s1-4b Av Block Tugas Kritis Telaah Jurnal 2
s1-4b Av Block Tugas Kritis Telaah Jurnal 2
s1-4b Av Block Tugas Kritis Telaah Jurnal 2
Dosen Pembimbing:
Ceria Nurhayati,S.Kep.Ns.M.Kep.
Disusun kelompok 8 :
1. Andra Eka Putri (1710012)
2. Delfani Ade Crisna A. (1710024)
3. Intan Agustin (1710048)
4. Mey Reta Purnawira Sari (1710058)
5. Ramdhonia Rahmawati (1710088)
2020
ABSTRAK
Indonesia merupakan daerah terbanyak nomor dua penderita diabets melitus di kawasan Asia
Tenggara dengan angka kejadian sebesar 9,116.03 kasus. Puskesmas Tigo Baleh angka kunjungan
penderita diabetes melitus pada tahun 2015 mengalami peningkatan yaitu sebesar 408 kunjungan.
Pasien diabetes melitus rentan mengalami komplikasi yang disebabkan oleh peningkatan kadar
gula darah. Peningkatan kadar gula darah dapat dicegah dengan melakukan self care terdiri dari
pengaturan diet, olah raga, terapi obat, perawatan kaki, dan pemantauan gula darah. Tujuan
penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui adanya hubungan self care dengan kualitas hidup pasien
diabetes mellitus. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional yang dilakukan terhadap
89 orang responden dengan menggunakan teknik simple random sampling. Pengumpulan data
menggunakan kuesioner The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) dan kuesioner The
Diabetes Quality of Life Brief Clinical Inventory. Hasil penelitian ini menggunakan uji product
moment (pearson correlation), diperoleh nilai r = 0.432. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah
terdapat hubungan antara self care dengan kualitas hidup pasien diabetes melitus di wilayah kerja
Puskesmas Tigo Baleh yang berbanding lurus dan memiliki tingkat korelasi yang sedang. Terdapat
faktor yang mempengaruhi korelasi dengan kualitas hidup. Diharapkan agar pasien diabetes
melitus dapat meningkatkan aktivitas self care sehingga dapat menjalankan kehidupan secara
normal.
ABSTRACT
Indonesia is the second largest area diabets mellitus patients in Southeast Asia with the incidence
of 9,116.03 case. Puskesmas Tigo Baleh visiting number of diabetes mellitus in 2015 experienced an
increase in the amount of 408 visits. The patient is susceptible to diabetes mellitus complications
caused by increased levels of blood sugar. The increase in blood sugar levels can be prevented by
doing self-care consists of settings of diet, exercise, drug therapy, foot care, and monitoring of the
blood sugar. The purpose of this research is to know the existence of the relationship of self-care
and the quality of life of patients with diabetes mellitus . This research using cross sectional
conducted on 89 respondents using simple random sampling technique. Data collection using the
questionnaire The Summary of Diabetes self-care Activities (SDSCA) and questionnaire The Diabetes
Quality of Life the Brief Clinical Inventory. The results of this research to use test product moment
(Pearson correlation), obtained a value of r = 0.432. The conclusion from this study is there is a
relationship between self- care and the quality of life of patients with diabetes mellitus in working
area of Community Health Center Tigo Baleh that is proportional and has the level of correlation.
HASIL PENELITIAN
Karakteristik Responden yang
Menderita diabetes melitus
1. Jenis Kelamin responden yang
Kopertis Wilayah X 138
R. Chaidir, dkk – Hubungan Sefl Journal Endurance 2(2) June 2017 (132-144)
Care… Berdasarkan tabel. 2 tentang
lama menderita diabetes melitus
responden yang menderita diabetes
melitus di wilayah kerja Puskesmas
Tigo Baleh, diperoleh hasil yaitu dari
89 orang responden seluruhnya
menderita diabetes melitus < 10 tahun
dengan persentase 100% (89 orang
responden).
Analisa Bivariat
1. Self Care responden yang
menderita diabetes melitus di wilayah
kerja Puskesmas Tigo Baleh kota
Bukittinggi
PEMBAHASAN
dengan kualitas hidup. Penelitian ini yang < 10 tahun, cenderung belum siap
memiliki tingkat korelasi yang sedang. dalam menjalankan kehidupannya
Tingkat korelasi tersebut disebabkan sebagai penderita diabetes melitus dan
karena terdapat beberapa faktor yang mengalami penurunan kulitas hidup.
mempengaruhi kualitas hidup pada Berdasrkan dari faktor-faktor inilah yang
pasien diabetes melitus yaitu usia, jenis mempengaruhi tingkat korelasi yang
kelamin, dan lama menderita diabetes diperoleh.
melitus.
SIMPULAN
Hasil penelitian yang peneliti
dapatkan adalah untuk usia peneliti Distribusi karateristik responden yang
mendapatkan usia responden yang menderita diabetes melitus di wilayah
menderita diabetes melitus berada di kerja Puskesmas Tigo Baleh diperoleh
rentang 55-59. Usia pada rentang 55-59 hasil yaitu sebagian besar responden
tahun merupakan awal seorang individu berjenis kelamin perempuan dengan
memasuki usia lansia. Diusia tersebut persentase 74.2% (66 orang responden)
tubuh sudah mulai mengalami dan seluruh responden menderita
penurunan. Penurunan yang mulai terjadi diabetes melitus < 10 tahun dengan
adalah penurunan kerja hormon persentase 100% (89 orang responden)
pangkreas dalam memproduksi insulin Lebih dari separoh responden menderita
dan mengakibatkan terjadinya diabetes melitus di wilayah kerja
peningkatan kadar gula darah. Sehingga Puskesmas Tigo Baleh memiliki tingkat
pada usia ini seorang individu cenderung self care yang tinggi dengan persentase
mengalami penurunan kualitas hidup. 51.7% (46 orang responden) Lebih dari
Jenis kelamin yang peneliti dapatkan separoh responden menderita diabetes
adalah sebagian besar responden berjenis melitus di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Tigo
kelamin perempuan. Baleh memiliki kualitas hidup yang
buruk dengan persentase 52.8% (47
Hal ini disebabkan karena orang responden) Besaran korelasi antara
perempuan memiliki faktor-faktor yang self care dengan kualitas hidup pasien
dapat menyebabkan terjadinya diabetes Diabetes Melitus yaitu sebesar 0.432,
melitus seperti perempuan mudah maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa
mengalami obesitas, perempuan memiliki hubungan antara self care dengan
sindroma siklus bulanan, dan perempuan kualitas hidup pasien Diabetes Melitus
juga dapat terkena diabetes melitus diwilayah kerja Puskesmas Tigo Baleh
akibat dari kehamilannya. Sedangkan berbanding lurus dan memiliki tingkat
untuk lama menerita diabetes melitus korelasi sedang. Diharapkan kepada
peneliti mendapatkan hasil bahwa petugas kesehatan untuk dapat
seluruh responden sudah menderita memberikan informasi dan mengajak
diabetes melitus selama < 10 tahun. pasien diabetes melitus agar dapat
Penderita diabetes melitus yang meningkatkan aktivitas self care yang
mengalami diabetes melitus < 10 tahun dilakukan dengan optimal sehingga
membutuhkan penyesuaian diri terhadap komplikasi dapat diminimalisir dan
penyakit yang dideritanya. meningkatkan kualitas hidup sehingga
pasien diabets melitus dapat menjalankan
Penyakit diabetes melitus yang hidup dengan normal.
merupakan penyakit menahun dan
berlangsung lama, membuat penyakit ini
membutuhkan penyesuaian diri dalam DAFTAR PUSTAKA
menjalankan aktivitas sehari-hari. Alligood, M. R., & Tomey, A. M. (2006).
Sehingga pada penderita diabetes melitus Nursing Theory: Utilization & Application.
JURNAL 1
Judul : Hubungan Self Care Dengan Kualitas Hidup Pasien Diabetes Melitus
1
Nadyah Awad
2
Yuanita A.Langi
2
Karel Pandelaki
1
Kandidat Skripsi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado
2
Bagian Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado
Email nadhya_alamri@yahoo.com
Abstract: Given the high prevalence in patients with type 2 diabetes where the incidence of
650.000 new cases each year. In type-2, the pancreas does not make enough insulin to keep
blood sugar levels remain normal, often because the body does not respond well to insulin.
Most people do not realize had been suffering from type 2 diabetes, although the situation
has become very serious. Type 2 diabetes has become a commonly experienced in the world
and in Indonesia, and the numbers continue to grow due to unhealthy lifestyles, obesity and
lazy to exercise. Purpose: To determine how the image of risk factors in patients with type 2
diabetes in the clinic Endocrine and Metabolic Section / SMF FK-UNSRAT BLU RSU Prof. Dr.
R.D. Manado Kandou the period of May-October2011. Methods: This type of research is a
descriptive study using secondary data. Population of type 2 DM patients who come for
treatment at the Polyclinic Endocrine and Metabolic Section / SMF FK-UNSRAT BLU RSU
Prof.Dr. R.D. Kandou Manado the period of May - October 2011. The number of samples of
138 patients comprising 60 men and 78 women. Result: The case of DM Tiipe 2 in Endocrine
and Metabolic Clinic ever found in women than in men. Acquired risk factors for type 2
diabetes mellitus is a BMI> 23 ever found in an obese BMI groups 1 (25-29,9) of 37 patients,
patients with stage 1 hypertension (130-159/80-99 mmHg) obtained by 80 patients , patients
with dyslipidaemia as many as 22 patients, patients with a family history of as many as 45
patients, patients with age> 40 years as many as 130 patients, and patients who have risk
factors for most of the patients with 3 risk factors as many as 74 patients. Conclusion: Risk
factors affecting the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Endocrine and Metabolic Clinic is
a BMI> 23, hypertension> 140/90 mmHg, family history,age> 40 years, dyslipidemia.
Key words : Risk factors, Diabetes mellitus type 2, Endocrine and Metabolic Clinic.
Abstrak: Mengingat tingginya prevalensi untuk pasien dengan DM tipe 2 dimana insidennya
sebesar 650.000 kasus baru tiap tahunnya. Pada tipe-2, pankreas tidak cukup membuat
insulin untuk menjaga level gula darah tetap normal, seringkali disebabkan tubuh tidak
merespon dengan baik terhadap insulin tersebut. Kebanyakan orang tidak menyadari telah
menderita dibetes tipe 2, walaupun keadaannya sudah menjadi sangat serius. Diabetes tipe 2
sudah menjadi umum dialami didunia maupun di Indonesia, dan angkanya terus bertambah
akibat gaya hidup yang tidak sehat, kegemukan dan malas berolahraga. Tujuan: Untuk
mengetahui bagaimana gambaran faktor risiko pada pasien DM tipe 2 di Poliklinik Endokrin
dan Metabolik Bagian/SMF FK-UNSRAT BLU RSU Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Manado periode Mei
Kopertis Wilayah X 152
R. Chaidir, dkk – Hubungan Sefl Journal Endurance 2(2) June 2017 (132-144)
Care…
45
didapatkan pada perempuan dibandingkan pada laki-laki. Faktor risiko yang didapatkan untuk
terjadinya DM tipe 2 adalah IMT >23 terbanyak didapatkan pada IMT golongan obes 1 (25-
29,9) sebanyak 37 pasien, pasien dengan hipertensi stage 1 (130-159/80-99 mmHg)
didapatkan sebanyak 80 pasien, pasien dengan dislipidemia sebanyak 22 pasien, pasien
dengan riwayat keluarga sebanyak 45 pasien, pasien dengan umur >40 tahun sebanyak 130
pasien, dan pasien yang memiliki faktor risiko paling banyak adalah pasien dengan tiga faktor
risiko yaitu sebanyak 74 pasien. Simpulan: Faktor risiko yang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian
DM tipe 2 di Poliklinik Endokrin dan Metabolik adalah IMT >23, hipertensi >140/90 mmHg,
riwayat keluarga, umur > 40 tahun, dislipidemia.
Kata kunci : Faktor risiko, diabetes melitus tipe 2, Poliklinik Endokrin dan Metabolik.
World Health Organisation (WHO) men- kunder. Tempat penelitian ini dilaksanakan
definisikan diabetes melitus (DM) sebagai di Poliklinik Endokrin Bagian Ilmu Pe-
penyakit yang ditandai dengan terjadinya nyakit Dalam RSU Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou
hiperglikemia dan gangguan metabolisme Manado dan waktu penelitian dilaksanakan
karbohidrat, lemak, dan protein yang dihu- pada bulan November 2011-Januari 2012.
bungkan dengan kekurangan secara absolut Populasi yang di teliti adalah pasien
atau relatif dari kerja dan atau sekresi Diabetes Melitus Tipe-2 yang datang ber-
insulin.1 obat di Poliklinik Endokrin RSU Prof. Dr.
Tahun 2003, WHO memperkirakan R.D. Kandou Manado dan sampelnya yaitu
194 juta atau 5,1% dari 3,8 milyar pen- pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe-2 yang baru
duduk dunia usia 20-79 tahun menderita berobat selama periode waktu bulan Mei –
DM dan diperkirakan pada tahun 2025 Oktober 2011.Data yang dikumpulkan ber-
akan meningkat menjadi 333 juta. Di tahun asal dari data sekunder rekam medik pasien
yang sama International Diabetes Federa- mengenai faktor-faktor resiko terjadinya
tion (IDF) menyebutkan bahwa prevalensi DM Tipe-2 dan diolah untuk selanjutnya
DM di dunia adalah 1,9% dan telah men- dibuat presentase dan data tersebut disaji-
jadikan DM sebagai penyebab kematian kan dalam bentuk table distribusi frekuensi.
urutan ke tujuh di dunia. 1,2 Variabel penelitian yang akan diteliti
Tingginya prevalensi DM, yang se- adalah: Usia, Jenis kelamin, Hipertensi,
bagian besar adalah tergolong dalam DM Obesitas, Dislipidemia, Jumlah pasien DM
tipe-2 disebabkan oleh interaksi antara Tipe-2, dan Riwayat keluarga.
faktor-faktor kerentanan genetis dan papar-
an terhadap lingkungan. Faktor lingkungan Analisis kerja pada penelitian ini
yang diperkirakan dapat meningkatkan adalah: Mengumpulkan literatur-literatur
faktor risiko DM tipe-2 adalah perubahan berupa text book, jurnal dari perpustakaan
gaya hidup seseorang, diantaranya adalah dan internet sebagai landasan teori,
kebiasaan makan yang tidak seimbang akan mengumpulkan data pasien yang terdiag-
menyebabkan obesitas. Selain pola makan nosis DM Tipe-2 dari rekam medik di
yang tidak seimbang, aktifitas fisik juga Poliklinik Endokrin dan Metabolik bagian
merupakan faktor risiko dalam memicu Ilmu Penyakit Dalam RSU Prof.Dr. R.D.
terjadinya DM. Latihan fisik yang teratur Kandou periode Mei-Oktober 2011,
dapat meningkatkan mutu pembuluh darah melakukan pendataan variabel-variabel
dan memperbaiki semua aspek metabolik, yang akan diteliti, dan Data yang didapat
termasuk meningkatkan kepekaan insulin kemudian diolah dan disusun dalam bentuk
serta memperbaiki toleransi glukosa. tabel distribusi frekuensi.
METODE HASIL
Penelitian
Kopertis ini
Wilayah X merupakan penelitian Jumlah pasien yang berkunjung46di
deskriptif dengan menggunakan data se- poliklinik endokrin selama enam bulan
Awad, Langi, Pandelaki; Gambaran Faktor Resiko Pasien Diabetes... 47
Gambar 1. Jumlah pasien baru berdasarkan Gambar 4. Jumlah pasien berdasarkan faktor
jenis kelamin. risiko hipertensi.
Kopertis Wilayah X 47
Awad, Langi, Pandelaki; Gambaran Faktor Resiko Pasien Diabetes... 48
Kopertis Wilayah X 48
Awad, Langi, Pandelaki; Gambaran Faktor Resiko Pasien Diabetes... 49
SIMPULAN
Pada penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa jumlah pasien lebih banyak wanita daripada
pria, dan usia terbanyak yaitu umur 51-60 tahun baik pada wanita maupun pada pria.
Pada penelitian ini didapatkan faktor risiko menurut IMT pada pasien dengan
resiko (23-24,9) sebanyak 27 pasien, pasien
dengan obes-1 (25-29,9) sebanyak 37 pasien dan pasien dengan obes-2 (>30) sebanyak
enam pasien.
Jumlah pasien dengan faktor risiko hi- pertensi didapatkan pada hipertensi sta-
dium-1 sebanyak 80 pasien sedangkan pa- sien dengan hipertensi stadium-2 didapat-
kan sembilan pasien.
Jumlah pasien dengan faktor risiko dislipidemia didapatkan sebanyak 22 pasien.
Jumlah pasien dengan faktor risiko ri- wayat keluarga didapatkan sebanyak 45
pasien.
Jumlah pasien dengan faktor risiko umur lebih dari 40 tahun didapatkan sebanyak
130 pasien.
Jumlah pasien yang lebih dari satu faktor risiko didapatkan pada pasien yang
memiliki tiga faktor resiko yaitu sebanyak 74 pasien.
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
Sciences. 2
SARAN
Awad, Langi, Pandelaki; Gambaran Faktor Resiko Pasien Diabetes... 2
Penyakit Diabetes Melitus merupakan penyakit yang tidak bisa disembuhkan,
tetapi dapat dicegah dengan pola hidup yang sehat.
Penekanan kasus Diabetes Melitus pada masyarakat dengan melakukan gaya
hidup yang sehat guna menormalkan kadar glukosa darah sehingga terhindar dari
penyakit DM.
Pada data pasien agar dapat dican- tumkan TB (m 2) dan BB (kg) pasien untuk bisa
diketahui jika adanya faktor resiko obesitas pada pasien diabetes khususnya DM tipe-2.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Suyono S, Sudoyo A, Setiyohadi B, Alwi I, Setiati S, Simadibrat M, et al. Diabetes Melitus
Indonesia. Jakarta: IPD FKUI; 2007. Hal.1852-7.
2. American Medical Assisiation. Guide for living with diabetes preventing and treating type
2 diabates. Esential information you and your family need to know. America: John Wiley
and Sons, Inc, 2009; p.21-30.
3. Panduan Pengelolaan dan Pencegahan Pradiabetes di Indonesia. Jakarta: Penerbit PB.
Persadia, 2009; hal.1.
4. Esteghamati RA, Esfahanian F. Dyslipidemia In Type 2 Diabetes Melittus: More
Atherogenic Lipid Profile In Women [Serial online]. Year [cited 2006 Jul 2]. Available
from: URL: http://journals.tums.ac.ir/upload_files/pdf/_
/2678.pdf.
5. Moran RM. Hyperinsulinemia and abdominal obesity are more prevalent in non-
diabetic subjects with family history of type 2 diabetes. Arcmedres. [serial online]. 2000
[cited 2000 Mar 3]. Available from: http://www.arcmedres.com/article/S0188-
4409%2800%2900089-8/abstract.
6. Noer. Gambaran Klinis Diabetes Melitus. Dalam: Sarwono W, editor. Buku Ajar Ilmu
Penyakit Dalam. Edisi III. Jakarta: FKUI; 1996. P: 590
7. Supartondo. Diabetes Melitus: Terapi dengan Pendekatan Rasional. Dalam: Sarwono W,
editor. Buku Rampai Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. Jakarta: FKUI, 1996; hal.165-6.
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
Sciences. 2
TELAAH JURNAL 2
Awad, Langi, Pandelaki; Gambaran Faktor Resiko Pasien Diabetes... 2
Judul : GAMBARAN FAKTOR RESIKO PASIEN DIABETES MELITUS
TIPE II Di POLIKLINIK ENDOKRIN BAGIAN/SMF FK-UNSRAT
RSU Prof. Dr. R.D KANDOU MANADO PERIODE MEI 2011 -
OKTOBER 2011
Penulis : Nadyah Awad, Yuanita A.Langi, Karel Pandelaki
Publikasi : Jurnal e-Biomedik (eBM), Volume 1, Nomor 1, Maret 2013, hlm.45-49
Penelaah : Mey Reta Purnawira Sari (1710058)
Komponen Hasil Analisa
Jurnal
A. Pendahulua 1. Masalah peneliti yang disampaikan peneliti :
n a. Tahun 2003, WHO memperkirakan 194 juta atau 5,1%
(Introduction) dari 3,8 milyar penduduk dunia usia 20-79 tahun
menderita DM dan diperkirakan pada tahun 2025 akan
meningkat menjadi 333 juta. Di tahun yang sama
International Diabetes Federation (IDF) menyebutkan
bahwa prevalensi DM di dunia adalah 1,9% dan telah
menjadikan DM sebagai penyebab kematian urutan ke
tujuh di dunia.
b. Tingginya prevalensi DM, yang sebagian besar adalah
tergolong dalam DM tipe-2 disebabkan oleh interaksi
antara faktor-faktor kerentanan genetis dan paparan
terhadap lingkungan. Faktor lingkungan juga diperkirakan
dapat meningkatkan faktor risiko DM tipe-2 adalah
perubahan gaya hidup seseorang, diantaranya adalah
kebiasaan makan yang tidak seimbang akan menyebabkan
obesitas.
c. Selain pola makan yang tidak seimbang, aktifitas fisik
juga merupakan faktor risiko dalam memicuterjadinya
DM. Latihan fisik yang teratur dapat meningkatkan mutu
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
Sciences. 2
pembuluh darah dan memperbaiki semua aspek
Awad, Langi, Pandelaki; Gambaran Faktor Resiko Pasien Diabetes... 2
metabolik, termasuk meningkatkan kepekaan insulin serta
memperbaiki toleransi glukosa.
2. Besar masalah menurut peneliti (berdasarkan prevalensi atau
insiden masalah,adanya peningkatan masalah dibandingkan
sebelumnya atau dibandingkan dengan area lain). :
a. Jumlah pasien yang berkunjung di poliklinik endokrin
selama enam bulan dari 3.998 pasien tersebut didapatkan
pasien baru yang menderita penyakit DM tipe-2 sebanyak
138 pasien yang terdiri dari 60 (43%) laki-laki dan 78
(53%) perempuan.
3. Dampak masalah jika tidak teratasi :
Menurut International Diabetes Federation (IDF)
menyebutkan bahwa prevalensi DM di dunia adalah 1,9% dan
telah menjadikan DM sebagai penyebab kematian urutan ke
tujuh di dunia.
4. Perbandingan masalah yang ada dengan harapan/target :
Pada penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa jumlah pasien lebih
banyak wanita daripada pria, dan usia terbanyak yaitu umur
51-60 tahun.
5. Tujuan dan hipotesa yang ditetapkan oleh peneliti adalah
Untuk mengetahui bagaimana gambaran faktor risiko pada pasien
DM tipe 2 di Poliklinik Endokrin dan Metabolik Bagian/SMF FK-
UNSRAT BLU RSU Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Manado periode Mei -
Oktober 2011.
a. Method 6. Populasi target dan populasi terjangkau :
B.1 Populasi - penelitian ditemukan sebanyak 138 pasien DM tipe-2
dan Sampel di Poliklinik Endokrin RSU Prof.Dr.R.D. Kandou
Manado. Dari 138 kasus tersebut, 78 pasien (57%)
adalah wanita dan 60 pasien (43%) adalah pria.
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
Sciences. 2
7. Sampel penelitian dan kriteria sampel :
Awad, Langi, Pandelaki; Gambaran Faktor Resiko Pasien Diabetes... 2
- pasien dengan faktor risiko hipertensi didapatkan
pada hipertensi stadium-1 sebanyak 80 pasien.
8. Metode sampling yang digunakan untuk memilih sampel
dan populasi :
- Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan
menggunakan data sekunder Data yang dikumpulkan
berasal dari data sekunder rekam medik pasien
mengenai faktor-faktor resiko terjadinya DM Tipe-2
dan diolah untuk selanjutnya dibuat presentase dan
data tersebut disajikan dalam bentuk table distribusi
frekuensi.
9. Jumlah sample yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah :
138 responden.
10. Desain penelitian :
Penelitian ini merupakan observasional dengan desain
B.2 Desain “deskriptif dengan menggunakan data sekunder” dengan
Penelitian mengumpulkan sample melalui catatan medik.
11. Penggunaan random alokasi :
Peneliti tidak menjelaskan randomisasi dalam
penelitiannya
12. Masking ( Penyamaran)
Peneliti tidak menjelaskan penyamaran dalam
penelitiannya karena ini adalah penelitian observasional
13. Blinding
Peniliti tidak menjelaskan blinding dalam
penelitiannya.
14. Variable yang diukur dalam penelitian
a. Variable independent : pemberian pengobatan
antibiotic dan urikonase
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
Sciences. 2
b. Variable dependet : Usia, Jenis kelamin,
Awad, Langi, Pandelaki; Gambaran Faktor Resiko Pasien Diabetes... 2
Hipertensi, Obesitas, Dislipidemia, Jumlah
pasien DM Tipe-2, dan Riwayat keluarga.
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
Sciences. 2
Dari hasil penelitian di dapatkan bahwa hasil
Awad, Langi, Pandelaki; Gambaran Faktor Resiko Pasien Diabetes... 2
penelitian tidak dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan skor
presentase.
C2 Hasil 23. Hasil Penelitian
Penelitian a. Didapatkan pasien yang mempunyai riwayat keluarga
sebanyak 45 pasien (32,61%) sedangkan yang tidak
mempunyai riwayat keluarga sebanyak 93 pasien
(67,39%). Seperti penelitian yang dilakukan di
Durango, Meksiko dari 189 pasien didapatkan 94
pasien (49,7%) mempunyai riwayat keluarga DM tipe-
2.
b. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa pasien yang
sudah mempunyai usia lebih dari 40 tahun sebanyak
130 pasien (94,2%) sedangkan pasien yang berusia
kurang dari 40 tahun hanya delapan pasien (5,8%).
Penelitian yang dilakukan di Indonesia DM sangat
jarang dijumpai di umur muda. Umumnya paling
banyak didapatkan pada umur 40-60 tahun.
c. Dari 138 kasus, pada penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa
pasien memiliki beberapa faktor risiko untuk menderita
diabetes. Adapun dari hasil yang ditemukan bahwa
pasien yang memiliki faktor resiko paling banyak
adalah pasien dengan tiga factor risiko yaitu sebanyak
74 pasien (53,62%), sedangkan pasien yang paling
sedikit dengan lima faktor risiko hanya satu pasien
(0,75%). Di Indonesia, sekitar 95 % kasus DM adalah
DM Tipe-2, yang cenderung disebabkan oleh faktor
gaya hidup yang tidak sehat
24. Kesimpulan Hasil
Pada penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa jumlah pasien lebih
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
Sciences. 2
banyak wanita daripada pria, dan usia terbanyak yaitu
Awad, Langi, Pandelaki; Gambaran Faktor Resiko Pasien Diabetes... 2
umur 51-60.
25. Diskusi 25. Interpretasi peneliti terhadap hasil penelitian
Peneliti membuat interprestasi yang rasional dan
ilmiah
26. Perbandingan hasil penelitian dengan penelitian
terdahulu serta teori yang ada saat ini untuk
menunjukkan adanya relevansi:
27. Penjelasan peneliti tentang makna dan relevansi hasil
penelitian dengan perkembangan ilmu kesehatan serta
terhadap pemecahan masalah:
Hasil Riset Kesehatan Dasar (RISKESDAS) yang
dilaporkan oleh Departemen Kesehatan pada tahun
2008, menunjukan prevalensi DM di Indonesia
membesar sampai 5,7%.
28. Nilai kepentingan(importance) hasil penelitian ?
Peneliti menjelaskan menilai sensitifitas, spesifitas,
cut off point skor
29. Kemampulaksanaan applicability hasil penelitian
menurut peneliti
Peneliti tidak menjelaskan applicability pada hasil
penelitian.
30. Replikasi hasil penelitian pada setting praktik klinik
lainnya :
Penelitian dapat direplikasikan pada pasien dengan
peritonitis.
31. Penjelasan peniliti tentang kekuatan dan kelemahan
peniliti
a. Kelemahan : peneliti tidak menyebutkan tentang
kelemahan dari penelitia ini.
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
Sciences. 2
b. Menurut pembaca kelemahan ini adalah tidak
Awad, Langi, Pandelaki; Gambaran Faktor Resiko Pasien Diabetes... 2
menguraikan skor yang menjadi pembanding
dengan skor.
32. Level evidence penelitian ini adalah level 1
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
Sciences. 2
ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Awad, Langi, Pandelaki; Gambaran Faktor Resiko Pasien Diabetes... 2
Issue: The Year in Diabetes and Obesity
REVIEW ARTICLE
Address for correspondence: Sherita H. Golden, M.D., M.H.S., Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E. Monument St., Suite #333, Baltimore, MD 21287. sahill@jhmi.edu
Controversy exists over the role of stress and depression in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Depression
has been shown to increase the risk for progressive insulin resistance and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in
multiple studies, whereas the association of stress with diabetes is less clear, owing to differences in study designs
and in forms and ascertainment of stress. The biological systems involved in adaptation that mediate the link between
stress and physiological functions include the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the autonomic
nervous and immune systems. The HPA axis is a tightly regulated system that represents one of the body’s
mechanisms for responding to acute and chronic stress. Depression is associated with cross-sectional and
longitudinal alterations in the diurnal cortisol curve, including a blunted cortisol awakening response and
flattening of the diurnal cortisol curve. Flattening of the diurnal cortisol curve is also associated with insulin
resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this article, we review and summarize the evidence supporting HPA axis
dysregulation as an important biological link between stress, depression, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
doi: 10.1111/nyas.13217
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
Sciences. 3
Role of cortisol in stress, depression, and diabetes Joseph & Golden
impair the feedback mechanisms that return (30%) than in controlled (21%) studies, in
these hormonal systems to normal, resulting in clinical (32%) than in community (20%) samples,
chronic elevation in levels of cortisol, and when assessed by self-report
catecholamines, and inflammatory markers. questionnaires (31%) than by standardized diag-
nostic interviews (11%).16 Among individuals
with diabetes, depression is associated with
Depression and diabetes worse glycemic control18 and health-related
outcomes in diabetes (i.e., weight gain,
Depression and depressive symptoms increase adherence to therapy,19 long-term diabetic
risk for progressive insulin resistance10 and macrovascular and microvascu- lar
incident diabetes.11–15 Rates of coexisting major complications)20 and with higher costs to the
depressive disorder (MDD) and diabetes are
high, with at least 10–15% of individuals with
diabetes suffering from depression.16,17 A meta-
analysis found that the odds of depression in
diabetic individuals were twice those of the
nondiabetic comparison groups and that there
was no difference associated with sex, type of
diabetes, or assessment method.16 The
prevalence of comorbid depression was
significantly higher in diabetic women (28%)
than in diabetic men (18%), in uncontrolled
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
Sciences. 3
Role of cortisol in stress, depression, and diabetes Joseph & Golden
healthcare system.19 This interaction predicts
not only greater incidence but also earlier
incidence of complications from diabetes in
older adults.18–22 Treatment of depression
through pharmacotherapy and/or cognitive
behavioral therapy has resulted in improved
glycemic control in some23–25 but not all26
trials. The biological association between
depression and diabetes is hypothesized to be
due to a dysregulated and overactive HPA axis,
a shift in sympathetic nervous system tone
toward enhanced sympathetic activity, and a
proinflammatory state.9
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
Sciences. 3
Role of cortisol in stress, depression, and diabetes Joseph & Golden
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
Sciences. 3
Role of cortisol in stress, depression, and diabetes Joseph & Golden
Salivary cortisol collection allows for in individuals with depression, evidenced by
noninvasive timed collection of free cortisol, elevated 24-h uri- nary free-cortisol levels,
which is stable for several days before adrenal gland enlargement, and failure to
processing, allowing for a valid assessment of suppress cortisol in response to the
the HPA axis in the free-living state. Timed dexamethasone suppression test.39 The
salivary cortisol collections are used to con- association of diurnal cortisol curve features
struct a diurnal salivary cortisol curve (Fig. 2) and depression across the life span proceeding
with several cortisol features, including wake- from childhood to older adulthood is discussed
up cortisol (salivary cortisol obtained at 0 min), below.
cortisol awak- ening response (CAR; the
Children, adolescents, and young adults
cortisol rise from 0 to 30 min postawakening),
early decline in cortisol (the decline in cortisol We previously reviewed two smaller studies
from 30 min postawaken- ing to 2 h (<100 participants) examining the cross-
postawakening), late decline in cortisol sectional associa- tion of the diurnal cortisol
(decline in cortisol from 2 h postawakening to rhythm with depression.9 These studies
bed- time), bedtime cortisol (cortisol before revealed a flatter diurnal cortisol
bedtime), and total area-under-the-curve
(AUC) cortisol (the total AUC from 0 to 16 h).
Figure 2. Summary of diurnal cortisol parameters. Shown is (A) wake-up cortisol (time 0), (B) cortisol awakening response (0–30
min), (C) early-decline slope cortisol (30 min–2 h), (D) late-decline slope cortisol (2 h to bedtime), (E) bedtime cortisol, (F) total
AUC (0 min to bedtime) cortisol, and (G) overall-decline slope cortisol (0 min to bedtime, excluding 30-min cortisol). Reprinted,
with permission, from Joseph et al.80
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
Sciences. 3
Role of cortisol in stress, depression, and diabetes Joseph & Golden
samples collected at awakening, 30 min later, middle-aged (mean ages ranged from 18 to 65
and at bedtime over three consecutive years) depressed compared with control
workdays were used in the analyses. persons.46
Depressive symptoms were nega- tively
Following publication of the above-mentioned
correlated with wake-up and 30-min cortisol
meta-analysis,46 further related analyses were
(P < 0.05) but not with the CAR or evening
repo- rted in the literature, including a cross-
corti- sol. A flatter diurnal rhythm of cortisol
sectional study of 26 premenopausal depressed
was related to higher levels of depression (P <
women and 23 never-depressed women who
0.05).44 We previously reviewed two smaller
were matched for age and body mass index.
studies (<100 par- ticipants) examining the
This study found that depres- sion and greater
association of the diur- nal cortisol rhythm with
depression severity were associ- ated with
depression in hospitalized patients suspected
flatter diurnal cortisol curve slopes over the
of having or being at risk for cardiovascular
course of the day.47 However, mixed findings
disease9 and found that the partici- pants with
have been reported in recent longitudinal
concurrent depression had a flatter diur- nal
studies, including in the Danish PRISME
cortisol curve. Contrary to this, other studies
(psychological risk
did not note any significant differences in
salivary cor- tisol diurnal variation
= among 46
depressed subjects at risk for= cardiovascular
disease compared with 19 subjects= without
depression.9 In the Netherlands Study of
Depression and Anxiety (NESDA), which
recruited 1588 participants from the
community, general practice care, and
specialized mental health care (308 control
(mean age 48 years), 579 with remitted
depression (mean age 45 years), and 701 with
current depression (mean age 42 years)), both
the remitted and current MDD groups showed
a significantly higher CAR compared with
control subjects (effect size (Cohen’s d) range:
0.15–0.25), with higher morning AUC cortisol.
Evening cortisol levels were higher among the
current MDD group at 10 PM but not at 11 PM.
Participants with comor- bid anxiety disorders,
but not with other depression characteristics,
had a higher CAR.45 In 2010, a sys- tematic
review and meta-analysis of mostly small
studies (except for the aforementioned NESDA
study45) concluded that there is no firm
evidence of a difference of salivary cortisol in
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
Sciences. 3
Role of cortisol in stress, depression, and diabetes Joseph & Golden
factors in the work environment and biological with recurrence(s) during follow-up.51 In con-
mechanism in the development of stress, trast, a study of 55 recurrently depressed
burnout, and depression) project—a patients reported that lower mean 8 AM
longitudinal Danish study that collected cortisol levels pre- dicted earlier time to
morning and evening salivary cortisol and recurrence over 5.5 years, after correction for
assessed depressive symptoms of 4467 public residual symptoms (P 0.015).52 NESDA
employees, with follow-up interviews for par- subjects (n 549) with a lifetime diagnosis of
ticipants with elevated scores to diagnose MDD and remission for at least 6 months pre-
depres- sion. Over 2 years, each 1.0 nmol/L ceding the baseline assessment were followed
increase in daily mean cortisol concentration over 4 years to assess recurrence.53 A higher
was associated with a 47% (95% confidence CAR, but not evening cortisol, was associated
interval (CI): 0.32–0.90) reduction in with earlier time to recurrence of MDD
depression risk, while each 1.0 nmol/L (hazard ratio = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.003–1.060; P =
difference in morning and evening salivary 0.03).53
corti- sol concentration was associated with a
36% lower risk of depression (95% CI: 0.45–
0.90). These data suggested that a steeper
cortisol slope over the day was protective for
incident depression.48 To con- firm these
findings, the same research group con- ducted
a population-based study of the association of
depressive symptoms or diagnosed depression
and the diurnal cortisol curve among 3536
public- sector employees aged 19–66 years.
They found no association of depressive
symptoms or depression with morning cortisol,
CAR, cortisol decline slope, evening cortisol, or
total AUC cortisol in two cross- sectional
analyses (2007 and 2009) or in their lon-
gitudinal analysis from 2007 to 2009.49
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
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Role of cortisol in stress, depression, and diabetes Joseph & Golden
discussion, we focus on psychological stress, 0.04) and higher ERI (þ 0.002; P 0.05) were
includ- ing work-related stress and related to a flatter slope in cortisol across the
discrimination, which may have different day.71 Given the previous inconsistent findings,
effects on activation of the HPA axis. Rudolph et al.70 performed an analysis in the
Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclero- sis (MESA)
and found that, among employed par- ticipants,
Work-related stress job strain was associated with lower sali- vary
cortisol levels and total AUC cortisol and was
The literature to date on measures of work-
not associated with CAR, using propensity-score
related stress (i.e., job strain—high job
matching on an extensive set of variables to
demand and low job control) and salivary
con- trol for sources of confounding. The
cortisol levels reveals inconsis- tent evidence
authors sug- gested that the differences
of an association. As we have pre- viously
between their results and those from the prior
discussed,70 job strain has been associated with
literature could be attributed to the middle-
higher morning cortisol levels, lower average
and older-aged racially/ethnically diverse
cortisol levels, a steeper CAR, and increased
sample in MESA, compared with the pre- vious
total AUC cortisol, and for each of these
research in younger, mostly white cohorts. In
observations there are other studies that
addition, previous findings were influenced by
report no significant association. One of the
larger analyses was from the Whitehall II study,
in which researchers assessed the cross- =
sectional association of work stress, using job
demand–control (JDC) and effort–reward
imbal- ance (ERI) models, with the diurnal
cortisol curve (six salivary cortisol collections
over a typical work day) among 2126
occupational workers (mean age
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
Sciences. 4
Role of cortisol in stress, depression, and diabetes Joseph & Golden
compared with those without diabetes (n= participants at the New York, Los Angeles, and
916; P < 0.01), as well as a trend toward Baltimore MESA sites between 2010 and 2012
=
lower wake-up cortisol levels (P 0.07).76 In the during MESA Exam 5 (Fig. 3). The MESA Stress
Whitehall II study of 508 white men and populations included non-Hispanic whites
women, including 238 partici- pants with (NHWs), African Americans, and Hispanic
diabetes, those with diabetes had a flatter Americans. Among multiethnic participants,
slope across the day and higher bedtime those with diabetes (n 177) had a significantly
cortisol val- ues, but no difference in wake-up blunted CAR, flatter early-decline cortisol, and
cortisol levels or CAR, suggesting that raised sex differ- ences with total AUC cortisol—men
evening cortisol levels promoted a flattening of with diabetes had a lower total AUC cortisol
the slope throughout the day.77 compared with men without diabetes, and
women with diabetes
Our research group has studied participants in
MESA Stress, an ancillary study to the main
multi- center longitudinal cohort study of the
prevalence and correlates of subclinical
cardiovascular disease and the factors that
influence its progression.78 MESA Stress I
collected detailed measures of stress
hormones, including salivary cortisol measures,
between 2004 and 2006 (during the period of
MESA Exam 3 and Exam 4) at the New York and
Los Ange- les MESA sites. MESA Stress II
collected similar data on a subsample of 1082
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
Sciences. = 4
Role of cortisol in stress, depression, and diabetes Joseph & Golden
had a higher total AUC cortisol compared with
women without diabetes (Fig. 4).79 Wake-up
cor- tisol was nonsignificantly lower among
those with diabetes compared with those
without diabetes.79 These results in a
multiethnic population were con- sistent with
prior data among NHW cohorts show- ing an
association of a blunted CAR and flattening of
cortisol decline with diabetes mellitus.
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
Sciences. 4
Role of cortisol in stress, depression, and diabetes Joseph & Golden
Figure 4. Salivary cortisol curve from 0 to 3 h in MESA Stress I. Adapted, with permission, from Champaneri et al.79
of cortisol curve features with insulin adipoinsular axis and succumb to the detrimen-
resistance, estimated using homeostatic model tal effects of cortisol, including insulin
assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). resistance, lipolysis, and glycogenolysis, leading
Specifically, higher wake-up cortisol and AUC to worsening hyperglycemia, as seen in
−
cortisol were associated with an 8.2% lower participants with diabetes mellitus in this
(95% CI: 13.3 to 2.7) and study.80
% lower (95% CI: 14.6 to−0.6) log HOMA- Given that cross-sectional associations do not
provide evidence on the temporality of the
IR, respectively. We postulate that a higher
asso- ciation, we studied the effect of baseline
wake-up cortisol contributing to a higher total
diabetes status on cortisol curves over 6 years,
AUC corti- sol represents normal HPA axis
using data from MESA Stress I and MESA Stress
plasticity in nor- moglycemic individuals
II in 90 par- ticipants with diabetes and 490
without central adiposity. Previous studies
participants without diabetes who attended
have shown that a higher wake- up cortisol is
both exams.87 In this novel
indicative of improved HPA reactivity and
lower odds of metabolic disturbances, includ-
ing central obesity,81–83 generalized obesity,82,83
and metabolic syndrome.84 The association of
lower HOMA-IR with higher wake-up cortisol
and total AUC cortisol was fully blunted in a
model includ- ing waist circumference, a
correlate for visceral adi- posity and a known
mediator of insulin85 and lep- tin resistance.86
This suggests that, as individuals gain visceral
adiposity, they may lose the benefi- cial effect
of the interaction between cortisol and the
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
Sciences. 4
Role of cortisol in stress, depression, and diabetes Joseph & Golden
longitudinal study examining the association of
dia- betes status with long-term changes in
daily cortisol curve features, we did not
identify any statistically significant differences
in change in cortisol curve features by diabetes
status, suggesting that either larger studies
with longer follow-up are needed or that the
direction of the association is toward HPA axis
dysfunction leading to the development of
diabetes. The latter hypothesis was tested
recently in the Whitehall II study.88 Among
3270 partici- pants, 210 developed diabetes
over 9 years, with higher evening cortisol levels
predicting new-onset diabetes mellitus (odds
ratio (OR) 1.18; 95% CI: 1.01–1.37) and a
trend for a flatter slope at base- line in
participants with incident diabetes (OR 1.15;
95% CI: 0.99–1.33).88 The cortisol curve fea-
tures related to incident diabetes are similar to =
the features related to prevalent diabetes in
the White- hall II study and MESA Stress and =
provide evidence that a blunted HPA-axis
profile may lead to the development of
diabetes. However, the longitudi- nal
relationship between baseline cortisol and the
development of diabetes has not been
investigated in a multiethnic cohort, and
additional studies are needed to confirm the
findings from the Whitehall II study.
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
Sciences. 4
Role of cortisol in stress, depression, and diabetes Joseph & Golden
Figure 5. The hypothetical relationship between subclinical hypercortisolism and glycemia in diabetes. (1) Hyperglycemia in
diabetic mice leads to decreased hippocampal function owing to astrogliosis and neuronal apoptosis.93 There is also evidence of
decreased mineralocorticoid receptor–mediated stress responsivity in diabetic mice 94 and decreased glucocorticoid receptor levels in
sedentary mice.95 These processes lead to hippocampal atrophy, which has been seen in humans,75 and a reduction in inhibition of
hypothalamic activity by the hippocampus. (2) Human studies have shown decreased negative feedback via the dexamethasone
suppression test in diabetes, suggesting abnormalities at the level of the anterior pituitary.75,96 Glucocorticoid receptor
dysfunction at the level of the anterior pituitary results in increased production of ACTH, which acts on the zona fasciculata
of the adrenal gland. (3) Findings of elevated cortisol throughout the day in diabetes in women have been reported in a
multiethnic study97 and in both sexes in a study of Caucasians.77 (4) In the periphery, there is increased basal glucocorticoid
receptor sensitivity in diabetes, which is associated with poorer glucose control92 and a lack of stress-induced modulation of
glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity in diabetes mellitus.97 Peripheral cortisol synthesis from conversion of cortisone to cortisol is
increased owing to whole-body and liver cortisol regeneration by 11þ-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in diabetes with obesity.98
Blocking the glucocorticoid receptor with mifepristone or selective glucocorticoid receptor II antagonists specific to liver or adipose
tissue decreases glucose levels in diabetes.99,100 In addition, glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation is decreased. 90
These data indicate that cortisol does have an effect of peripheral glycemia in diabetes. (5) Individually and collectively, these
processes may lead to worsening hyperglycemia and further blunting of the HPA axis, creating a vicious cycle. Reprinted,
with permission, from Joseph et al.80
associated with a flatter diurnal cortisol curve cortisol may be protective for the development
and higher bedtime cortisol. These results of diabetes.
suggest that a more dynamic diurnal cortisol
profile with higher morning cortisol, a steeper
slope throughout the day, and a low bedtime Mechanistic links: perturbation
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
Sciences. 4
Role of cortisol in stress, depression, and diabetes Joseph & Golden
of the diurnal cortisol curve, depression, and betes mellitus in one-third of affected individu-
diabetes als by inducing visceral adiposity, activating
Clinical hypercortisolism (Cushing’s disease or lipol- ysis with free fatty acid release, inducing
syn- drome) leads to the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance, decreasing
type 2 dia- insulin secre- tion, and increasing hepatic
glucose production.89,90 There are changes in
the HPA axis with neuropsy- chiatric conditions,
including depression—a rela- tionship that is
bidirectional, as hypercortisolism can also lead
to neuropsychiatric disease, evidenced by the
high prevalence of MDD (50–81%), anxi- ety
(66%), and bipolar disorders (30%) in Cush- ing’s
syndrome.90 Chronic exposure to high cortisol
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
Sciences. 4
Role of cortisol in stress, depression, and diabetes Joseph & Golden
Conclusions
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
Sciences. 5
Role of cortisol in stress, depression, and diabetes Joseph & Golden
Acknowledgments
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TELAAH JURNAL 3
Sciences.
depresi yang lebih besar dikaitkan dengan kemiringan
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
6
kurva kortisol
Role of cortisol in stress, depression, and diabetes Joseph & Golden
Sciences.
18. Validitas dan reliabilitas
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
6
Peneliti tidak melakukan uji Validitas dan reliabilitas
Role of cortisol in stress, depression, and diabetes Joseph & Golden
pada penelitiannya.
19. Yang melakukan pengukuran adalah peneliti
20. Uji statistic untuk menguji hipotesa atau menganalisis
data
Peneliti tidak menjelaskan Uji statistic untuk menguji
hipotesa atau menganalisis data .
21. Program atau software yang digunakan untuk
menganalisis data
Peneliti tidak menjelaskan Program atau software yang
digunakan untuk menganalisis data
22. Hasil 23. Alur (flow) penelitian yang menggambarkan responden
penelitian Peneliti tidak membuat alur penelitian yang
C1 Alur terperinci,namun dijelaskan bahwa responden mencakup
Penelitian seluruh usia dimulai dari anak - lansia menjadi sampel
dan data penelitian sampai selesai.
base line 24. Karakteristik responden
Berdasarkan analisis statistic seluruh data terdistribusi
secara seimbang menunjukkan bahwa hasil penelitian
terdapat pengaruh mortalitas dan morbiditas pada efek
biologis suatu penyakit diabetes
C2 Hasil 25. Hasil Penelitian
Penelitian a. di antara anak-anak dan remaja, ada temuan cross-
sectional yang konsisten dari CAR yang lebih tinggi
pada mereka yang mengalami depresi atau gejala
depresi yang lebih besar. Namun, ada kebutuhan
untuk penelitian lebih lanjut tentang temporalitas
hubungan ini karena studi longitudinal
mengungkapkan temuan yang berbeda, dengan studi
terbesar tidak menunjukkan hubungan prospektif fitur
kurva kortisol dengan kejadian depresi. Data 6untuk
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
Sciences.
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1391 (2017) 20–34 §C 2016 New York Academy of
Sciences. 6