Kashe shan taba, yawanci ana kiransa daina shan taba ko daina shan taba, shine tsarin daina shan taba . Shan taba yana dauke da nicotine, wanda ke da haɗari kuma yana iya haifar da dogaro .^[1]^[2]^[3] A sakamakon haka, cirewar nicotine sau da yawa yana sa tsarin barin ke da wahala.

A cewar CDC, Kimanin mutane miliyan 8 ne ke kamuwa da cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da sigari a kowace shekara, wanda ke haifar da wani nauyi na tattalin arziki na dala tiriliyan 1.4 a ma'aunin duniya a kowace shekara^[4]. Shan taba shine babban abin da ke haifar da mutuwa da ake iya hanawa da kuma damuwar lafiyar jama'a a duniya.^[5]Yin amfani da taba yana haifar da mafi yawan cututtuka da ke shafar zuciya da huhu, tare da shan taba yana zama babban haɗari ga ciwon zuciya,bugun jini, cututtuka na huhu na huhu (COPD), Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF), emphysema, da nau'i daban-daban da nau'in ciwon daji (musamman ciwon huhu na huhu, ciwon daji na oropharynx, larynx, da baki, ciwon daji na esophageal da pancreatic cancer ). Rashin shan taba yana da matukar muhimmanci yana rage haɗarin mutuwa daga cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da shan taba.

Hadarin bugun zuciya a cikin mai shan taba yana raguwa da 50% bayan shekara 1 na dainawa. Hakazalika haɗarin cutar kansar huhu yana raguwa da kashi 50 cikin ɗari a cikin shekaru 10 na dainawa

Daga 2001 zuwa 2010, kusan kashi 70% na masu shan taba a Amurka sun nuna sha'awar daina shan taba, kuma 50% sun ruwaito cewa sun yi ƙoƙarin yin hakan a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. Ana iya amfani da dabaru da yawa don dakatar da shan taba, gami da dainawa ba zato ba tsammani ba tare da taimako ba (" Turkey mai sanyi "), yankewa sannan barin, shawarwarin ɗabi'a, da magunguna kamar bupropion, cytisine, maye gurbin nicotine, ko varenicline. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, musamman a Kanada da Birtaniya, yawancin masu shan taba sun canza zuwa amfani da sigari na lantarki don daina shan taba. Koyaya, binciken 2022 ya gano cewa kashi 20% na masu shan sigari waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin amfani da sigari e-cigare don daina shan taba sun yi nasara amma 66% daga cikinsu sun ƙare a matsayin masu amfani da sigari da samfuran vape guda ɗaya shekara guda.

Yawancin masu shan taba da suke ƙoƙarin dainawa suna yin hakan ba tare da taimako ba. Koyaya, kawai 3-6% na yunƙurin barin ƙoƙarin ba tare da taimako ba suna samun nasara na dogon lokaci. Shawarwari na dabi'a da magunguna kowanne yana ƙara yawan nasarar barin shan taba, da kuma haɗuwa da shawarwarin hali tare da magani irin su bupropion ya fi tasiri fiye da ko dai shi kadai. A meta-bincike daga 2018, gudanar a kan 61 bazuwar gwajin gwaji, ya nuna cewa a cikin mutanen da suka daina shan taba tare da wani daina magani (da kuma wani hali taimako), kamar 20% har yanzu wadanda ba shan taba a shekara daga baya, idan aka kwatanta da 12% wanda ba su daina shan taba. shan magani.[23]

Hanyoyin daina shan taba

Yi da kai

Yakan ɗauki yunƙuri da yawa, da yuwuwar yin amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban kowane lokaci, kafin cimma dogon lokaci. Fiye da kashi 74.7% na masu shan sigari suna ƙoƙarin dainawa ba tare da wani taimako ba,^[6] in ba haka ba da aka sani da "turkey mai sanyi", ko tare da magungunan gida. Masu shan taba a baya sun yi tsakanin kiyasin ƙoƙari 6 zuwa 30 kafin su yi nasarar dainawa. Gano wace hanya ko dabara a ƙarshe mafi nasara yana da wahala; an yi kiyasin, alal misali, kusan kashi 4 zuwa 7% na mutane ne kawai ke iya daina shan taba a kowane yunƙuri ba tare da magunguna ko wasu taimako ba. Yawancin yunƙurin barin har yanzu ba a taimaka musu ba, ko da yake yanayin yana canzawa. A cikin Amurka, alal misali, adadin barin ba tare da taimako ya faɗi daga 91.8% a 1986 zuwa 52.1% a lokacin 2006 zuwa 2009. Mafi yawan hanyoyin da ba a taimaka ba sune "Turki mai sanyi", kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita don nufin ko dai ba tare da taimako ba ko daina ba da gangan da kuma "raguwar adadin" sigari a hankali, ko "raguwar sigari".^[7]

Cold turkey

"Cold turkey" kalma ce ta magana da ke nuna janyewar ba zato ba tsammani daga magungunan jaraba. A cikin wannan mahallin, yana nuna ba zato ba tsammani da cikakken daina amfani da nicotine. A cikin binciken uku, ita ce hanyar dakatar da 76%, [27] 85%, [28] ko 88% ^[8] na dogon lokaci masu nasara sun daina. da wuya" tsayawa, 27% sun ce "yana da matukar wahala", sauran kashi 20% kuma sun ga yana da matukar wahala.^[9]

Yanke kasa don barin

Ragewar hankali ya kunshi sannu a hankali rage yawan shan nicotine a kullum. Ana iya cimma wannan hanyar bisa ka'ida ta hanyar maimaita canje-canje ga sigari tare da kananan matakan nicotine, ta hanyar rage yawan sigari da ake sha kullum, ko kuma ta hanyar shan sigari kadan a kowane lokaci. Wani bita na tsari na 2009 da masu bincike a Jami'ar Birmingham suka yi sun gano cewa maye gurbin nicotine a hankali zai iya yin tasiri wajen daina shan taba. Babu wani gagarumin bambanci a farashin daina shan sigari da suka daina ta hanyar ragewa a hankali ko dainawa ba zato ba tsammani kamar yadda aka auna ta hanyar kauracewa shan taba na akalla watanni shida daga ranar dainawa. Wannan bita ya kuma duba taimakon magunguna guda biyar don ragewa.

Lokacin rage yawan shan taba sigari, ya sami w a s shaidun cewa karin varenicline ko saurin maye gurbin nicotine na iya tasiri ga barin barin tsawon watanni shida ko fiye.^[10]

Magunguna

A 21mg dose nicotine patch applied to the left arm

Cibiyar Cancer ta Amurka ta lura cewa "Nazari a cikin mujallolin likita sun ruwaito cewa kimanin kashi 25% a masu shan taba da ke amfani da magunguna na iya zama marasa shan taba fiye da watanni 6."^[11] Magunguna guda daya sun hada da:

. Maganin maye gurbin nicotine (NRT): Magunguna biyar ne Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta amince da su don isar da nicotine a cikin wani nau'i wanda ba ya hada da hadarin shan taba: facin nicotine transdermal, danko nicotine, lozenges nicotine, masu shakar nicotine, nicotine feshin baki, da nicotine na hanci. Shaidu masu inganci sun nuna cewa wadannan nau'ikan NRT suna habaka kimar nasarar mutanen da suke kokarin daina shan taba. Ana nufin amfani da NRTs a dan gajeren lokaci kuma yakamata a sanya su kasa zuwa karamin adadin kafin tsayawa. NRTs suna kara damar daina shan taba da kashi 50 zuwa 60% idan aka kwatanta da placebo ko kuma babu magani.^[12] Wasu illolin da aka ruwaito sun hada da dan haushi na gida (masu shakar shaka da feshi) da ciwon kirji marasa ischemic (rare).^[13]^[14]

. Antidepressants: An yi la'akari da bupropion antidepressant a matsayin magani na farko don dakatar da shan taba kuma an nuna h i a yawancin binciken don kara yawan nasara na dogon lokaci. Ko da yake bupropion yana karuwa da hadarin samun abubuwan da ba su da kyau, babu wata huia bayyananne cewa miyagun kwayoyi yana da tasiri ko Zasa idan aka kwatanta da placebo.

. Varenicline yana rage sha'awar shan taba kuma yana rage alamun cirewa don haka ana daukarsa magani na farko don daina shan taba.[41] Yawan mutanen da ke daina shan taba tare da varenicline ya fi na bupropion ko NRT. [42] Varenicline fiye da ninki biyu damar barin barin idan aka kwatanta da placebo, kuma yana da tasiri kamar hada nau'ikan NRT guda biyu. 2 MG / rana na varenicline an samo shi don hafar da mafi girman yawan abstinence (33.2%) na kowane magani guda daya, yayin da 1MG / rana yana haifar da kimar abstinence na 25.4%. Wani bita na tsarin 2016 da meta-bincike a gwaje-gwajen da aka sarrafa bazuwar ya kare babu wata shaida da ke goyan bayan alaka tsakanin varenicline da habaka abubuwan cututtukan zuciya.

. Clonidine na iya rage alamun janyewar kuma "kusan ninki biyu na abstinence rates idan aka kwatanta da placebo," amma illarsa sun hada da bushe baki da kwantar da hankali, kuma dakatar da maganin ba zato ba tsammani zai iya haifar da hawan jini da sauran illoli. [45] 46].

. Babu wata shaida mai kyau cewa anxiolytics suna taimakawa. 47]

. Abaya can, rimonabant, wanda shine nav'in antagonist na cannabinoid mai karba, an yi amfani dashi don taimakawa wajen barinwa da kuma daidaita nauyin da ake sa ran. [48]. Amma yana da mahimmanci a san cewa masana'antun rimonabant da taranabant sun daina samarwa a cikin 2008 saboda mummunan tasirin CNS.

Shirye-shiryen al'umma

Harkokin al'umma ta amfani da "tashoshi da yawa don samar da karfafawa, tallafi da ka'idoii don rashin shan taba" na iya yin tasiri akan sakamakon dakatar da shan taba a tsakanin manya. [49] Hanyoyi na musamman da ake amfani da su a cikin al'umma don karfafa daina shan taba a tsakanin manya sun hada da: . Manufofin yin wuraren aiki [27] da wuraren jama'a marasa shan taba. An kiyasta cewa "cikakkiyar dokokin cikin gida mai tsabta" na iva kara yawan adadin daina shan taba da kashi 12%-38%[50] A cikin 2008, Jihar New York a Alcoholism da Ayyukan Abuse Abuse sun haramta shan taba ta marasa lafiya, ma'aikata, da masu sa kai a cibiyoyin jiyya na 1,300.[51] . Dokokin son rai na sa gidaje su zama marasa shan taba, wadanda ake tunanin suna habaka daina shan taba. [27][52] .Kaddamarwa don ilimantar da jama'a game da illolin kiwon lafiya na shan taba, [53] ciki har da manyan hatsarori na kutsawa cikin hayaki na hannu ga mazauna gidaje masu yawan jama'a. [54] .Kara farashin kayayyakin taba, misali ta hanyar haraji. HUKUNCIN CIGABA DA AlKATAWA "Huija mai mahimmanci" cewa wannan yana da tasiri a cikin karuwar sigari [55]: 28-30 an kiyasta cewa karuwa ta CIGABA DAGA 3-5 %.[50] .Kamfen watsa labarai. Akwai shaidun da ke nuna cewa idan aka hada su tare da wasu nauin shiga tsakani, kamfen din watsa labarai na iya zama da fa'ida.[55]: 30-32[56. .Shaidu masu rauni sun nuna cewa sanya dokar hana shan taba a asibitoci da gidajen yari na iya rage yawan shan taba da shan taba.[57]

Magungunan masana

Shirye-shiryen da masana magunguna ke jagoranta sun tabbatar da yin tasiri wajen taimakawa yunkurin daina shan taba. Yawancin sake dubawa na tsari sun kalli mahimmancin shigar da magunguna. A kasar Malesiya, bincikensu ya yi nazari kan yadda masu yin harhada magunguna a cikin kula da lafiyar marasa lafiya gaba daya ya nuna ci gaba wajen tantance farkon cutar. [58] Wannan ya ba da izinin magani na farko yana farawa a cikin COPD mai haifar da shan taba. Bugu da kari, masu harhada magunguna a Malaysia na iya rubuta samfuran NRT, kuma lokacin da suka jagoranci sabis na daina shan taba, ya fi nasara fiye da sauran gwaje-gwajen daina shan taba a Malaysia. [58] An kuma nuna cewa masu ba da magunguna da samfuran NRT sun fi tasiri wajen daina shan taba fiye da amfani da NRT kadai.

Acikin ayyukan dakatar da shan sigari da masu siyar da magunguna ke jagoranta a Habasha, binciken ya gano fa'idodin kididdiga da fa'idodi na asibiti suna fifita sa hannun masu harhada magunguna. [59] Sun gano cewa tsarin kulawa, da ziyarar yau da kullun, samun saukin isa ga masu harhada magunguna sun taimaka wa mutane da yawa wadanda ke kokarin barin aiki fize da ba tare da. Duk da haka, binciken ya kammala cewa ya kamata a yi karin bincike a yankin yayin da suka gano wani hadarin da ba a sani ba a cikin binciken da aka hada[59].

Hanyoyi na zamantakewa

The Great American Smokeout taron ne na shekara-shekara wanda ke gayyatar masu shan sigari su daina na kwana daya, da fatan za su iya tsawaita wannan har abada.

. Ranar 31 ga watan Mayun kowace shekara ce hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta ware ranar yaki da shan taba sigari. . Sau da yawa ana ba da tallafin dakatar da shan taba ta hanyar dakatar da wayar tarho|72][73] (misali, lambar kyauta ta Amurka 1-800-QUIT-NOW), ko kuma cikin mutum. Nazari guda uku na meta-bincike sun kammala cewa tallafin dakatar da tarho yana da tasiri idan aka kwatanta da karamin ko babu shawarwari ko taimakon kai da kuma cewa dakatarwar tarho tare da magani ya fi inganci fiye da magani kadai, [45]: 91-92[55]:40-42 kuma wannan nasiha mai zurfi na mutum ya fi tasiri fiye da takaitaccen shawarwari na sirri. 7 4 ] . Kungiyar 'Yanci Daga Shan Sigari ta kunshi zama takwas kuma tana fasalta tsarin mataki-mataki don barin shan taba. An tsara kowane zama don taimakawa masu shan taba su sami iko akan halayensu. Tsarin asibitin yana karfafa mahalarta suyi aiki a kan tsari da matsalolin barin duka biyu da kuma a matsayin bangare na kungiya.84] . Yawancin nau'd'in t s o m a baki na psychosocial suna habaka kimar barin aiki: 10.8% ba tare da soma baki ba, 15.1% don tsari daya, 18.5% don tsari 2, da 23.2% don tsari uku ko hudu.45: 91 .An yi amfani da tsarin juzu'i, gami da "matakan canji", wajen daidaita hanyoyin dakatar da shan taba ga daidaikun mutane, [85][86](87][88] duk da haka, akwai wasu shaidun da ke nuna cewa "taimakon kai na tushen mataki. shisshigi (tsarin kwararru da/ko kayan da aka kebance) da nasha na daidaikun ba su da karfi ko kasa da tasiri fiye da wadanda ba su da tushe."[89].

Yadda ake saita ranar bari

Yawancin albarkatun daina shan taba irin su Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka (CDC) [90] da kuma Mayo Clinic 9 1 suna karfafa masu shan taba don kirkirar shirin barin, ciki har da saita ranar dainawa, wanda ke taimaka musu tsammani da tsara kalubalen shan taba. Tsarin dainawa zai iya inganta damar mai shan taba na samun nasarar barinsa9 2 [93][94] kamar yadda zai iya saita Litinin, a matsayin ranar dainawa, g a i n cewa bincike ya nuna cewa Litinin fiye da kowace rana ita ce lokacin da masu shan taba ke neman bayanai akan layi. daina shan taba9 5 da kuma kiran da a daina shan taba96]. A Nepal, masu shan taba ba sa son kai, an fara kamfen na lafiya na makonni biyu a ranar Valentine da Vasant panchami don zaburar da mutane su daina shan taba a matsayin sadaukarwa ga kaunatattunsu da yanke shawara mai ma'ana ta rayuwa. Wanna yakin yana daukar hankalin jama'a. [97]

Taimakon kai

Kayayyakin taimakon kai na iya haifar da karamar habakar kima musamman lokacin da babu wani nau'i na tallafi na tallafi.[98] "Sakamakon taimakon kai ya kasance mai rauni", kuma adadin nau'ikan taimakon kai bai haifar da kimar kamewa ba. 45]:89-91 Duk da haka, hanyoyin taimakon kai don daina shan taba sun hada da: . Kungiyoyin taimakon kai-da-kai irin su Nicotine Anonymous, [99][100] ko albarkatun dakatarwa na gizo kamar Smokefree.gov, wanda ke ba da taimako iri-iri ciki har da kayan taimakon kai.[101] .WebMD: hanya ce ta samar da bayanan tushen yanar lafiya, kayan aikin sarrafa lafiya, da tallafi. 102

Ra'ayin biochemical

Hanyoyi daban-daban suna ba masu shan sigari damar g a i n tasirin amfani da taba da kuma tasirin barinsa nan take. Yin amfani da hanyoyin mayar da martani na biochemical na iya ba da damar gano masu amfani da taba da tantancewa, kuma saka idanu a duk kokarin barin a iya kara kuzari don barin. [107][108] Shaida- hikima, an san kadan game da illolin yin amfani da gwaje-gwajen halittu don tantance hadarin mutum dangane da daina shan taba.[109] . Sa ido kan numfashin carbon monoxide (CO): carbon monoxide wani muhimmin sashi ne na hayakin sigari, kuma ana iya amfani da na'urar duba carbon monoxide don gano amfani da sigari na yanzu.

Matsalolin carbon monoxide a cikin numfashi yana da alaka kai tsaye tare da hadin gwiwar CO a cikin jini, wanda aka sani da kashi carboxyhemoglobin. Kimar nuna hadin jini CO ga mai shan taba ta hanyar samfurin numfashi mara lalacewa shine yana danganta al'adar shan taba tare da cutarwar jiki da ke hade da shan taba. [110] . Cotinine: Cotinine, metabolite na nicotine, yana cikin masu shan taba. Kamar carbon monoxide, gwajin cotinine na iya zama abin dogara ga yanayin shan taba. [111] Ana iya gwada matakan Cotinine ta fitsari, yau, jini, ko samfuran gashi. Daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke damun gwajin cotinine shine cin zarafi na hanyoyin yin samfur. Duk da yake duka matakan suna ba da babban hankali da kayyadaddun kayyadaddun bayanai, sun bambanta ta hanyar amfani da farashi. Misali, sa ido kan numfashin CO ba mai cutarwa bane, yayin da gwajin cotinine ya dogara da ruwan jiki. Misali, wadannan hanyoyin guda biyu ana iya amfani da su kadai ko tare yayin da tabbatar da kauracewa yana bukatar karin tabbaci 112.

Gasa da abubuwan kara kuzari

Kimar kudi ko kayan aiki don jawo hankalin mutane su daina shan taba yana inganta daina shan taba yayin da dalili ke nan.[113] Gasar da ke bukatar mahalarta su saka kudin kansu, "yin yin fare" cewa za su vi nasara wajen daina shan taba, ya zama abin karfafawa. [113] Duk da haka, yana da wuya a dauki mahalarta don irin wannan gasa a cikin kwatancen kai-da-kai tare da wasu samfura masu karfafawa, kamar ba wa mahalarta NRT ko sanya su cikin tsarin lada na yau da kullun.[114] Shaidu sun nuna cewa shirye-shiryen karfafawa na iya yin tasiri ga iyaye mata masu juna biyu masu shan taba.[113] Tun daga shekarar 2019, akwai karancin adadin karatu kan "sake da nasara" da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi gasa da sakamakon binciken da ake da su ba su cika ba. [115]

Yawan jama'a na musamman

Yara da matasa

Hanyoyin amfani da yara da matasa sun hada da: .Habaka habakawa[151] . Taimakon ilimin halin dan adam [151] . Ayyukan hana shan taba sigari na matasa, kamar sa hannu a wasanni . Manhajojin makaranta, kamar horar da dabarun rayuwa . Zaman shawarwarin ma'aikatan jinya na makaranta|152 . Rage isa ga taba . Kafofin watsa labarai na anti-taba, Sadarwar iyali.

Mata masu ciki

Shan taba a lokacin daukar ciki na iya haifar da illa ga lafiyar mace da tayin. Jagoran Amurka na 2008 ya kaddara cewa "matsalolin zamantakewar mutum-da- mutum" (yawanci ciki har da "shawara mai zurfi") ya karu yawan kaurace wa mata masu juna biyu masu shan taba zuwa 13.3%, idan aka kwatanta da 7.6% a cikin kulawa na yau da kullum. [45]: 165-167 Uwayen da ke shan taba a lokacin daukar ciki suna da halin haihu da wuri. Yawancin jariran su ba su da habaka, suna da kananan sassan jiki, kuma suna da nauyi fiye da matsakaicin nauyin jariri. Bugu da kari, wadannan jariran suna da raunin tsarin garkuwar jiki, wanda ke sa su zama masu saurin kamuwa da cututtuka da yawa kamar kumburin kunne na tsakiya da mashako mai asthmatic, da kuma yanayin rayuwa kamar ciwon sukari da hauhawar jini, duk suna iya haifar da cututtuka masu yawa. [156]. Bugu da kari, wani binciken da Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Yara ta Amirka ta buga ya nuna cewa shan taba a lokacin daukar ciki yana kara yiwuwar mutuwar jarirai ba zato ba tsammani ((SUID) ko (SIDS)). [157]. Hakanan akwai karin damar cewa yaron zai kasance mai shan taba a lokacin girma. Wani bita da aka yi na tsari ya nuna cewa ayyukan zamantakewar zamantakewa suna taimaka wa mata su daina shan taba a karshen ciki kuma yana iya rage hadarin jarirai marasa nauyi.

Tatsuniya ce cewa mace mai shan taba na iya cutar da tayin ta hanyar daina gaggawa da gano tana da ciki. Wannan ra'ayin ba ya dogara ne akan wani binciken likita ko gaskiya ba. [159]

Masu shan taba a asibiti

Masu shan taba da aka kwantar da su a asibiti na iya zama dalili na musamman don barin. Binciken Cochrane na 2012 ya gano cewa ayyukan da suka fara a lokacin zaman asibiti da ci gaba da wata daya ko fiye bayan fitarwa suna da tasiri wajen haifar da kauracewa. 165. Marasa lafiya da ke yin zaben tiyata na iya samun fa'idodin hanyoyin hana shan sigari kafin a fara aiki, lokacin farawa 4-8 makonni kafin tiyata tare da sa baki na mako-mako don tallafin dabi'a da amfani da maganin maye gurbin nicotine. [166] An samo shi don rage rikice-rikice da yawan cututtuka bayan tiyata. [166].

Rashin hankali

Mutanen da ke da matsalar vanayi ko rashin kulawa da rashin hankali suna da damar da za su fara shan taba da kuma karancin damar daina shan taba. [167] An kuma ga alaka mafi girma da shan taba a cikin mutanen da aka gano suna da babbar cuta ta damuwa a kowane lokaci a tsawon rayuwarsu idan aka kwatanta da wadanda ba tare da shi ba. Adadin nasarar da aka samu wajen barin shan taba ya yi kasa sosai ga wadanda ke da babbar matsalar rashin damuwa da mutanen da ba tare da an gano cutar ba. [168] Fitar da hayakin sigari tun farkon rayuwa, lokacin daukar ciki, kuruciya, ko samartaka, na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga ci gaban daidaikun yara kuma yana kara hadarin kamuwa da cututtukan damuwa a nan gaba.[167]

Rikicin amfani da abubuwa na lokaci guda

Sama da kashi uku bisa hudu na mutanen da ake jinyar amfani da kayan maye suna shan taba a halin yanzu.173] Bayar da shawarwari da magunguna (maganin maye gurbin nicotine kamar faci ko danko, varenicline, da/ko bupropion) yana kara kauracewa taba ba tare da kara hadarin komawa ga sauran abubuwan amfani ba. 174

Kwatanta kimar nasara

Kwatankwacin adadin nasara a cikin tsangwama na iya zama da wahala saboda ma'anoni daban-daban na "nasara" a cikin nazarin. [165] Robert West da Saul Shiffman, hukumomi a wanna fanni da ma'aikatun kiwon lafiya na gwamnati suka amince da su a cikin kasashe da yawa, [164]:73, 76, 80 sun kammala cewa, amfani da su tare, "tallafin halayya" da "maganin magani" na iya rubanya damar da za a samu. yunkurin barin aiki zai yi nasara. Wani bita na tsari na 2008 a cikin Jarida ta Turai na Rigakafin Ciwon daji ya gano cewa tsarin halayyar rukuni shine mafi kyawun dabarun shiga tsakani don dakatar da shan taba, sannan bupropion, shawarar likita mai zurfi, maganin maye gurbin nicotine, shawarwarin mutum, shawarwarin tarho, toma baki, da kuma dacewa da kai. -matsalolin taimako; binciken bai tattauna batun varenicline ba.

Abubuwan da ke shafar nasara

Kashewa na iya zama da wahala ga mutanen da ke da fata mai launin duhu fiye da masu launin fata tun da nicotine yana da alaka ga kyallen da ke dauke da melanin. Bincike ya nuna hakan na iya haifar da al'amarin karuwar dogaro da nicotine da rage yawan daina shan taba a cikin mutane masu launin duhu.(177 Akwai muhimmin bangaren zamantakewa ga shan taba. Yaduwar daina shan taba daga mutum zuwa mutumyana taimakawa wajen raguwar shan taba a wadannan shekaru[178]. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2008 a cibiyar sadarwar da ke da alaka da mutane sama da 12,000 ya gano cewa daina shan taba ta kowane mutum da aka ba shi ya rage damar w a s da ke kewaye da su haskaka ta da adadin masu zuwa: mata da kashi 67%, dan'uwa ta kashi 25%, aboki da 36. %, da abokin aiki da 34%. [178] Duk da haka, wani bita na Cochrane ya kaddara cewa soma baki don kara goyon bayan zamantakewa don yunkurin daina shan taba bai inganta kimar daina dogon lokaci ba. [179] Masu shan taba da ke kokarin daina shan taba suna fuskantar tasirin zamantakewa wanda zai iya riniayar su su bi su ci gaba da shan taba. Sha'awa yana da saukin tsarewa lokacin da yanayin mutum bai haifar da al'ada ba. Ace mutumin da ya daina shan taba yana da kusanci da masu shan taba. Awannan yanayin, sau da yawa ana saka su cikin yanayin da ke sa sha'awar bin ka'idodin da ke da ban sha'awa. Koyaya, a cikin karamin rukuni tare da akalla daya ba shan taba ba, yuwuwar daidaituwa ta ragu. Zagayewar kai yana faruwa lokacin da mutum ya ji dadin shan taba duk da haka yana shan taba don rage jin dadi. Wargaza wannan zagayowar na iya zama mabudin wajen canza dabi'ar zagon kasa181]. Masu shan tabar da ke da babbar matsalar damuwa na iya zama kasa da nasara wajen daina shan sigari fiye da masu shan sigari wadanda ba su da damuwa. (45]:81 [182] Komawa (ci gaba da shan taba bayan dainawa) yana da alaka da lamuran tunani kamar karancin karfin kai, [183] [184] ko mafi kyawun amsawa; [186

Illoli

Daina shan taba
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	substance abuse treatment (en) da tobacco use cessation (en)
Yana haddasa	nicotine withdrawal (en)

Alamun janyewa

CDC ta gane alamun janyewar nicotine guda bakwai da mutane sukan fuskanta lokacin da suke daina shan taba: "sha'awar shan taba, jin haushi, jin haushi, ko bacin rai, jin tsalle da rashin natsuwa, samun wahalar mai da hankali, samun matsala barci, jin yunwa ko samun nauyi, ko jin damuwa, bakin ciki ko damuwa."[189] Bincike ya nuna cewa yin amfani da magunguna, irin su varenicline [190] [191] na iva zama da amfani wajen rage alamun janyewar yayin aikin dainawa.

Girman nauyi

Yin watsi da shan taba yana da alaka da matsakaicin nauyin kilo 4-5 (8.8-11.0 lb) bayan watanni 12, yawancin abin da ke faruwa a cikin watanni uku na farko na barin. [192].

Lafiyar tunani

Kamar sauran magunguna na jiki, jarabar nicotine yana hafar da kayyadaddun ka'idodin samar da dopamine da sauran masu habaka neurotransmitters yayin da kwakwalwa ke kokarin rama abin habakar dan adam da shan taba ke haifarwa. Wasu bincike daga 1990s sun gano cewa lokacin da mutane suka daina shan taba, alamun damuwa irin su halin kashe kansa ko ainihin bacin rai na iya haifar da, [182] [200] ko da yake wani binciken da aka yi a duniya kwanan nan yana kwatanta masu shan taba da suka daina tsawon watanni 3 tare da masu ci gaba da shan taba sun gano cewa dakatar da shan taba. bai bayyana yana kara damuwa ko damuwa ba. [201] Wani bita na 2021 ya gano cewa barin shan taba yana rage damuwa da damuwa.

Manazarta

↑ https://lccn.loc.gov/00244999
↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20220525083936/https://www.cancer.org/healthy/stay-away-from-tobacco/guide-quitting-smoking.html
↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20220529024422/https://www.nhs.uk/better-health/quit-smoking/
↑ https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/global/index.htm
↑ https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207276270
↑ Caraballo RS, Shafer PR, Patel D, Davis KC, McAfee TA (April 2017). "Quit Methods Used by US Adult Cigarette Smokers, 2014-2016". Preventing Chronic Disease. 14: E32. doi:10.5888/pcd14.160600. PMC 5392446. PMID 28409740.
↑ Mooney ME, Johnson EO, Breslau N, Bierut LJ, Hatsukami DK (June 2011). Munafò M (ed.). "Cigarette smoking reduction and changes in nicotine dependence". Nicotine & Tobacco Research. Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 13 (6): 426–430. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr019. LCCN 00244999. PMC 3103717. PMID 21367813. S2CID 29891495.
↑ Chapman S, MacKenzie R (February 2010). "The global research neglect of unassisted smoking cessation: causes and consequences". PLOS Medicine. 7 (2): e1000216. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000216. PMC 2817714. PMID 20161722.
↑ Hung WT, Dunlop SM, Perez D, Cotter T (July 2011). "Use and perceived helpfulness of smoking cessation methods: results from a population survey of recent quitters". BMC Public Health. 11: 592. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-592. PMC 3160379. PMID 21791111.
↑ Lindson N, Klemperer E, Hong B, Ordóñez-Mena JM, Aveyard P (September 2019). "Smoking reduction interventions for smoking cessation". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (9): CD013183. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013183.pub2. PMC 6953262. PMID 31565800.
↑ "Guide to quitting smoking. What do I need to know about quitting" (PDF). American Cancer Society. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-09. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
↑ Hartmann-Boyce J, Chepkin SC, Ye W, Bullen C, Lancaster T (May 2018). "Nicotine replacement therapy versus control for smoking cessation". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 5 (5): CD000146. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000146.pub5. PMC 6353172. PMID 29852054.
↑ Zhou HX (November 2008). "The debut of PMC Biophysics". PMC Biophysics. 1 (1): 1. doi:10.1186/1757-5036-1-1. PMC 2605105. PMID 19351423.
↑ Henningfield JE, Fant RV, Buchhalter AR, Stitzer ML (2005). "Pharmacotherapy for nicotine dependence". CA. 55 (5): 281–99, quiz 322–3, 325. doi:10.3322/canjclin.55.5.281. PMID 16166074. S2CID 25668093.

[1] ttps://lccn.loc.gov/00244999

[2] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20220525083936/https://www.cancer.org/healthy/stay-away-from-tobacco/guide-quitting-smoking.html

[3] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20220529024422/https://www.nhs.uk/better-health/quit-smoking/

[4] ttps://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/global/index.htm

[5] ttps://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207276270

[6] Caraballo RS, Shafer PR, Patel D, Davis KC, McAfee TA (April 2017). "Quit Methods Used by US Adult Cigarette Smokers, 2014-2016". Preventing Chronic Disease. 14: E32. doi:10.5888/pcd14.160600. PMC 5392446. PMID 28409740.

[nicotine_dependence-7] Mooney ME, Johnson EO, Breslau N, Bierut LJ, Hatsukami DK (June 2011). Munafò M (ed.). "Cigarette smoking reduction and changes in nicotine dependence". Nicotine & Tobacco Research. Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 13 (6): 426–430. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr019. LCCN 00244999. PMC 3103717. PMID 21367813. S2CID 29891495.

[Chapman-MacKenzie-8] Chapman S, MacKenzie R (February 2010). "The global research neglect of unassisted smoking cessation: causes and consequences". PLOS Medicine. 7 (2): e1000216. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000216. PMC 2817714. PMID 20161722.

[9] Hung WT, Dunlop SM, Perez D, Cotter T (July 2011). "Use and perceived helpfulness of smoking cessation methods: results from a population survey of recent quitters". BMC Public Health. 11: 592. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-592. PMC 3160379. PMID 21791111.

[LindsonKlemperer2019-10] Lindson N, Klemperer E, Hong B, Ordóñez-Mena JM, Aveyard P (September 2019). "Smoking reduction interventions for smoking cessation". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (9): CD013183. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013183.pub2. PMC 6953262. PMID 31565800.

[ACS-guide-11] "Guide to quitting smoking. What do I need to know about quitting" (PDF). American Cancer Society. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-09. Retrieved 2017-01-08.

[12] Hartmann-Boyce J, Chepkin SC, Ye W, Bullen C, Lancaster T (May 2018). "Nicotine replacement therapy versus control for smoking cessation". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 5 (5): CD000146. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000146.pub5. PMC 6353172. PMID 29852054.

[www.canada.ca-2022-13] Zhou HX (November 2008). "The debut of PMC Biophysics". PMC Biophysics. 1 (1): 1. doi:10.1186/1757-5036-1-1. PMC 2605105. PMID 19351423.

[14] Henningfield JE, Fant RV, Buchhalter AR, Stitzer ML (2005). "Pharmacotherapy for nicotine dependence". CA. 55 (5): 281–99, quiz 322–3, 325. doi:10.3322/canjclin.55.5.281. PMID 16166074. S2CID 25668093.

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