Research

The forward march of globalisation seems muted since the financial crisis of 2008. Literature shows globalisation entering a more cautious and regulated phase. We " re creating a " a new gated globalisation " argues Greg (2013). According to him, " walls have been constructed " to obstruct the free flow of trade and money. However, such walls have " gates " that countries can open or close as they please. The present paper argues that Greg " s " gated globalisation " has become " gauged globalisation " because only those gates are opened from which all benefits can be rationally forecasted and then gauged properly by participating players. For better and comprehensive understanding of globalisation we need a good interface of Internalisation, Liberalisation and Universalisation. Through spread and backwash effects, the present paper explains the interface between globalisation and technology and examines the viewpoints regarding the two first at national level and then at global level. The discussion shows that globalisation and technology is not bad; in fact, the bad view is generated by the wrong understanding of the interface between the two.

A B S T R A C T Adulteration has badly affected the business of saffron. At national and international level Kashmiri saffron has lost its recognition because of lack of quality control, lack of Standardization, Certification and Quality Assurance. Kashmiri saffron like Afghan saffron is largely unbranded in the national/international markets. There is lack of research and development, low capacity/Knowledge of saffron stakeholders and producers are not aware of the marketing channels and market structure of saffron. Consequently, with the decreasing price of saffron on account of it being adulterated, the dealers have started importing Iranian saffron which is available at cheap rates and mix it with the local product. This practice has badly affected the marketing of Kashmiri saffron. The present article highlights the ways in which Kashmiri saffron is adulterated and suggest remedial measures.

A good interface between technology and higher education will create good economy whose knowledge base is wide and comprehensive. And a bad interface between technology and higher education will create bad economy whose knowledge base is narrow and therefore incomplete.  Technology and higher education are two sides of the same coin just like globalization and technology which are complementary and a good interface between the two is sine-qua-non for growth and development in the contemporary global village. The technology and higher education liaison (connection) demand such policies that integrate knowledge, technology, research & development (R&D) and innovation into socially suitable economic schemes & strategies.

An effective courses in the subject of Technology and Technical Education at primary, secondary and tertiary levels of education is a precondition for an easier transition of learners/students to vocational schools or institutes. After the reforms of 1990 and with LPG (Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization) model of growth in India, the importance of technical education was realized at large scale which increased the scope or subject matter of technical education. Although seen as the aspect of the long- run stability of the economy, the incorporation of technical education as a coursework at primary schools is very important because it will generate develop skills and knowledge of the young buds which are essential drivers of growth and development.

The success mantra in economic planning is often restricted by a variety of factors, particularly, insufficient statistical, economic and technical data, faulty social structure, instable political system, lack of trained personnel, and shortfalls of organization and management, particularly in large public sector undertakings. Systematic measures are required therefore, to correct such factors. The basic aim of planning in India is to increase national income in the country. But, the million dollar worth question is how to increase national income? Proper methodology is to be followed, which off course must be very comprehensive, including the entire plan frame- the objectives, the economy attributes, the investment pattern, the resource mobilization, the fiscal policy, monetary policy and direct control measures. However, it should be kept in mind by the planners of our country that a better mix of the constituents of the entire plan framework can definitely lead us towards that growth and development which is all inclusive and sustainable. The dominant theme in our development strategy must be a scheme for breaking all the bottlenecks in all the important sectors of our economy, relaxing the restraints, overcoming the critical scarcities that have been and are likely to hinder the expansion of the productive capacity of our economy.

Human Resource Development is a prerequisite to update, streamline and modernize outlooks and approaches. A forward looking strategy is to be adopted while as a backward looking strategy is to be given up because a backward and regressive social system and primitive outlooks and beliefs cannot go end to end with economic development. In short, Human Resource Development is both a necessary as well as sufficient condition for improving productivity levels in an economy, both labour productivity (Y/L) as well as capital productivity (Y/K) and human capital formation which are the key drivers of economic and human development. Human Resource Development in the true sense of the term exists only and only when people have physical, social and economic access to sufficient and satisfactory skills and knowledge which meets their skillful needs and knowledge preferences for an active and appealing life. Every man, woman and child has the inalienable right to learn, develop skills, get training, seek knowledge in order to develop fully and maintain their physical and mental faculties. Accordingly, the need for human resource development must be a common objective and agenda of all the countries of the international community, especially of the developed countries and others in a position to help. Jammu and Kashmir economy should invest in human resource development and place their important resources, human resource in particular, to effective use so that the ability to develop the skill and knowledge of its people will improve so that it would be able to move on the path of growth and development. The slogan of every economy should be ‘‘secure, adequate and suitable, human resources for development”. This slogan should be promoted at an international level.

Macroeconomic factors such as low inflation, export orientation and low labor taxes help to determine how much employment is created by growth. The relationship between growth and employment is strong and positive which gets enlightened when all macroeconomic policies work in harmony. Indian economy at the time of independence was mainly rural in nature and in a bad state. This was due to the anti-Indian policies of the British Government. The country was engulfed by the vicious circle of poverty and to break this vicious circle Government of India planned in a focused way. The emphasis shifted from agriculture to industry. Also emphasis was laid on increasing role of the state to generate employment and reduce poverty by appropriate macroeconomic policies. However, little was achieved till 1990’s. So the path to long-run economic growth was ensured by introducing New Economic Policy in 1991, which aimed at reducing fiscal deficits, lowering inflation, maintaining exchange rate stability etc. One thing that was obvious  was that under New Economic Policy, the public sector will have a diminished role and will be largely limited to social sectors and non-profit making activities unattractive to the private sector. These policy changes affected macroeconomic policies of the government. Despite these policy changes brought under the New Economic Policy, one feature that still remains an important feature of macroeconomic policies in India is that macroeconomic policies still continue to act more as the control devices rather than as development tools. As a result macroeconomic policies fail to generate additional employment. Macroeconomic policies need to be converted into tools for macroeconomic stabilization (Shah, 2008). There are various constraints in macroeconomic policies which refrain them to act as development tools and thereby increase unemployment levels in underdeveloped economies of the world. The present paper attempts to highlight such constraints and suggest remedial measures.

The present article has addressed the concept of political economy.  Furthermore, it has highlighted the importance of political and economic process and their role in development. Unless and until Government firmly changes its role from excessive regulator to a facilitator to private sector, political economy of the state cannot be maintained. It has been realized that role of the state cannot be eliminated. State was important and is important. The difference is that previously it was a regulator and now it must be seen as a facilitator. It is high time to realize that there is a complementarity between public sector and private sector. In the same way there is a complementarity between political development and economic development. We can’t separate the two. Once we attempt to separate the two processes, the resultant is destruction of political economy. Economic growth that is sustainable, all inclusive and credible can be achieved when there is good political economy and such a good economy is possible only when there is good partnership and cooperation between public sector and private sector.

Political economy perceptions can benefit us in the development of better precision about the forces stimulating and hampering better developmental consequences. Furthermore, it can help us to focus on what better contributions could be made to build up current or prospective drivers of economic growth and economic development. Accordingly, in order to maintain political economy of a country we need to bring a good interface between political economy and economic development.

Higher education must recognize complementarities in physical technology and social technology because such interdependence and complementarity is essential to understand the importance of society in technological advancements and innovations. The understanding and realization of complementarity between physical technology and social technology will help us to find out whether technology overpowers society or society overpowers technology? Moreover, such sound understanding between the two technologies will find out ways and means through which we can manage the two in order to grow the infrastructure- both physical infrastructure as well as social infrastructure which provides key to modern technology in almost all sectors of the economy.

The best educational strategy requires cooperative argumentative dialogue between students and teachers or learners and experts, asking and answering questions that fuel critical thinking, and draw out fundamental presuppositions, inferences and deductions. Under such a constructive strategy students prepare topics by closely reading/researching the concerned literature. Under game like platform, knowledge as an essential resource is applied and the more we know, the more we gain at the game.

The study identified the marketing channels involved in the marketing of saffron and revealed grower preference to various marketing channels. Furthermore, it found that the choice of marketing channel depends on income of the saffron grower. The primary data was collected from the respondents (201 saffron growers, 6 dalals and local traders, 17, retailers/wholesalers and 5 firms) in the three selected villages of Pampore namely Letpora, Ledhu and Konibal based on interview schedule framed in accordance with the objectives of the study. Proportional sampling framework was followed for selecting the respondents of the study. The chi-square test for association has been used to find the relationship between two categorical variables which in case of present study is income and channel.

If we have to find some objective parameter to judge women's participation in economic development. It has to be calculated on the right to get education, access or right to get better health, participation in work and labour, representation in political institutions like legislative bodies.

The notion of food security must be seen as an operational concept in public policy rather than a fixed one, because it has reproduced and replicated the extensive and varied acknowledgement of the intricacies and complicacies of the procedural and methodological and policy issues involved. An examination of food security must scrutinize whether a transformation from food security to food insecurity or food insecurity to food security really takes place and also the likelihood of such a transformation happening.  What are the factors behind food security or food insecurity?  What are the factors behind transformation of food security to food insecurity? What are the factors behind transformation of food insecurity to food security? All such queries and questions must be answered in a very logistic and systematic manner. The starring role of food analysts, researchers and policy makers should be to find out ways to answer such questions.

Using Lancasterian new approach to consumer demand theory, the present article argues that saffron is not demanded because it possess utility but it is demanded because it has set of characteristics or attributes. In real world the consumer is interested not in the good itself but in the characteristics of the good. It is the properties or characteristics of the good from which utility is derived. Similarly, it is the properties or characteristics of the saffron from which utility is derived. Like Lancaster’s new approach to consumer theory, the present article assumes that consumption is an activity in which goods or set of goods are inputs and in which the output is a set of attributes or characteristics.

Good linkages between Public Knowledge and Public Research and Development (R&D) on one hand and Private Knowledge and Private Research and Development (R&D) on the other hand can develop good intra and inter university collaborations which consequentially develop excellence in education and Research and Development (R&D). Accordingly, such linkages escalate Economics of Knowledge and promote Growth and Development in an economy (Romer, 1986 as cited by Romer, 1994; Lucas, 1988). Furthermore, bad Public Knowledge and bad Public Research and Development (R&D) hamper good intra and inter university collaborations and vice versa. Universities in developing economies in general and India in particular lack intra and inter university partnerships, with the result they fail to achieve excellence in education and Research and Development (R&D).

The educational bottlenecks we realize today is a result of how we manage classroom and technology linkage. For reducing such educational bottlenecks and achieving fair distribution of skills, particularly technical skills in an economy it is essential to realize the importance of technology and its role in modernizing education and developing the overall personality a child.

This paper examines the educational unemployment in Jammu and Kashmir with a focus on causes, consequences and remedies to curb the menace. The Jammu and Kashmir economy’s backbone
is tourism but, unfortunately, this sector absorbs unorganized and unskilled workers, too, so that educational unemployment is peaked and superceding all barriers. Moreover, the state has a decent
literacy rate of 68per cent, with over 6 lakh educated unemployed youth. The major chunk of educated youth is engaged in the government sector, which is the main source of employment here. In Jammu and
Kashmir’s economy, the public sector is dominant engaging almost 80per cent of educated youth.  Put alternatively, a strong public sector is responsible for the high rate of educated unemployment
and it is our endeavour, through this paper, to highlight the main weaknesses of the state economy responsible for chronic educated unemployment. In addition, the present paper will focus on new
innovative schemes on the part of the state government to overhaul the existing economic system, where the schemes envision to use the efficient human resource for gainful productive employment.
Educated unemployed youth, from frustration resort to negative criminal activities. So, by curbing educated unemployment, the state will have a trickle-down effect, and will also restore peace on the political front as well. Development is not possible without peace. The present paper will also focus on the industrial sector of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, both small as well as large scale, and its potential to control educated unemployment. The state has one of the poorest domestic structures
for establishing a strong industrial base. The turmoil in the state involving civil and political issues, lack of electricity, lack of effective human resource and poor road connectivity are some of the essential
factors that are hampering industrial set up. Through this paper, we will explore the potential of this sector to control educated unemployment, and suggest measures and policies on the part of state government establish the strong industrial base. Moreover, the paper will examine the major
causes for the failure of state and centrally sponsored schemes to eradicate unemployment in the
state of Jammu and Kashmir.