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Ira Aldridge

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Ira Aldridge
Rayuwa
Haihuwa New York, 24 ga Yuli, 1807
ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Ƙabila Afirkawan Amurka
Harshen uwa Turanci
Mutuwa Łódź (en) Fassara, 7 ga Augusta, 1867
Makwanci Łódź Old Cemetery - Evangelical-Augsburg section (en) Fassara
Ƴan uwa
Abokiyar zama Amanda von Brandt (en) Fassara
Margaret Gill (en) Fassara
Yara
Karatu
Makaranta African Free School (en) Fassara
Harsuna Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a jarumi, stage actor (en) Fassara, mai bada umurni na gidan wasan kwaykwayo, marubucin wasannin kwaykwayo da talent manager (en) Fassara
Employers African Theatre (en) Fassara
Artistic movement Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Ira Frederick Aldridge (Yuli 24, 1807 - Agusta 7, 1867) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne ɗan Biritaniya haifaffen Amurka, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, kuma manajan gidan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda aka sani da siffanta haruffan Shakespearean . James Hewlett da Aldridge ana daukarsu a matsayin bakar fata na farko a Amurka .

An haife shi a birnin New York, ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren Aldridge na farko shine a farkon 1820s tare da ƙungiyar Grove Theatre ta Afirka . Da yake fuskantar wariya a Amurka, ya bar Ingila a 1824 kuma ya fara halarta a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Coburg na London. Yayin da aikinsa ya girma, wasan kwaikwayo na Shakespeare na litattafan tarihi ya gamu da yabo mai mahimmanci kuma daga baya ya zama manajan Coventry 's Coventry Theater Royal. Daga 1852, Aldridge akai-akai yana zagayawa da yawa na Nahiyar Turai kuma ya sami babban girma daga shugabannin ƙasashe da yawa. Ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani yayin da yake yawon shakatawa a Poland kuma an binne shi da girmamawa a Łódź .

Aldridge shine kadai ɗan wasan ɗan wasan ɗan Afirka Ba-Amurke wanda aka karrama shi da plaque tagulla a Shakespeare Memorial Theater a Stratford-kan-Avon . Biyu daga cikin 'ya'yan Aldridge, Amanda da Luranah, sun zama ƙwararrun mawakan opera.

Rayuwar farko da aiki

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Ira Aldridge a matsayin Mungo a cikin The Padlock .

An haifi Aldridge a Birnin New York ga Reverend Daniel da Luranah (wanda kuma aka rubuta Lurona) Aldridge a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 1807, amma wasu 'yan tarihin tarihin farko sun bayyana cewa an haife shi a Bel Air, Maryland . Lokacin da yake da shekaru 13, Aldridge ya tafi Makarantar Kyauta ta Afirka a Birnin New York, wanda New York Manumission Society ta kafa don 'ya'yan baƙar fata masu 'yanci da bayi . An ba su ilimin gargajiya, wanda ya haɗa da nahawu na Ingilishi, rubutu, lissafi, yanayin ƙasa, da ilimin taurari. Abokan karatunsa a makarantar sun hada da James McCune Smith, Alexander Crummell, Charles L. Reason, George T. Downing, da Henry H. Garnet . [1]

Kwarewar ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren Aldridge na farko shine a farkon 1820s tare da Kamfanin Afirka, ƙungiyar da William Henry Brown da James Hewlett suka kafa kuma suke gudanarwa. A cikin 1821, ƙungiyar ta gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka Grove, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Afirka-Amurka a Amurka. [2] Kamfanin na ɗan gajeren lokaci ya kasance batun zanga-zangar maƙwabta, harin da wani kamfani mai hamayya da shi, da kuma wariyar launin fata da editan jarida da Sheriff na New York Mordecai Manuel Noah ya buga. [3] Wannan ƙiyayya ta nuna ƴan bege ga aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Aldridge a Amurka. Aldridge ya fara fitowa a matsayin Rolla, ɗan Peruvian a cikin Richard Brinsley Sheridan 's Pizarro . Wataƙila ya buga jagororin maza a cikin Romeo da Juliet, kamar yadda aka ruwaito daga baya a cikin wani memoir na 1860 ta ɗan makarantarsa, Dokta James McCune Smith. [4]

Hoton Aldridge a matsayin Mungo, wanda aka gudanar a Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma .

Da yake fuskantar ci gaba da nuna wariya da baƙar fata 'yan wasan kwaikwayo suka yi a Amurka, Aldridge ya yi hijira zuwa Liverpool, Ingila, a 1824 tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo James Wallack. A wannan lokacin ne aka fara juyin juya halin masana'antu, wanda ya haifar da sauye-sauye na tattalin arziki wanda ya taimaka wajen fadada ci gaban gidajen wasan kwaikwayo. [4] Majalisar dokokin Burtaniya ta soke bautar da ake yi a Burtaniya a cikin karni na 11, ta haramta cinikin bayi na Atlantika kuma tana matsawa zuwa kawar da bautar a cikin daular Burtaniya, wanda ya kara fatan 'yan wasan bakar fata daga kasashen waje suna neman yin aiki.

Da yake da ƙarancin gogewa a fagen wasa da kuma rashin karramawa, Aldridge ya tsara labarin zuriyarsa ta Afirka, yana mai iƙirarin cewa ya fito daga zuriyar sarakunan Fulani . [2] A shekara ta 1831, Aldridge ya ɗauki sunan Keene na ɗan lokaci, wanda aka fi sani da shahararren ɗan wasan Burtaniya Edmund Kean . Aldridge ya lura da al'adar wasan kwaikwayo na gama-gari na ɗaukar suna iri ɗaya ko makamancinsa ga na mashahurin don a sami hankali. Bugu da ƙari, ana kiransa FW Keene Aldridge, daga baya za a kira shi African Roscius, bayan shahararren ɗan wasan Roma na ƙarni na farko KZ.

A watan Mayu 1825, yana da shekaru 17, Aldridge ya fara bayyana a kan matakin London a cikin ƙananan bayanan samar da Othello . A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1825, Aldridge ya yi fice sosai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Coburg na London, kuma ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na farko Ba-Amurke da ya kafa kansa da ƙwarewa a wata ƙasa. Ya taka rawa a matsayin Oroonoko a cikin Revolt of Surinam, ko A Bawa's Revenge ; Wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya kasance karbuwa na Oroonoko na Thomas Southerne (da kansa ya dace da ainihin aikin Aphra Behn ). [4]

A cewar masanin Shane White, masu kallon wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya sun ji labarin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka na New York saboda dan wasan kwaikwayo kuma dan wasan barkwanci Charles Mathews . Kwanan nan Mathews ya samar da wani shahararren ɗan wasan barkwanci na abin da ya yi tunanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ya kasance (bai taɓa kasancewa ba). Bernth Lindfors ya ce:

[W] lokacin ds Aldridge ya fara fitowa a kan mataki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royalty, kawai ana kiran shi ɗan mutum mai launi. Amma lokacin da ya matsa zuwa Royal Coburg, an tallata shi a cikin lissafin wasan farko a matsayin ɗan bala'i na Amurka daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka New York City. Littafin wasa na biyu yana nufin shi "Mai bala'in Afirka". Don haka kowa ya je gidan wasan kwaikwayo yana tsammanin yin dariya domin wannan shi ne mutumin da suke tunanin Mathews ya gani a birnin New York.

Wani sabon abu da Aldridge ya gabatar a farkon aikinsa shine jawabi kai tsaye ga masu sauraro a daren rufewar sa a wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Aldridge zai yi magana da masu sauraro kan batutuwan zamantakewa iri-iri da suka shafi Amurka, Turai da Afirka. Musamman Aldridge yayi magana akan ra'ayinsa na kawar da kai, wanda aka yi masa murna da yawa. [2]

Mahimman liyafar

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Aldridge as Haruna a Titus Andronicus

A lokacin da Aldridge ya yi alkawari na mako bakwai a Royal Coburg, matashin ɗan wasan ya yi tauraro a cikin wasanni biyar. Ya sami sha'awa daga masu sauraron sa yayin da masu suka suka jaddada rashin horo da gogewa na Aldridge. A cewar masu sukar zamani Errol Hill da James Vernon Hatch, an gauraya bita-da-kullin farko. Domin The Times ya kasance "mai yin burodi da ƙunƙuntaccen ƙirji mai siffar lebe har ba zai yiwu ba a gare shi ya furta Turanci"; The Globe ya gano tunaninsa na Orooko a matsayin mai shari'a sosai kuma baƙar maganansa mai ban sha'awa; kuma The Drama ya kwatanta shi a matsayin "dogo kuma mai jurewa da daidaitawa tare da raunan murya mai raɗaɗi." [4] The Times mai sukar ya kuma sami kuskure game da "Copper" na Aldridge, la'akari da rashin isasshen duhu ga Othello. [5] A halin da ake ciki, mujallar <i id="mwlQ">Athenaeum</i> ta fuskanci wani bakar fata da ’yan fim farar fata, kuma jaridar Figaro da ke Landan ta nemi ta “kore shi daga dandalin” saboda launinsa.

Aldridge ya yi al'amuran Othello waɗanda suka burge masu bita. Wani mai suka ya rubuta, "A cikin Othello [Aldridge] yana ba da wurare mafi wahala tare da matakin daidai wanda ke ba mai kallo mamaki." [6] A hankali ya ci gaba zuwa manyan ayyuka; ta 1825, yana da babban lissafin kuɗi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Coburg na London kamar yadda Oronoko a cikin fansa na Bawan, ba da daɗewa ba rawar Gambiya a cikin Bawa, da matsayin taken Shakespeare's Othello . Ya kuma taka rawar gani a wasan kwaikwayo kamar The Castle Specter da The Padlock . A cikin neman sabbin kayan da suka dace, Aldridge shima ya bayyana lokaci-lokaci a matsayin farar haruffan Turai, wanda za'a yi masa fenti da fenti. Misalan waɗannan sune Kyaftin Dirk Hatteraick da Bertram a cikin Rev. RC Maturin's Bertram, rawar take a cikin Shakespeare's Richard III, da Shylock a cikin The Merchant of Venice .

Touring, kuma daga baya shekaru

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A cikin 1828, Aldridge ya ziyarci Coventry yayin da yake yawon shakatawa da yawa a lardunan Ingilishi. Bayan wasan kwaikwayo ya burge mutanen birnin, an nada shi manaja a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Coventry Royal, mallakar Sir Skears Rew, kuma ta haka ya zama Ba’amurke na farko da ya fara gudanar da wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Biritaniya.

A cikin watannin da Aldridge ya kasance a Coventry, ya yi jawabai iri-iri game da mugayen bauta . Kuma bayan ya bar Coventry, jawabansa da ra'ayin da ya yi, sun zaburar da mutanen Coventry zuwa zauren gundumar, da koke ga majalisar dokoki, don kawar da bautar .

Aldridge as Othello na William Mulready, Walters Art Museum

A cikin 1831 Aldridge yayi nasarar buga wasa a Dublin ; a wurare da dama a kudancin Ireland, inda ya haifar da jin dadi a cikin ƙananan garuruwa; haka kuma a cikin Bath, Ingila da Edinburgh, Scotland. Jarumin Edmund Kean ya yabawa Othello nasa, kuma tun da yake dan wasan Ba’amurke Ba’amurke ne daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka, The Times ta kira shi “ Roscius na Afirka”, bayan fitaccen dan wasan kwaikwayo na tsohuwar Roma. Aldridge ya yi amfani da wannan don fa'idarsa kuma ya faɗaɗa nassoshi na Afirka a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa wanda ya bayyana a cikin lissafin wasan kwaikwayo, kuma yana bayyana wurin haifuwarsa a matsayin "Afrika" a shigarsa a cikin ƙidayar 1851. [7]

Aƙalla a shekara ta 1833 ya ƙara rawar da Zanga ya taka a cikin littafin The Revenge na Edward Young a cikin tarihinsa. [8] [9] Mai ɗaukar fansa (1721) ya juya makircin Othello ta hanyar nuna yadda Zanga, wani basaraken Moorish da aka kama wanda ya zama bawa kuma amintaccen mai martaba Don Alonzo, ya yaudare shi da ramuwar gayya ya gaskata matarsa ba ta da aminci. Alonzo ya kashe kansa daga karshe kuma Zanga ya yi murna: "Bari Turai da 'ya'yanta na pallids su yi kuka; / Bari Afirka da karaganta ɗari su yi murna: / Oh, 'yan ƙasata, ku dubi ƙasa ku ga / Yadda zan fi dacewa da nasara na sujada!" [10] Wani kwatancin bita na wannan wasan kwaikwayon [11] a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Surrey [12] ya nuna Aldridge yana cin nasara akan Alonzo, sanye da riguna masu gudana a Moorish, wanda, a cewar mai sukar, "yana tunatar da daya daga cikin hotunan Abd-el Kader " . Mai bita guda ɗaya ya yaba da basirar wasan kwaikwayo na Aldridge a cikin bambancin rawar Mungo (a cikin Bickerstaffe farce The Padlock ), yana kwatanta su a matsayin gyara mai ban sha'awa, "... sun bambanta gaba ɗaya daga rashin fahimta na Habasha an koya mana mu dubi a matsayin daidaitattun hotuna; Gaba ɗaya watsi da shi yana da ban sha'awa sosai." [12]

Aldridge a matsayin Sarki Lear

A cikin 1841, Aldridge ya zagaya garuruwan Lincolnshire, yana yin wasan Gainsborough, Grantham, Spilsby, da Horncastle . A cikin 1842, Aldridge ya yi a Lincoln ; Jaridun kasar sun ruwaito cewa zuwansa wani koci mai balaguro abu ne mai ban mamaki da ya haifar da rudani da mazauna birnin. Duk da zuwan mai daukar ido, ba a samu halartar Aldridge sosai ba. A cikin Yuni 1844 ya yi bayyanuwa a kan mataki a Exmouth ( Devon, Ingila). [13] A 1847, ya yi aiki a Boston . Aldridge ya koma Lincoln a 1849 don ingantattun bita. The Lincoln Standard ya ruwaito game da aikin Aldridge, "basirarsa ita ce ta farko, da kuma halinsa cikin ladabi, yana tabbatar da cewa 'yan adam duka suna da iko daidai, idan suna da damar samun koyarwa."

In 1852, Aldridge chose Brussels in Belgium as the starting point of its first tour in continental and central Europe. He toured with successes all over Europe. He had particular success in Prussia, where he was presented to the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and performed for William IV of Prussia; he also performed in Budapest. An 1858 tour took him to Serbia and to the Russian Empire, where he became acquainted with Count Fyodor Tolstoy, Mikhail Shchepkin and Ukrainian poet and artist Taras Shevchenko, who did his portrait in pastel.[14] He introduced and increased interest in Shakespeare in some areas of Central Europe, and in Poland in particular. As an African American in the age of slavery, he became for some an identifying symbol also for the oppressed of Poland, drawing surveillance by the Russian government.[15]

Yanzu yana da shekaru masu dacewa, game da wannan lokacin, ya taka rawa a matsayin Sarki Lear (a Ingila) a karon farko. Ya sayi wasu kadarori a Ingila, [16] ya sake zagayawa Rasha (1862), kuma ya nemi zama ɗan ƙasar Burtaniya (1863). Jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa ya kasance a shirye ya koma Amurka don yin wasan kwaikwayo. An ba da rahoton cewa Aldridge ya yi shawarwarin yawon shakatawa 100 a duk lokacin yakin basasa na Amurka. A cikin mutuwarsa na Aldridge, The New York Times ya ce an ba shi izinin bayyana a Cibiyar Nazarin Kiɗa ta birnin a watan Satumba, amma "Mutuwa ta hana cikar niyyarsa". [17] Jana'izarsa a cikin ładź, inda ya mutu ba tsammani ba, ya kasance tare da wata al'umma da take ɗauke da lambobin yabo da kyautatawarsu ta hanyar tituna, babban kabarinsa an rufe shi cikin furanni. [15]

Aure da iyali

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Hoton Othello a cikin zanen mai na Léon Herbo (1850-1907)

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya tafi Ingila, a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1825, Aldridge ya auri Margaret Gill, wata Bature, a St George's, Bloomsbury . [18] Ya rubuta a cikin Memoir dinsa cewa ita "yar dan majalisar dokoki ce, kuma mutum ne mai kima a gundumar Berks", amma mahaifinta a gaskiya ma'aikacin safa ne daga Northallerton, Yorkshire. Lindfors ya ba da shawarar cewa Aldridge "ta yiwu ta ƙirƙiri wannan almara ne don ya ba ta yanayin mutuntawa a cikin al'umma mai ladabi", yana haɓaka matsayinta na zamantakewa don kare ta daga sukar auren baƙar fata. Auren nasu ya fusata masu fafutukar bautar da su, wadanda suka yi yunkurin kawo karshen aikin Aldridge. Ma'auratan sun yi aure shekaru 40 har zuwa rasuwarta a shekara ta 1864.

An haifi ɗan fari Aldridge, Ira Daniel a watan Mayu 1847. Ba a san asalin mahaifiyarsa ba, amma ba zai yiwu ba Margaret Aldridge, mai shekaru 49 da haihuwa kuma ta yi fama da rashin lafiya tsawon shekaru. [19] Ta tayar da Ira Daniel a matsayin nata; sun yi zaman soyayya har mutuwarta. Ya yi hijira zuwa Ostiraliya a watan Fabrairun 1867. [20] [21]

Hoton Leon Herbo a cikin zanen mai (1850-1907)

Aldridge ya sayi titin Hamlet 5, a cikin yankunan karkara na Upper Norwood, London, a cikin 1861–2 jim kaɗan kafin ya zama ɗan ƙasar Biritaniya a cikin 1863. A wurin ne matarsa, Margaret, da kuma matarsa ta biyu, Amanda, suka renon yaransa. Ya sanyawa gidan suna 'Luranah Villa' don tunawa da mahaifiyarsa. Yanzu yana ɗauke da plaque ɗinsa na Turanci Heritage blue. [16]

Shekara guda bayan mutuwar Margaret, ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1865, Aldridge ya auri uwarsa, mai suna Amanda von Brandt (1834-1915). Suna da 'ya'ya hudu: Irene Luranah, [22] Ira Frederick da Amanda Aldridge, wadanda duk sun tafi sana'ar kida, 'yan mata biyu a matsayin mawakan opera. An haifi 'yarsu Rachael Frederica ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar Aldridge kuma ta mutu tun tana karama. Brandt ya mutu a cikin 1915 kuma an binne shi a Highgate Woods, London.

Aldridge ya shafe mafi yawan shekarunsa na ƙarshe tare da danginsa a Rasha da nahiyar Turai, tare da ziyartan Ingila lokaci-lokaci. Ya shirya komawa Amurka bayan yakin basasa . Bayan ya kammala rangadin birane 70 na Faransa a 1867 da yawon shakatawa na Faransa na Belgium (Ghent da Brussels), Aldridge ya mutu sakamakon yanayin huhu mai tsawo a ranar 7 ga Agusta 1867 yayin da ya ziyarci Łódź, fiye da wani ɓangare na Daular Rasha, a Poland. [23] An binne shi a tsohuwar makabartar bishara ta birnin; Shekaru 23 sun shuɗe kafin a kafa madaidaicin dutsen kabari. Ƙungiyar Mawaƙin Fina-Finai da Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Poland ne ke kula da kabarinsa. An kaddamar da wani plaque na tunawa a cikin 2014 a 175 Piotrkowska Street, inda aka ce Aldridge ya mutu. Mawallafi Marian Konieczny ne ya kirkiro plaque.

Kabarin Aldridge a Łódź, Poland .

Hoton rabin tsawon 1826 na James Northcote ya nuna Aldridge ya yi ado don matsayin Othello, amma a cikin hoton da ba a taɓa gani ba, ana nunawa a Gidan Gallery na Manchester (a cikin sashin Manchester). Aldridge ya yi a cikin birni sau da yawa. [24] Alamar shuɗi da aka buɗe a cikin 2007 tana tunawa da Aldridge a 5 Hamlet Road a Upper Norwood, London. [16] Alamar ta kwatanta shi da "Roscius na Afirka". [16]

Al'amarin Stothard v. Aldridge

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A cikin 1856 ɗan wasan kwaikwayo William Stothard ya samu nasarar kai ƙarar Aldridge, [25] wanda ya yi zargin cewa Aldridge ya yi lalata da matarsa Emma [26] shekaru uku da suka wuce, wanda ya haifar da haihuwar ɗa. (A karkashin dokar Ingila a lokacin mijin wata mazinaciya yana da damar ya kai karar masoyinta diyya.) A zaman da aka yi a ranar 14 ga watan Janairu a Landan gaban Mista Justice Erle alkalan kotun sun gano mai shigar da kara Stothard, amma bisa la’akari da yanayin da za a yanke hukunci. ya ba shi diyyar £2 kacal. [27]

Aldridge ya tafi yawon shakatawa a Ireland lokacin da aka gudanar da shari'ar [27] amma yana jagorantar lissafin a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na London a shekara mai zuwa, [28] yana nuna abin kunya ya sa aikinsa ba shi da wani lalacewa.

Ira Aldridge Troupe

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Kamar yadda Othello a Poland, 1860

Aldridge ya ji daɗin shahara sosai a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo mai ban tausayi a lokacin rayuwarsa, amma bayan mutuwarsa, an manta da shi nan da nan (a Turai). Labarin mutuwar Ira Aldridge a Poland da tarihin nasarar da ya samu a matsayin dan wasan kwaikwayo ya isa ga al'ummar bakaken fata na Amurka sannu a hankali. [29] A cikin da'irar Ba-Amurke, Aldridge ya kasance babban jigo. Yawancin ’yan wasan kwaikwayo baƙar fata suna kallonsa a matsayin abin koyi, don haka lokacin da aka bayyana mutuwarsa, ƙungiyoyin masu son da yawa sun nemi girmama tunaninsa ta hanyar ɗaukar sunansa ga kamfanoninsu. [4]

An kafa ƙungiyoyi da yawa a wurare daban-daban na Amurka. A ƙarshen karni na sha tara an kafa ƙungiyar Aldridge mai suna a Washington, DC, a Philadelphia, da kuma a cikin New Haven, abubuwan da suka yi a lokacin shine daidaitawar Kotzebue 's Die Spanier in Peru</link> na Sheridan as Pizarro a 1883, Makaranta ta Thomas William Robertson a 1885, da George Melville Baker 's Comrades a 1889. [4]

Shahararriyar kungiyar da aka sanya masa suna ita ce Ira Aldridge Troupe a Philadelphia, wacce aka kafa a 1863, kimanin shekaru 35 bayan Aldridge ya bar Amurka da kyau. [30] Ira Aldridge Troupe ƙungiya ce mai hankali wacce ke ɗaukar mazajen Irish. Ƙungiyar Ira Aldridge ta bambanta a cikin tarihin minstrelsy; An ba shi sunan wani ɗan wasan baƙar fata wanda ya bar ƙasarsa shekaru 35 a baya kuma ya yi suna a Turai. Ba kamar yawancin, daga baya ba, kamfanoni na Minstrel na Black, Aldridge Troupe a fili ba su yi kayan shuka ba, ko da yake an yi musu cajin su a matsayin 'ƙungiyar haramtattun kayayyaki' - wato, bayi masu gudu. Wataƙila saboda ƙwararrun masu sauraronsu na Baƙar fata, ƙungiyar ba ta da buƙatar "sanya abin rufe fuska." Ko da yake yawancin kayan da ƙungiyar ta yi sun kasance daidaitattun farashi, da yawa daga cikin ayyukan kamfanin sun kasance masu ɓarna. [30]

Hoto a cikin pastel, ta Taras Shevchenko, 1858

Ƙungiyar Ira Aldridge da ta bayyana a lokacin yakin basasar Amurka ya sanya shi "na musamman a tarihin minstrelsy." Clipper (Birnin New York) ya yi tunanin yana da mahimmanci don sake dubawa; kuma ya yi a gaban jama'a masu gauraya, a daidai lokacin da ake raba fararen fata da baki. Na uku, wata bakar fata ce ta gabatar da wani shiri da aka tsara don jan hankalin baki masu sauraren su. Wasan kwaikwayo na Ira Aldridge Troupe ya kauce wa nau'in kudanci na tsohuwar "darkies" da ke marmarin shuka. Keɓance na nostalgia na kudanci ƙila ya kasance don jin daɗin yawancin masu sauraro baƙar fata. The New York Clipper ya ruwaito su a matsayin "Wani nau'i na nau'i-nau'i wanda ba mu taɓa gani ba; sun doke gumakan mu Bowery gaba ɗaya." [4]

Kungiyar ta kuma samar da wasanni da wakokin da ke nuni da ci gaba da yakin basasa. Ballad mai suna "Lokacin da Yaƙin Ƙaunar Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarfafa" ya zama sananne; Membobi uku na ƙungiyar ne suka yi shi—Miss S. Burton, Miss R. Clark, da Mista C. Nixon. Waƙar ta sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan ɗaya na kiɗan takarda kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun waƙoƙin jin daɗin yaƙin basasa. [30] Waƙar ta bayyana bankwana da sojan da ya yi wa uwargidansa, da raunukan da ya samu a yaƙi, da kuma roƙon da ya yi a mutuwa na ƙarshe. Waƙar, wadda ta shahara sosai tare da ƙungiyoyin farar fata, misali ne na sauyin farin minstrelsy da ke faruwa a wannan lokacin. [30]

Wani mashahurin samarwa shine farce mai suna The Irishman and the Stranger, tare da Mista Brown yana wasa da hali mai suna Pat O'Callahan da Mista Jones yana wasa da Stranger. Wannan farce ta nuna baƙaƙen ƴan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin farar fuska suna magana cikin "lafazin nigger". Mai ba da rahoto na Clipper ya yi nuni da wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin "al'amari mai ban dariya da gaske, 'Dan Irish nagor' yana haɗuwa da arziƙin Irish mai arziƙi tare da lafazin niger mai daɗi". [30] Wataƙila masu sauraron Aldridge Troupe sun sami gamsuwa mafi girma, duk da haka, daga rawar da ke tattare da juzu'i a cikin yanki: tun farkon wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙa na al'adun Irish, kamar Dan Bryant da Richard Hooley, sun kasance suna ɗaukar maza baƙi - yanzu shine juya na Black maza zuwa caricature Irish. [30]

Tarihin minstrelsy kuma yana nuna tasirin al'adu daban-daban, tare da fararen fata suna ɗaukar abubuwa na al'adun Baƙar fata. Ƙungiyar Ira Aldridge ta yi ƙoƙarin yin fashin wannan fashin teku, kuma, tare da haɗin gwiwar masu sauraronta, sun mayar da hankali zuwa ga burinsu. [30]

Iyali Aldridge

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  • Ira Daniel Aldridge, 1847-?. Malami; mai laifin jabu. Ya yi hijira zuwa Ostiraliya a 1867. [31]
  • Irene Luranah Pauline Aldridge, 1860-1932. Mawakin Opera.
  • Ira Frederick Olaff Aldridge, 1862–1886. Mawaƙi kuma mawaki. [32]
  • Amanda Christina Elizabeth Aldridge (Amanda Ira Aldridge), 1866-1956. Mawaƙin Opera, malami kuma mawaki a ƙarƙashin sunan Montague Ring. [33]
  • Rachael Margaret Frederika Aldridge, b.1868; [34] ya mutu a ƙuruciya 1869. [35]
Alamar shuɗi na tunawa da wurin wasan kwaikwayo na Ira Aldridge a Coventry, tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Earl Cameron, wanda ya taimaka wajen buɗe shi a kan 3 Agusta 2017
Alamar al'adun gargajiya ta Ingilishi a 5 Hamlet Road, Upper Norwood, London
  • Aldridge received awards for his art from European heads of state and governments: the Prussian Gold Medal for Arts and Sciences from King Frederick William III, the Golden Cross of Leopold from the Czar of Russia, and the Maltese Cross from Bern, Switzerland.
  • During his successful tours, Aldridge had the distinguished honor of appearing before: Leopold I, King of Belgium; Frederick William IV, King of Prussia; the Prince and Princess of Prussia; Prince Frederick Wilhelm and Court; Francis Joseph I, Emperor of Austria; Sophia Archduchess of Austria; Ferdinand, Ex-Emperor of Austria; Archduke Albrecht, Viceroy of Hungary; Frederick Augustus and Maria of Saxony; the King and Queen of Holland; the Queen of Sweden; The Prince Regent of Baden; the Duke and Duchess of Saxe Cobourg; the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg Schwerin; the Reigning Duke of Brunswick; the Margrave and Margravine of Baden; and General Jellachich, Ban of Croatia, amongst others.
  • Aldridge is the only African American to have a bronze plaque among the 33 actors honored at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre at Stratford-upon-Avon.
  • A bust of Ira Aldridge by Pietro Calvi sits in the Grand Saloon of the Theatre Royal Drury Lane in London.
  • Aldridge's legacy inspired the dramatic writing of African-American playwright Henry Francis Downing,[36] who in the early 20th century became "probably the first person of African descent to have a play of his or her own written and published in Britain."
  • In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Ira Aldridge in his 100 Greatest African Americans.
  • His life was the subject of a play, Red Velvet, by Lolita Chakrabarti and starring Adrian Lester, produced at the Tricycle Theatre in London in 2012. When Chakrabarti was the guest in an episode of the BBC Radio 4 programme Great Lives broadcast in April 2022, she chose Aldridge as the subject.
  • Howard University Department of Theatre Arts, a historically black university in Washington, DC, has a theatre named after Ira Aldridge.
  • Aldridge's Othello has been highly influential in starting a series of respected performances by African Americans in Othello in the 1800s and early 1900s, which includes: John A. Arneaux, John Hewlett, and Paul Robeson.
  • A blue plaque in Aldridge's honor was erected at Coventry, England. Professor Tony Howard, who teaches in the Department of English and Comparative Literary Studies at the University of Warwick,[37] was campaigning for the commemoration of Aldridge's time in Coventry, with the Belgrade Theatre. He had also said that, in Coventry, where there was formerly little interest in the abolition of slavery, Aldridge had "changed the climate of thinking".[38] On 3 August 2017, a blue plaque was unveiled to honour Aldridge for his time in Coventry, and to commemorate the location of the theatre. The plaque was unveiled in the Upper Precinct in Coventry city centre, by Lord Mayor Councillor Tony Skipper[38] and was helped by actor Earl Cameron, whose voice coach was Aldridge's daughter, Amanda Ira Aldridge.
  • A blue plaque was erected in 2007 by English Heritage at 5 Hamlet Road, Upper Norwood, London SE19 2AP, London Borough of Bromley.[16]

Bakar Doctor (1847)

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Baƙar fata, wanda Auguste Anicet-Bourgeois ya rubuta a Faransanci, Aldridge ya daidaita shi don matakin Ingilishi. Likitan Baƙar fata wasa ne na soyayya game da Fabian, likitan kabila biyu, da majinyacinsa Pauline, 'yar wani bawan Faransa. Ma'auratan suna soyayya da aure a asirce. Kodayake wasan kwaikwayon yana nuna rikicin kabilanci da na dangi, kuma ya ƙare da mutuwar Fabian, an ce Aldridge ya kwatanta halayensa da mutunci. [39]

Duba kuma

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  • Jerin 'yan wasan Burtaniya
  • Bawan Kama

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Simmons, William J., and Henry McNeal Turner. Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising. GM Rewell & Company, 1887. p657
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nelson, E.S. (2004). In African American Dramatists: An A-to-Z Guide. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood.
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NY
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Hill, Errol G., and James Vernon Hatch. (2003). A History of African American Theatre. Cambridge University Press.
  5. ↑ The Times (London, England), 11 October 1825, p. 2.
  6. ↑ Herbert Marshall, Ira Aldridge: The African Tragedian,
  7. ↑ 1851 England, Wales and Scotland census, folio 446, p. 30. Aldridge is staying at a boarding house in Derby with his wife and son, and gives his occupation as "Tragedian'".
  8. ↑ Schomburg, Arthur Alfonso. "List showing the theatres and plays in various European cities where Ira Aldridge, the African Roscius, acted during the years 1827–1867". Harvard Library. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  9. ↑ "A collection of playbills from Theatre Royal, Dublin 1830-1839 Collection Item". British Library. Theatre Royal, Dublin. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  10. ↑ The Revenge: A Tragedy by Edward Young.
  11. ↑ "The Theatre", Black Presence, The National Archives.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 The Illustrated London News, 1 April 1848, p. 218.
  13. ↑ "Exmouth. This pleasant watering place has during the last two days been enlivened by the performances of the 'African Roscius'. Numerous assemblies have on each night testified their approbation of his impersonation of Othello and Revenge." in Trewman's Exeter Flying Post, 26 June 1844 (issue no. 4103).
  14. ↑ "The Never Ending Tour – Ira Aldridge". journeys.dartmouth.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Sakowska, Aleksandra (2016-09-20). "Ira Aldridge's Polish Journey: Developing the Shakespearean Canon and Influencing Local Politics". European Studies Blog. British Library.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 "Blue plaque: Aldridge, Ira (1807–1867)". English Heritage. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  17. ↑ The New York Times, 12 August 1867: "Obituary: Ira Aldridge, the African Tragedian".
  18. ↑ Lindfors, Bernth (1994). ""Nothing Extenuate, Nor Set Down Aught in Malice": New Biographical Information on Ira Aldridge". African American Review. 28 (3): 457–472. doi:10.2307/3041981. ISSN 1062-4783. JSTOR 3041981 – via JSTOR. A page from a London marriage register (Fig. 1) shows that they were married on 27 November 1825 by Rev. L. H. Wynn in the presence of two witnesses, William Tanfield and Margaret Robinson. The ceremony took place at St. George’s Church, Bloomsbury, a large church consecrated in 1730 that is still in use today.
  19. ↑ Lindfors, Bernth (1994). ""Nothing Extenuate, Nor Set Down Aught in Malice": New Biographical Information on Ira Aldridge". African American Review. 28 (3): 457–472. doi:10.2307/3041981. ISSN 1062-4783. JSTOR 3041981.
  20. ↑ Lindfors, Bernth (2012),"The Lost Life of Ira Daniel Aldridge (Part 1)", Text Matters: A Journal of Literature, Theory and Culture, No.2, (2012), pp.195-208. doi:10.2478/v10231-012-0064-5
  21. ↑ Lindfors, Bernth (2013),"The Lost Life of Ira Daniel Aldridge (Part 2)", Text Matters: A Journal of Literature, Theory and Culture, No.3, (2013), pp.235-251. doi:10.2478/texmat-2013-0037
  22. ↑ "Shakespeare, Wagner, Aldridge". Alex Ross: The Rest Is Noise. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  23. ↑ Simmons, William J., and Henry McNeal Turner. Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising. GM Rewell & Company, 1887, pp. 733–739.
  24. ↑ Manchester Art Gallery
  25. ↑ Lindfors, Bernth (2012). "The Lost Life of Ira Daniel Aldridge (Part 1)" (PDF). Text Matters. 2 (2): 197–198. doi:10.2478/v10231-012-0064-5. S2CID 199664361. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  26. ↑ Emma Iggulden m. William Stothard 15 August 1850: see England and Wales Marriages (1850), vol. 1, p. 344, line 5
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 ’’The Times’’(London), 15 January 1856, p.9: Law Report
  28. ↑ "City of London Theatre - Great Triumph of the African tragedian, Mr Ira Aldridge, who will this evening perform Shylock..." ’’The Times’’(London), 14 October 1857, p.9
  29. ↑ Lindfors, Bernth. Ira Aldridge, the African Roscius. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester Press, 2007
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 Shalom, Jack. "The Ira Aldridge Troupe: Early Black Minstrelsy in Philadelphia." African-American Review 28.4 (1994): 653–658
  31. ↑ Lindfors, 2012; and 2013.
  32. ↑ "Prof. Arthur LaBrew, Musicologist | Ellis Washington Report - Part 3". December 28, 2012.
  33. ↑ The Times(London), 10 March 1956, p.9, 'Miss Amanda Ira Aldridge':"Miss Amanda Ira Aldridge, who was the last remaining pupil of the Swedish nightingale, Jenny Lind, died yesterday afternoon in hospital in Surrey, the day before her ninetieth birthday. She was one of the foundation members of the Royal College of Music and taught singing for 65 years. Her most famous pupils were the contralto Marion Anderson and bass baritone Paul Robeson. Using the pen name of Montagu Ring(sic), she composed several works, her most popular work being three African dances. Her last public appearance was on television on April 16, 1954, in Eric Robinson's "Music for You." She was the daughter of the Negro tragedian Ira Aldridge."
  34. ↑ England and Wales Births 1868 (1st quarter): Croydon, Surrey, Vol. 2A, p.201, line no.215.
  35. ↑ England and Wales Deaths 1869 (4th quarter): Croydon, Surrey, Vol. 2A,p.126, Line no.123.
  36. ↑ Roberts, Brian (2012). "A London Legacy of Ira Aldridge: Henry Francis Downing and the Paratheatrical Poetics of Plot and Cast(e)". Modern Drama. 55 (3): 386–406. doi:10.3138/md.55.3.386. S2CID 162466396.
  37. ↑ Howard, Anthony (16 October 2020). "Professor Tony Howard - University of Warwick". Warwick. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  39. ↑ Hatch, James V., and Ted Shine, eds. Black Theatre U.S.A.. The Free Press, 1996 [1974], p. 4.

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