Education

This study examines whether levels of father engagement (e.g., verbal stimulation, caregiving, and physical play) vary by race/ethnicity using a model that controls for fathers' human capital, mental health, and family relationships. It also tests whether the models work similarly across race/ethnic groups. Its sample of N = 5089 infants and their families is drawn from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (ECLS-B). We found that, after including controls, African American and Latino fathers had higher levels of engagement in caregiving and physical play activities than White fathers. There were no differences in verbal stimulation activities across race/ethnicity. Fathers' education (college level) predicted more verbally stimulating activities whereas fathers' report of couple conflict predicted less caregiving and physical play. Although levels of engagement differed across the groups, the overall models did not differ by race/ethnicity, except for physical play. African American mothers who reported high levels of depressive symptoms had partners who engaged in more physical play than White mothers with high levels of depressive symptoms.

This study examines what predicts levels of father participation (e.g., verbal stimulation, caregiving, and physical play) using a path analysis. Its sample of 5,089 U.S. infants and their families was drawn from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study -Birth Cohort (ECLS-B). Fathers were participated in their infants in high levels of caregiving and physical play but less so in verbal stimulating activities. According to the result based on Belsky's process model of parenting, predictors of father participation depended on the type of father participation; father's human capital (college level) is most predictive of fathers engaging with their infants in verbal stimulating activities. Fathers' psychological well-being and the quality of their relationships with their couple consisently predicted to less participation in caregiving and physical play. Surprisingly, cohabiting fathers were more likely to show more father participation than married fathers.

In this theoretical contribution, our purpose is to examine the nature of reading competence as it unfolds at the present and to project that nature into the future. More specifically, we ask what it will mean to be a competent reader for the 21st century and what combination of knowledge, beliefs, abilities, and processes that competence will require. To address this question, we begin by presenting our view of reading as essentially multidimensional, developmental, and goal directed, and of the development of reading competence as framed by research on expertise development and on the role of epistemic beliefs. With that view in mind, we then identify salient features of the current context and how they might present challenges that will make the development of competent readers even more vital as we move into the future. Finally, we forward three suggestions for supporting readers in their growth toward competence for this century.

This paper examined the effectiveness of a program to train North Korean teachers to adjust to South Korean society. It used a biographical approach and aimed to examine the characteristics of the adaptation of North Korean teachers who escaped from their country to South Korea. The training program endeavored to assist their adaptation by perpetuating their specialized professional work experience from North Korea. Interviews with 28 North Korean teachers were analyzed, and the effects on and experiences of the participants in the adaptation program of the Korean Educational Development Institute (KEDI) involving the North Korean Teachers Academy were presented thematically. In line with major points that arose during the interviews, recommendations were made about policies to support North Korean teachers and the other North Korean escapees adapt effectively to their new society through training based on their past occupational experiences in North Korea.

The current study aimed to investigate the use of higher-order thinking (HOT) skills by engineering students and to classify student profile groups according to the underlying constructs of HOT. We recruited 260 engineering students from six universities in South Korea. The data were analyzed in terms of the existing latent profiles and the chi-square test between the profile groups and their experience of different types of instruction. The latent profile analysis revealed that the use of HOT skills could be classified into four groups (i.e., a lower-order thinking group, a creative and argumentative group, an analytical and caring group, and a HOT group). A chi-square test between the four categorizations of HOT skill uses and instruction methods was not statistically significant. A majority of the students were classified in the HOT group. However, of the six constructs, the creativity skill was the least used, as opposed to skills that fell under other constructs. Therefore, supplementary instruction to fill this gap is suggested.

Past research on higher-order thinking (HOT) was mainly conducted on the bases of educational context in U.S. or western countries. This research aimed to see what kinds of HOT styles actually appear in universtiy students in South Korea. The use of HOT skills were explored in Korean universtiy students and the factors influencing the classification were examined. 1,138 Korean university students were called to respond to Higher-Order-Thinking-Scale for Korean University Students (HOTUS). Then, a latent profile analysis and the multinomial logistic analysis were conducted. The latent profile analysis revealed that the use of HOT skills could be classified into four classes (i.e., a lower-order thinking class, a creative-argumentative class, an analytical-caring class, and a higher-order thinking class).

The current study aimed to investigate whether video-based e-learning (i.e., the Educational Broadcasting Service (EBS)) influences the achievement of Korean high school students (years 2-3) in English as a foreign language (EFL) through the mediation of their use of behavior control strategies. The study used data from the 2010 and 2011 Korean Education Longitudinal Study of 2,309 students. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze whether the behavior control strategies mediated consistent use of EBS with high school students and whether video-based e-learning led to an increase or a decrease in the students' EFL achievement test scores. In general, consistent EBS use resulted in changes in the high school students' EFL achievement test results with the mediation of the behavior control strategies. However, a decrease model showed slightly better model-data fit than an increase model because in the decrease model the time management and resource use strategies had a significant negative relationship to decreases in the EFL test scores between year 2 and year 3. As a significant function of time management, EBS use seemed to work in preventing decreases in EFL achievement.

This study was aimed to find which tutoring styles significantly predict learners' satisfaction with an e-learning service, academic involvement, and academic achievement. The tutoring styles included subject expert, facilitator, guider, and administrator. In this study, 818 Korean sixth-grade students (ages 11-12 years), enrolled in the e-study program, and completed tutoring style and academic satisfaction evaluation surveys. Students' login and posting frequency in the e-study program were measured to assess their academic involvement. Academic achievement was computed using completion rates and assessment scores. Multiple regression analyses indicated that there is some association between tutoring styles and academic outcomes. Of the four tutoring styles, facilitating tutoring styles particularly showed strong associations with the three outcome variables. Tutors' guiding activities as opposed to facilitating were not significant contributors to students' academic outcomes. The effect of tutors' facilitating styles in an online learning environment was significant as being found in the existent literature.

This study builds an empirical research model that explores societal and individual antecedents of adult learning and examines the adult learning effect on problem-solving skills in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. Considering national differences, it uses multilevel data sources available from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) 2008-2013 and the OECD data lab. The results from this study suggest that young adults (25-to 34-year-olds) with more favorable backgrounds benefit from their social origin and occupational environment in terms of nonformal learning participation. It was also found that the participants outperform nonparticipants in the PIAAC problem-solving skill assessment. The key findings of this study advocate for the importance of policy interventions to combat the cumulative effects of multiple disadvantages in the educational trajectory from initial education to adult learning as well as to reduce the problem-solving skill gaps of young disadvantaged adults.

The global agenda for sustainable development has centred lifelong
learning on UNESCO’s Education 2030 Framework for Action. The study described in this article aimed to examine international and intergenerational variations in literacy skills gaps within the context of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). For this purpose, the author examined the trend of literacy gaps in different countries using multilevel and multisource data from the OECD’s
Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) and UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning survey data from the third edition of the Global Report on Adult Learning and Education (GRALE III). In this article, particular attention is paid to exploring the specific effects of education systems on literacy skills gaps among different age groups. Key findings of this study indicate substantial intergenerational literacy gaps within countries as well as different
patterns of literacy gaps across countries. Young generations generally outscore older adults in literacy skills, but feature bigger gaps when examined by gender and social origin. In addition, this study finds an interesting tendency for young generations to benefit from a system of Recognition, Validation and Accreditation (RVA) in closing literacy gaps by formal schooling at country level. This implies the potential of an RVA system for tackling educational inequality in initial schooling. The article concludes with suggestions for integrating literacy skills as a foundation of lifelong learning into national RVA frameworks and mechanisms at
system level.

This cross-cultural study examines national variations in the association of youths' attitudinal characteristics and socio-psychological resources at school with their mathematics achievements between South Korea and the US. Using the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study 2015 data, it finds comparative results between two countries. By employing multilevel modeling, we discover that youths' attitudinal factors such as educational aspirations, interest, and values are closely associated with mathematics achievement, but the association is stronger in South Korea. Also, teacher effect is more prominent in the US while peer effect is more noticeable in South Korea. These results imply that socio-psychological resources are accumulated differently in the two countries, and shared educational aspirations would be an important factor for Korean youths in collectivism and Confucianism society.

The global agenda for sustainable development has centred lifelong learning on UNESCO's Education 2030 Framework for Action. The study described in this article aimed to examine international and intergenerational variations in literacy skills gaps within the context of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). For this purpose, the author examined the trend of literacy gaps in different countries using multilevel and multisource data from the OECD's Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) and UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning survey data from the third edition of the Global Report on Adult Learning and Education (GRALE III). In this article, particular attention is paid to exploring the specific effects of education systems on literacy skills gaps among different age groups. Key findings of this study indicate substantial intergenerational literacy gaps within countries as well as different patterns of literacy gaps across countries. Young generations generally outscore older adults in literacy skills, but feature bigger gaps when examined by gender and social origin. In addition, this study finds an interesting tendency for young generations to benefit from a system of Recognition, Validation and Accreditation (RVA) in closing literacy gaps by formal schooling at country level. This implies the potential of an RVA system for tackling educational inequality in initial schooling. The article concludes with suggestions for integrating literacy skills as a foundation of lifelong learning into national RVA frameworks and mechanisms at system level.

This study builds an empirical research model that explores societal and individual antecedents of adult learning and examines the adult learning effect on problem-solving skills in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. Considering national differences, it uses multilevel data sources available from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) 2008-2013 and the OECD data lab. The results from this study suggest that young adults (25- to 34-year-olds) with more favorable backgrounds benefit from their social origin and occupational environment in terms of nonformal learning participation. It was also found that the participants outperform nonparticipants in the PIAAC problem-solving skill assessment. The key findings of this study advocate for the importance of policy interventions to combat the cumulative effects of multiple disadvantages in the educational trajectory from initial education to adult learning as we...