Afghanistan

Emiriah Islam Afghanistan
د افغانستان اسلامي امارت (Pashto)
*Də Afġānistān Islāmī Imārat*
امارت اسلامی افغانستان (Dari)
*Imārat-i Islāmī-yi Afğānistān*
Emiriah Islam Afghanistan د افغانستان اسلامي امارت (Pashto); Də Afġānistān Islāmī Imārat; امارت اسلامی افغانستان (Dari); Imārat-i Islāmī-yi Afğānistān;
	Flag Emblem
	Rambai jaku: لا إله إلا الله، محمد رسول الله; Lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh, Muhammadun rasūlu llāh; "There is no god but God; Muhammad is the messenger of God." (Shahadah)
	Anthem: دا د باتورانو کور; "Dā Də Bātorāno Kor"; "This Is the Home of the Brave";
Status	UN member state under an unrecognized government
Indu menua enggau nengeri ke pemadu besai	Kabul; 34°31′N 69°11′E / 34.517°N 69.183°E
Jaku resmi	Pashto; Dari;
Raban bansa (2019 unofficial estimates)	42% Pashtun; 27% Tajik; 9% Hazara; 9% Uzbek; 4% Aimaq; 3% Turkmen; 2% Baloch; 4% other;
Pengarap (2015)	99.7% Islam (official); 0.3% other;
Demonim	Afghan
Perintah	Unitary totalitarian provisional theocratic Islamic emirate
• Supreme leader	Hibatullah Akhundzada
• Prime minister	Hasan Akhund (acting)
• Chief justice	Abdul Hakim Haqqani
Dewan Undangan Negeri	None
Formation
• Hotak dynasty	1709–1738
• Durrani Empire	1747–1823
• Emirate	1823–1839
• Restoration of the Durrani Kingdom	1839–1842
• Restoration of the Emirate	1842–1926
• Dost Mohammad unites Afghanistan	27 May 1863
• Anglo-Afghan Agreement	26 May 1879
• Independence	19 August 1919
• Kingdom	9 June 1926
• Republic	17 July 1973
• Democratic Republic	27–28 April 1978
• Islamic State	28 April 1992
• Islamic Emirate	27 September 1996
• Islamic Republic	26 January 2004
• Restoration of Islamic Emirate	15 August 2021
Menua
• Pemesai	652,867 km2 (252,073 bt2) (40th)
• Ai (%)	negligible
Penyampau tubuh
• 2023 estimate	41,128,771 (37th)
• Pemayuh tubuh	48.08/km2 (124.5/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	2020 estimate
• Total	$81.007 billion
• Per capita	$2,459
GDP (nominal)	2020 estimate
• Total	$20.136 billion
• Per capita	$611
HDI (2022)	0.462; low · 182nd
Mata duit	Afghani (افغانى) (AFN)
Zon jam	UTC+4:30; Lunar Calendar (Afghanistan Time)
	DST is not observed
Kod ISO 3166	AF
TLD Internet	.af

Afghanistan, nama resmi iya Emiriah Islam Afghanistan,^{[lower-alpha 4]} nya sebengkah menua ti nadai tasik ti bepalan ba entara Asia Tengah enggau Asia Selatan. Dikumbai enggau nama Ati Asia,^[26] menua tu ngembuan adan enggau Pakistan ba selatan enggau timur,^{[lower-alpha 5]} Iran ba sepiak barat, Turkmenistan ba sepiak barat laut, Uzbekistan ba sepiak utara, Tajikistan ba sepiak timur laut, sereta China ba sepiak timur laut enggau timur. Nengah 652,864 kilometer persegi (252,072 batu persegi) tanah, menua tu tebal begunung enggau tanah rata ba utara enggau barat daya, ke diseraraka bukit Hindu Kush. Kabul nyadi nengeri pemadu besai di menua nya lalu nyadi indu nengeri. Nitihka pansik Penduduk Dunya (2023), populasyen Afghanistan nyampau 43 juta.^[6] Lembaga Penerang Statistik Nasional Afghanistan melabaka penyampau tubuh manggai 32.9 juta iku maya taun 2020.^[28]

Penerang

Malin

↑ "Document 77746". Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
↑ Tharoor, Ishaan (19 June 2013). "The Taliban's Qatar Office: Are Prospects for Peace Already Doomed?". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
↑ [[[:Templat:Geonameslink]] Islamic Republic of Afghanistan] in [[[:Templat:Geonamesabout]] Geonames.org (CC BY)]
↑ Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Population Matters
↑ "Afghanistan's ethnic mosaic". The Times of India. 23 August 2021. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Population 2021
↑ "Distribution of Afghan population by ethnic group 2020". 20 August 2021. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
↑ "Afghan Ethnic Groups: A Brief Investigation". 14 August 2011. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
↑ Dictionary.com. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Reference.com Archived 3 Mac 2016 at the Wayback Machine (Retrieved 13 November 2007).
↑ Dictionary.com. WordNet 3.0. Princeton University. Reference.com (Retrieved 13 November 2007). Archived 28 Mac 2014 at the Wayback Machine
↑ Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
↑ Afghan | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary. the Cambridge English Dictionary. ISBN 9781107660151. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
↑
*Sakhi, Nilofar (December 2022). "The Taliban Takeover in Afghanistan and Security Paradox". Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs. 9 (3): 383–401. doi:10.1177/23477970221130882. ISSN 2347-7970. S2CID 253945821. Afghanistan is now controlled by a militant group that operates out of a totalitarian ideology.
- Madadi, Sayed (6 September 2022). "Dysfunctional centralization and growing fragility under Taliban rule". Middle East Institute. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022. In other words, the centralized political and governance institutions of the former republic were unaccountable enough that they now comfortably accommodate the totalitarian objectives of the Taliban without giving the people any chance to resist peacefully.
- Sadr, Omar (23 March 2022). "Afghanistan's Public Intellectuals Fail to Denounce the Taliban". Fair Observer. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022. The Taliban government currently installed in Afghanistan is not simply another dictatorship. By all standards, it is a totalitarian regime.
- "Dismantlement of the Taliban regime is the only way forward for Afghanistan". Atlantic Council. 8 September 2022. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022. As with any other ideological movement, the Taliban's Islamic government is transformative and totalitarian in nature.
- Akbari, Farkhondeh (7 March 2022). "The Risks Facing Hazaras in Taliban-ruled Afghanistan". George Washington University. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2022. In the Taliban's totalitarian Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, there is no meaningful political inclusivity or representation for Hazaras at any level.
↑
*Choi, Joseph (8 September 2021). "EU: Provisional Taliban government does not fulfill promises". The Hill. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- Bezhan, Frud (7 September 2021). "Key Figures In The Taliban's New Theocratic Government". Radio Farda. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
- George, Susannah (18 February 2023). "Inside the Taliban campaign to forge a religious emirate". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
↑ T. S. Tirumurti (26 May 2022). "Letter dated 25 May 2022 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1988 (2011) addressed to the President of the Security Council" (PDF). United Nations Security Council. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
↑ Kraemer, Thomas (27 November 2022). "Afghanistan dispatch: Taliban leaders issue new orders on law-making process, enforcement of court orders from previous government". JURIST. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
↑ Dawi, Akmal (28 March 2023). "Unseen Taliban Leader Wields Godlike Powers in Afghanistan". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
↑ Oxford Analytica (10 March 2023). "Senior Afghan Taliban figures move to curb leader". Expert Briefings. Emerald Expert Briefings. doi:10.1108/OXAN-DB276639. [Akhundzada] has not convened the Taliban's Leadership Council (a 'politburo' of top leaders and commanders) for several months. Instead, he relies on the narrower Kandahar Council of Clerics for legal advice.
↑ Central Statistics Office Afghanistan
↑ "World Bank Open Data". World Bank Open Data. Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
↑ ^21.0 ^21.1 ^21.2 ^21.3 "Afghanistan". International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
↑ "Human Development Report 2023/24". United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
↑ Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343–346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
↑ "Taliban Changes Solar Year to Hijri Lunar Calendar". Hasht-e Subh Daily. 26 March 2022. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
↑ "Half Hour and 45-Minute Time Zones". timeanddate.com. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
↑ "Securing Stability in Afghanistan, the 'Heart of Asia'". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
↑ "Ministry of Home Affairs (Department of Border Management)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
↑ د هېواد د وګړو اټکل برآورد نفوس کشور1399 [Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2020–21] (PDF) (Report) (in Arab and Inggeris). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.

Nota

Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> wujud untuk kumpulan bernama "lower-alpha", tetapi tiada tag <references group="lower-alpha"/> yang berpadanan disertakan

[1] "Document 77746". Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2021.

[2] Tharoor, Ishaan (19 June 2013). "The Taliban's Qatar Office: Are Prospects for Peace Already Doomed?". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.

[3] [[[:Templat:Geonameslink]] Islamic Republic of Afghanistan] in [[[:Templat:Geonamesabout]] Geonames.org (CC BY)]

[Population_Matters-4] Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Population Matters

[timesofindia-6] "Afghanistan's ethnic mosaic". The Times of India. 23 August 2021. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.

[Population_2021-7] 6.0 ^6.1 Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Population 2021

[8] "Distribution of Afghan population by ethnic group 2020". 20 August 2021. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.

[reliefweb.int-9] "Afghan Ethnic Groups: A Brief Investigation". 14 August 2011. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.

[10] Dictionary.com. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Reference.com Archived 3 Mac 2016 at the Wayback Machine (Retrieved 13 November 2007).

[11] Dictionary.com. WordNet 3.0. Princeton University. Reference.com (Retrieved 13 November 2007). Archived 28 Mac 2014 at the Wayback Machine

[13] Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).

[14] Afghan | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary. the Cambridge English Dictionary. ISBN 9781107660151. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2020.

[15] *Sakhi, Nilofar (December 2022). "The Taliban Takeover in Afghanistan and Security Paradox". Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs. 9 (3): 383–401. doi:10.1177/23477970221130882. ISSN 2347-7970. S2CID 253945821. Afghanistan is now controlled by a militant group that operates out of a totalitarian ideology.
Madadi, Sayed (6 September 2022). "Dysfunctional centralization and growing fragility under Taliban rule". Middle East Institute. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022. In other words, the centralized political and governance institutions of the former republic were unaccountable enough that they now comfortably accommodate the totalitarian objectives of the Taliban without giving the people any chance to resist peacefully.

Sadr, Omar (23 March 2022). "Afghanistan's Public Intellectuals Fail to Denounce the Taliban". Fair Observer. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022. The Taliban government currently installed in Afghanistan is not simply another dictatorship. By all standards, it is a totalitarian regime.

"Dismantlement of the Taliban regime is the only way forward for Afghanistan". Atlantic Council. 8 September 2022. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022. As with any other ideological movement, the Taliban's Islamic government is transformative and totalitarian in nature.

Akbari, Farkhondeh (7 March 2022). "The Risks Facing Hazaras in Taliban-ruled Afghanistan". George Washington University. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2022. In the Taliban's totalitarian Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, there is no meaningful political inclusivity or representation for Hazaras at any level.

[14] Madadi, Sayed (6 September 2022). "Dysfunctional centralization and growing fragility under Taliban rule". Middle East Institute. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022. In other words, the centralized political and governance institutions of the former republic were unaccountable enough that they now comfortably accommodate the totalitarian objectives of the Taliban without giving the people any chance to resist peacefully.

[15] Sadr, Omar (23 March 2022). "Afghanistan's Public Intellectuals Fail to Denounce the Taliban". Fair Observer. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022. The Taliban government currently installed in Afghanistan is not simply another dictatorship. By all standards, it is a totalitarian regime.

[16] "Dismantlement of the Taliban regime is the only way forward for Afghanistan". Atlantic Council. 8 September 2022. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022. As with any other ideological movement, the Taliban's Islamic government is transformative and totalitarian in nature.

[17] Akbari, Farkhondeh (7 March 2022). "The Risks Facing Hazaras in Taliban-ruled Afghanistan". George Washington University. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2022. In the Taliban's totalitarian Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, there is no meaningful political inclusivity or representation for Hazaras at any level.

[16] *Choi, Joseph (8 September 2021). "EU: Provisional Taliban government does not fulfill promises". The Hill. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
Bezhan, Frud (7 September 2021). "Key Figures In The Taliban's New Theocratic Government". Radio Farda. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.

George, Susannah (18 February 2023). "Inside the Taliban campaign to forge a religious emirate". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2023.

[19] Bezhan, Frud (7 September 2021). "Key Figures In The Taliban's New Theocratic Government". Radio Farda. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.

[20] George, Susannah (18 February 2023). "Inside the Taliban campaign to forge a religious emirate". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2023.

[17] T. S. Tirumurti (26 May 2022). "Letter dated 25 May 2022 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1988 (2011) addressed to the President of the Security Council" (PDF). United Nations Security Council. Retrieved 2 May 2023.

[18] Kraemer, Thomas (27 November 2022). "Afghanistan dispatch: Taliban leaders issue new orders on law-making process, enforcement of court orders from previous government". JURIST. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2023.

[19] Dawi, Akmal (28 March 2023). "Unseen Taliban Leader Wields Godlike Powers in Afghanistan". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.

[20] Oxford Analytica (10 March 2023). "Senior Afghan Taliban figures move to curb leader". Expert Briefings. Emerald Expert Briefings. doi:10.1108/OXAN-DB276639. [Akhundzada] has not convened the Taliban's Leadership Council (a 'politburo' of top leaders and commanders) for several months. Instead, he relies on the narrower Kandahar Council of Clerics for legal advice.

[22] Central Statistics Office Afghanistan

[23] "World Bank Open Data". World Bank Open Data. Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2024.

[imf2-24] 21.0 ^21.1 ^21.2 ^21.3 "Afghanistan". International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.

[HDI-25] "Human Development Report 2023/24". United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2023.

[26] Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343–346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2020.

[27] "Taliban Changes Solar Year to Hijri Lunar Calendar". Hasht-e Subh Daily. 26 March 2022. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.

[28] "Half Hour and 45-Minute Time Zones". timeanddate.com. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2022.

[30] "Securing Stability in Afghanistan, the 'Heart of Asia'". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2022.

[31] "Ministry of Home Affairs (Department of Border Management)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2008.

[33] د هېواد د وګړو اټکل برآورد نفوس کشور1399 [Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2020–21] (PDF) (Report) (in Arab and Inggeris). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.

[2]

[3]

[lower-alpha 1]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[lower-alpha 2]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[lower-alpha 3]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[lower-alpha 4]

[26]

[lower-alpha 5]

[28]