centuries.
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Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin, 2015
Both Ezekiel and Jeremiah prophesied that Nebuchadnezzar would take Egypt. Historical records ma... more Both Ezekiel and Jeremiah prophesied that Nebuchadnezzar would take Egypt. Historical records make it nearly certain that these two prophesies were never realized by Nebuchadnezzar. It is suggested here that this failure may have been a change in God’s plan due to Nebuchadnezzar’s pride and fall, as recorded by Daniel.
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Teaching Documents by Kris Udd
This paper argues that P75 does not preserve any portion of Luke 3:36, and thus cannot be used to... more This paper argues that P75 does not preserve any portion of Luke 3:36, and thus cannot be used to argue for the absence (or presence) of "Cainan" in that verse, as some of the critical editions have suggested. Instead, the fragment in question appears to come from the first chapter of Luke.
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The purpose of this paper is to identify specific dates mentioned in the book of Esther according... more The purpose of this paper is to identify specific dates mentioned in the book of Esther according to its setting in the Achaemenid (Persian) Empire. Many can be calculated with precision, while a few others can only be estimated.
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A chronological chart of the Old Testament, some of the intertestamental period, and of the Egypt... more A chronological chart of the Old Testament, some of the intertestamental period, and of the Egyptian periods that relate to OT studies. This is meant to be printed landscape double-sided and folded in half.
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Timelines of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in relation to the archaeological periods of the Levant an... more Timelines of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in relation to the archaeological periods of the Levant and Egyptian history.
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A general overview of the development of the early alphabet, with sample inscriptions, intended t... more A general overview of the development of the early alphabet, with sample inscriptions, intended to demonstrate the adoption of the alphabet by various groups over time. The chart is laid out for 11x17 printing.
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Timeline of the life of Daniel, particularly related to the prophet Jeremiah, whose prophecy Dani... more Timeline of the life of Daniel, particularly related to the prophet Jeremiah, whose prophecy Daniel read toward the end of the Babylonian captivity (Dan 9:2)
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Digital Humanities Resources by Kris Udd
2 Corinthians: The Photo Companion to the Bible, 2020
The Photo Companion to the Bible is a unique collection of digital photographs that illustrate th... more The Photo Companion to the Bible is a unique collection of digital photographs that illustrate the biblical text verse by verse.
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1 & 2 Timothy, Titus: The Photo Companion to the Bible, 2021
The Photo Companion to the Bible is a unique collection of digital photographs that illustrate th... more The Photo Companion to the Bible is a unique collection of digital photographs that illustrate the biblical text verse by verse.
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1 Kings: The Photo Companion to the Bible, 2022
The Photo Companion to the Bible is a unique collection of digital photographs that illustrate th... more The Photo Companion to the Bible is a unique collection of digital photographs that illustrate the biblical text verse by verse.
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2 Kings: The Photo Companion to the Bible, 2022
The Photo Companion to the Bible is a unique collection of digital photographs that illustrate th... more The Photo Companion to the Bible is a unique collection of digital photographs that illustrate the biblical text verse by verse.
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Colossians and Philemon: The Photo Companion to the Bible, 2021
The Photo Companion to the Bible is a unique collection of digital photographs that illustrate th... more The Photo Companion to the Bible is a unique collection of digital photographs that illustrate the biblical text verse by verse.
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Ephesians: The Photo Companion to the Bible, 2021
The Photo Companion to the Bible is a unique collection of digital photographs that illustrate th... more The Photo Companion to the Bible is a unique collection of digital photographs that illustrate the biblical text verse by verse.
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Galatians: The Photo Companion to the Bible, 2021
The Photo Companion to the Bible is a unique digital resource that illustrates the biblical text ... more The Photo Companion to the Bible is a unique digital resource that illustrates the biblical text with modern and historic photographs of ancient sites, museum artifacts, and cultural scenes. This PowerPoint-based collection goes verse by verse through Galatians, providing beautiful photographs, descriptive text, and explanatory notes to enhance Bible study and teaching. The 6 chapters of Galatians are illustrated by more than 650 slides.
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Philippians: Photo Companion to the Bible, 2021
The Photo Companion to the Bible is a unique collection of digital photographs that illustrate th... more The Photo Companion to the Bible is a unique collection of digital photographs that illustrate the biblical text verse by verse.
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Papers by Kris Udd
This article will examine several lines of textual and historical evidence and demonstrate that this explanation for Kainan’s origin cannot be sustained. Other untenable theories of Kainan’s origin will also be explored. Instead of being spurious, Kainan’s originality in LXX Genesis 10:24 and 11:13b–14b, the Book of Jubilees, and Luke 3:36 is virtually certain. Moreover, we will also propose that the most viable explanation for the known matrix of evidence is that Kainan appeared in the original Hebrew text of Genesis, but first disappeared from Genesis 11 by a combination of scribal and mental error in a very ancient archetypal Hebrew manuscript. This was followed by a complex sequence of events that occurred over the span of several centuries.
Bab edh-Dhra‘ and Numeira have been identified by archaeologists as possible candidates for two of the biblical cities of the plain, but their existence in the Early Bronze Age III is too early to match the biblical narrative (Gen 19) by many chronologies of ancient Canaan. This study sought to determine if there is sufficient flexibility in the archaeological and biblical chronologies to make the identification of Bab edh-Dhra‘ and Numeira with the cities of the plain a viable interpretation.
Method:
The range of dates possible for both the archaeological data and the biblical narratives was analyzed. For the archaeological data this involved a study of the absolute dates for contemporary periods in Mesopotamia and Egypt, with particular emphasis on the trends in dating for both areas over the last century or so, as well as a study of radiocarbon dating in the region for this time period. For the biblical narratives the study consisted of a review of the spectrum of absolute dates that have been suggested for the patriarchs. The results of these two datasets were then compared for possible overlap.
Results:
Chronologies for both Mesopotamia and Egypt have been steadily lowered over the past century, and it is not clear that the trend is over. This trend has not been yet fully embraced by mainstream archaeology in Syria/Palestine. Radiocarbon was found to generally favor higher dates, but the method has problems that render it inconclusive by itself. The absolute dates possible for the patriarchs span a lengthy period,
the early end of which may overlap the newer low chronologies for Mesopotamia and Egypt.
Conclusions:
Combining the new lower archaeological chronologies and the higher dates for the patriarchs indicates the possibility that Bab edh-Dhra‘ and Numeira could be two of the biblical cities of the plain. Further investigation into this possible identification is merited.
This view preserves both the divinity and humanity of Christ in a balanced way. As one person who has all of the attributes necessary to humanity and divinity, he is truly the God-man. Mark 13:32 can be taken at face value without negating Jesus‟ divinity or resorting to antinomy or other incomprehensible positions.
Teaching Documents by Kris Udd
Digital Humanities Resources by Kris Udd
This article will examine several lines of textual and historical evidence and demonstrate that this explanation for Kainan’s origin cannot be sustained. Other untenable theories of Kainan’s origin will also be explored. Instead of being spurious, Kainan’s originality in LXX Genesis 10:24 and 11:13b–14b, the Book of Jubilees, and Luke 3:36 is virtually certain. Moreover, we will also propose that the most viable explanation for the known matrix of evidence is that Kainan appeared in the original Hebrew text of Genesis, but first disappeared from Genesis 11 by a combination of scribal and mental error in a very ancient archetypal Hebrew manuscript. This was followed by a complex sequence of events that occurred over the span of several centuries.
Bab edh-Dhra‘ and Numeira have been identified by archaeologists as possible candidates for two of the biblical cities of the plain, but their existence in the Early Bronze Age III is too early to match the biblical narrative (Gen 19) by many chronologies of ancient Canaan. This study sought to determine if there is sufficient flexibility in the archaeological and biblical chronologies to make the identification of Bab edh-Dhra‘ and Numeira with the cities of the plain a viable interpretation.
Method:
The range of dates possible for both the archaeological data and the biblical narratives was analyzed. For the archaeological data this involved a study of the absolute dates for contemporary periods in Mesopotamia and Egypt, with particular emphasis on the trends in dating for both areas over the last century or so, as well as a study of radiocarbon dating in the region for this time period. For the biblical narratives the study consisted of a review of the spectrum of absolute dates that have been suggested for the patriarchs. The results of these two datasets were then compared for possible overlap.
Results:
Chronologies for both Mesopotamia and Egypt have been steadily lowered over the past century, and it is not clear that the trend is over. This trend has not been yet fully embraced by mainstream archaeology in Syria/Palestine. Radiocarbon was found to generally favor higher dates, but the method has problems that render it inconclusive by itself. The absolute dates possible for the patriarchs span a lengthy period,
the early end of which may overlap the newer low chronologies for Mesopotamia and Egypt.
Conclusions:
Combining the new lower archaeological chronologies and the higher dates for the patriarchs indicates the possibility that Bab edh-Dhra‘ and Numeira could be two of the biblical cities of the plain. Further investigation into this possible identification is merited.
This view preserves both the divinity and humanity of Christ in a balanced way. As one person who has all of the attributes necessary to humanity and divinity, he is truly the God-man. Mark 13:32 can be taken at face value without negating Jesus‟ divinity or resorting to antinomy or other incomprehensible positions.