Chemistry

Solid Waste Management is todays emerging issue for the safe environment and healthy life. The primary goal of solid waste management is reducing and eliminating adverse impact of waste on human health and environment to support economic development and superior quality of life. Waste generation has increased day by day due to increasing population, industrialization and urbanization. With rapid population growth and urbanization municipal waste generation is expected to rise to 2.2 billion tons by 2025. Increasing use of technologies and recent gadgets will generate large amount of electronic waste which contributes to about 27% of total waste generated. Hence, it is necessary to minimize waste generation and recycling of recyclable waste. This case study has discussed the scenario of e-waste in Nagpur city.

Today, the entire world is facing a big medical calamity called COVID-19. It is caused by a member of the β group of coronaviruses named SARS-CoV-2. This virus spreads from person to person through droplets generated during coughing and sneezing from the human body. This outbreak was initially observed in Wuhan, China, and now it has spread from country to country. As per the data collected from Worldometer, about 210 countries and territories were affected by this disease. Globally, as of 25 th August 2020, there have been 23,518,343 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 810,492 deaths. The most affected countries include USA, Brazil, India, Russia and South Africa, having more than 6, 00,000 infected people as of 25 th August 2020. This outbreak of coronavirus is increasing worldwide, and this situation not only prepares mankind for fighting today's challenge but is also preparing for such type of future outbreaks. This paper highlights the symptoms, preventive measures and future challenges of COVID-19 based on the data referred from the World Health Organization (WHO).

About 71% of the earth's surface is covered by water, the balance of the ecosystem is predicated by its interdependence on the water cycle. All living cells need water and water is the biggest differentiation of our planet with other planets. The importance of water becomes more conspicuous when considering the part it plays in the survival of humans. According to H.H. Mitchell in the Journal of Biological Chemistry, the brain and heart consists of about 73% of water, the lungs is made up of 83% water, the skin consists of 64% water, the muscles and kidneys are made of 79% of water and the bones of 63% water. This goes to show how studying the physiochemical properties of domestic water is important as highlighted in this paper. Proper study of the physiochemical properties of water from various regions of Nagpur with special outlook at the region of Mahal gives us insight into the quality of life and health in this region, as the quality of water can be directly proportional to the quantity of life, based on the fact of the percentage of water in all essential systems of the body. By studying these parameters the researchers have been able to identify regions with poor quality water, proffered systemic treatments as well as advice on how to ameliorate the situation in those regions.

This paper reports the use of naturally available raw material as sugarcane bagasse (SB) to prepare cost-effective activated carbon. Activated carbon preparation from SB by using ZnCl2 was carried out by chemical activation method. The raw bagasse, its char and activated carbon were characterized on the basis of iodine number, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area to check their effectiveness. During activated carbon synthesis, the impregnation ratio of SB and ZnCl2 was maintained at 1:1–1:3 and activation temperature was in the range of 600–900 °C for 1 h. From the characterization study, the highest iodine adsorption of activated carbon was found to be 1140.69 mg/g with a 1:2 ratio at 900 °C whereas char gives an iodine number of 529.63 mg/g at the same temperature. The BET surface area of raw bagasse, its char and activa...

To know the quality of water supplied for drinking purpose at Bhisi village, Chandrapur district, in
Maharashtra, India a study was undertaken for raw water quality and also at water treatment plant. People residing in
this village are dependent on Dhaparla reservoir (surface water) for their drinking water source. However, water
quality has become a serious concern due to high turbidity and the presence of yellowish colour in the water sample,
which persists even after treatment. Turbidity was found to be 40 NTU in the Dhaparla reservoir before treatment. To
resolve this issue, a jar test study was conducted by using different dosages of coagulants and disinfectants by which
turbidity was reduced up to 17.3 NTU after the treatment of Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC) and bleaching powder.
Though turbidity of the water sample surpassed allowable limits which is the false turbidity caused by algal growth
(blue-green algae). The O&M of the water treatment plant become a challenge due to turbidity of raw water. Bacterial
contamination in the water samples is attributed to unprotected catchment and due to animal grazing, bird droppings,
open defecation, en-route contamination like pipeline leaks. The study emphasizes the necessity of protecting raw water
sources, optimizing Water Treatment Plant (WTP) operations including chemical dosing, and improving disinfection
practices in order to supply safe drinking water to the community.

Evaluation of water quality was undertaken for three lakes viz. Matabodi, Padampur and Risama in Amgaon
town, Gondia district, Maharashtra, India under the 'Amrut Sarovar' scheme, focusing on their suitability for
beautification and recreational purposes. The lakes exhibit compromised water quality due to various contaminants. The
presence of free ammonia found to be 3.9 to 4.5 mg/L which exceeds permissible limits as defined by CPCB standards. The
lakes also show contamination with total coliforms and fecal coliforms. Phytoplankton analysis reveals the prevalence of
cyanobacteria species, which can produce harmful toxins. The phytoplankton diversity index suggests moderately polluted
waters. The Shannon Wiener Diversity Index (SWI) of 1.4 to 2.1 and Palmer Pollution Index (PPI) of 14, 7 and 6 indicating
mildly to moderately polluted water. Zooplankton assessment shows the presence of rotifers and daphnia indicating
certain ecological disturbances. Further efforts are required to restore and maintain the water quality of these lakes for
beautification and recreation.

Structural evaluation of coordination polymers is extremely important if the synthesis and material properties of these species are to be understood. Ab initio powder X-ray diffraction structure solution has made a significant progress over recent years and has led to the evaluation of coordination polymer structures. Studies of the crystal structures of polymers are generally performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) of powder samples containing randomly oriented crystals. The XRD patterns of semicrystalline polymers present a few number of Bragg reflections and a large amount of diffuse scattering. The diffuse scattering originates from the amorphous contribution and the presence of structural disorder. The indexing of the diffraction pattern and the determination of the parameters of the unit cell of the semi-crystalline polymers are generally performed through trial and error methods. In crystals of polymeric materials, the macromolecules are longer than the unit cell parameters and ...

Adsorption is a prevalent method applied for removal of heavy metal pollutants from water. This study explored adsorption performances of 30% bromine pretreated chitosan for lead (II) abatement from water. Bromine pretreatment alters porosity and specific surface area of chitosan by means of physicochemical interaction with cationic sites of chitosan skeleton, besides imparting anionic alteration at amino linkages of chitosan, to remove lead (II) by chemical interactions on superfluous active sites as characterized by FTIR, SEM, DTA and elemental analysis. Lead adsorptions were studied in batch mode by varying parameters viz. pH, bromine loading, sorbent dosage, initial lead concentration, contact time and temperature. The adsorption equilibrium data was well fitted to Freundlich isotherm and maximum sorption capacity of 30% bromine pretreated chitosan sorbent was 1·755 g/kg with 85-90% lead removal efficiency. Though cost and applicability of sorbent is unproven, yet contrast to raw chitosan derivatives, activated carbons and some resins, 30% bromine pretreated chitosan endow benign and efficient lead abatement technique.

A general, simple and straight forward approach to new substituted coumarin derivatives via Betti's condensation reaction of aromatic aldehydes, coumarin and ammonia precursors has been demonstrated successfully under mild reaction conditions. All the synthesized molecules were characterized on the basis of IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, Mass spectrometry and Elemental data. We have reported the design and calculated molecular properties of some coumarin derivatives on the basis of hypothetical antibacterial pharmacophores, structures which were designed to interact with both of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. A correlation of structure and activities relationship of these compounds with respect to molecular modeling, Lipinski rule of five, drug likeness, toxicity profiles and other physico-chemical properties of drugs are described and verified experimentally.

Iron(III)-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in aqueous methanol offers a simple, environmentally acceptable synthetic tool to oxidize a-hydroxyketones a-diketones with molecular oxygen, in excellent yields and under mild conditions and without any side reactions.

A series of 4-aminoantipyrine derivatives were produced by condensing aromatic primary amine, namely, 4-aminoantipyrine with different aryl carbonyls which occurred cleanly and efficiently without using any catalyst at room temperature. Their structures were confirmed on the basis of 1 H NMR, IR, Mass spectra, and elemental analysis. The synthesized library was screened virtually using versatile bioinformatics parameters owing to the quick access, biological response, and utility of the produced moieties. The virtually screened molecules were subjected to screen practically against certain some strain of microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive), Pseudomonas vulgaris (Gram positive), Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (Gram negative), and Escherichia coli (Gram negative). A correlation of structure and activities relationship of these compounds with respect to molecular modeling, Lipinski rule of five, drug-likeness, toxicity profiles, and other physico-chemical properties of drugs is described and verified experimentally.

Iron(III)-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in aqueous methanol offers a simple, environmentally acceptable synthetic tool to oxidize a-hydroxyketones a-diketones with molecular oxygen, in excellent yields and under mild conditions and without any side reactions.

A series of 4-aminoantipyrine derivatives were produced by condensing aromatic primary amine, namely, 4-aminoantipyrine with different aryl carbonyls which occurred cleanly and efficiently without using any catalyst at room temperature. Their structures were confirmed on the basis of 1H NMR, IR, Mass spectra, and elemental analysis. The synthesized library was screened virtually using versatile bioinformatics parameters owing to the quick

Iron(III)-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in aqueous methanol offers a simple, environmentally acceptable synthetic tool to oxidize a-hydroxyketones a-diketones with molecular oxygen, in excellent yields and under mild conditions and without any side reactions.

Transition metal acetylacetonates promoted aerobic oxidation methodology involving molecular oxygen as an oxidant with cooxidant like isobutyraldehyde have been used for oxidative transformation of variety of tertiary nitrogen compounds to its Noxides. The system of O 2 -aldehyde metal acetylacetonates needs shorter reaction time than simple molecular O 2 -aldehyde system without catalyst for oxidative conversion of tertiary nitrogen to corresponding N-oxides. The corresponding N-oxides have been obtained in near quantitative yield using transition metal acetylacetonates of Fe (II), Ni (II), VO (V) and Mn (II).

A selective method for the synthesis of annulated pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidines has been developed. It was shown that base catalysis is more efficient in this reaction, rather than acid catalysis as it is believed that 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) is N-type base catalyst used for the synthesis of pyrano[2,3-d]pyramidine derivatives via one-pot three component condensation reactions of various aromatic aldehydes, active methylene compounds and barbituric acid in aqueous ethanol carried at normal temperature. The potential application of DABCO in organic synthesis increasing rapidly because of its reaction simplicity, less pollution, and minimum reaction time, high yields of the biological active products, uses less toxic solvents and low cost chemicals.