Sistem Koordinat
Sistem Koordinat
Sistem Koordinat
SISTEM KOORDINAT,
DATUM,
Dan PROYEKSI PETA
Kosasih Prijatna
Bidang datar
Homer : sekitar 900 SM
Bola
Phytagoras : sekitar 600 SM
Ellipsoid
French Royal Academy of Science
(1734 1741 M)
Kosasih Prijatna, 2005
ERATOSTHENES (c. 250 BC)
360
keliling s
s
radius
Menurut
Eratosthenes :
712
s 4400 stadia
Sekarang : 6371 km
b
Rotational Biaxial
a
Ellipsoid
ekuator
P P
yP P
0
x
0 P xP
Sistem Koord. Geodetik Sistem Koord. Proyeksi
Z
P
P
h
ZP
Y
XP
YP
X
Sistem Koord. Geodetik Sistem Koord. Kartesia 3-D
3-dimension
Z
Y
Z Axis
Earths
Rotation
Axis
P
ZP
(0,0,0)
Y Axis
YP
SISTEM KOORDINAT
Z GEODETIK
Parameter sistem koordinat :
Kutub Q
Lokasi titik nol sistem koordinat
Pusat hQ
Orientasi sumbu-sumbu koordinat
ellipsoid
ZQ Besaran yang digunakan untuk
mendefinisikan posisi titik pada
sistem koordinat tersebut
Y
Q Koordinat kartesian :
Q XQ
X (XQ , YQ , ZQ )
YQ
Koordinat geodetik :
(Q , Q ,hQ )
XQ (N hQ ) cos Q cos Q
= lintang geodetik
YQ (N hQ ) cos Q sin Q
= bujur geodetik
ZQ [N(1 e 2 ) hQ ] sin Q h = tinggi geodetik
N = jari-jari lengkung normal Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1997
Geoid, Ellipsoid dan
Tinggi Ortometrik
topografi
H
h
geoid (MSL)
N
ellipsoid
h = tinggi geodetik
H = tinggi ortometrik H=h-N
N = undulasi geoid
XQ (N hQ ) cos Q cos Q
YQ (N hQ ) cos Q sin Q
2
ZQ [N(1 e ) hQ ] sin Q
6-10 m
C/A Code on L1
Before May 2000:
25-100 m
USC-USDC (20
Basic Positioning: Tomorrow
Better resistance to
interference
C/A Code on L1
L2C Code on L2
New Code on L5 USC-USDC (2002)
APPLICATION: 3-D Crustal Motion GLOBAL POSITIONING
Tectonic motion
Ocean tides SYSTEM
Solid earth tides
Subsidence
Glacial isostatic adjustment
Monument stability
GPS Satellite
Orbits
Clocks
GPS Receiver
Propagation Clocks
Ionosphere Multipath
Troposphere Antenna phase
(wet & dry) center variation
Precise Real-Time GPS:
Requirements
l Reliable communication channels (dedicated lines, spread-
spectrum radio, wireless Internet, satellite, FM sub-carriers, )
csubarya@bakosurtanal.go.id
Velocities Field in Indonesia
csubarya@bakosurtanal.go.id
csubarya@bakosurtanal.go.id
Bagian Kedua
DATUM GEODETIK
DATUM GEODETIK
PROYEKSI PETA
PROYEKSI PETA
Proyeksi peta adalah model matematik untuk mengkonversi
posisi tiga-dimensi suatu titik di permukaan bumi ke representasi
posisi dua-dimensi di bidang peta (bidang datar).
Flat Map
Cartesian coordinates: x,y
(Easting & Northing)
Curved Earth
Geographic coordinates: f,
(Latitude & Longitude)
Geographic and
Projected
Coordinates
(f, ) (x, y)
Map Projection
Shortest distance between two points????
Canada twice area of US
Greenland biggest island
Which is correct?
Planar
Kerucut
Silinder
Tahapan Proyeksi
Peta
http://ngs.ky.gov/pdf-ppt/BB/KySingleZone.ppt
Transverse
Mercator (UTM)
Coordinate System
UTM system is transverse-secant cylindrical projection, dividing the surface of the
Earth into 6 degree zones with a central meridian in the center of the zone. each one
of zones is a different Transverse Mercator projection that is slightly rotated to use a
different meridian. UTM zone numbers designate 6 degree longitudinal strips
extending from 80 degrees South latitude to 84 degrees North latitude. UTM is a
conformal projection, so small features appear with the correct shape and scale is
the same in all directions. (all distances, directions, shapes, and areas are reasonably
accurate ). Scale factor is 0.9996 at the central meridian and at most 1.0004 at the
edges of the zones.
UTM coordinates are in meters, making it easy to make accurate calculations of short
distances between points (error is less than 0.04%)
Used in USGS topographic map, and digital elevation models (DEMs)
Although the distortions of the UTM system are small, they are too great for some
accurate surveying. zone boundaries are also a problem in many applications,
because they follow arbitrary lines of longitude rather than boundaries between
jurisdictions.
Cylindrical
(Mercator)
Projection
-108
-102
-105
UTM Zone Numbers
false easting
KOORDINAT SEMU
E = X + 500000 m
N=Y+0m (belahan bumi utara)
Y + 10000000 m (belahan bumi selatan)
false northing
equator 0 mN or
10,000,000 mS
Zona UTM di Indonesia
Mercator - 3o
(TM-3o)
102o
105o
103.5o
Tataletak Zone
TM-3o (BPN)
Nomor Zone
TM-3o 46.2 47.1 47.2 48.1 48.2 49.1 49.2 50.1 50.2 51.1 51.2 52.1 52.2 53.1 53.2 54.1 54.2
Nomor Zone
U T M 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Koordinat semu :
E = X + 200000 m
N = Y + 1500000 m
Hal-hal yang Harus
Diperhatikan
Dalam bekerja dengan koordinat titik-titik, harus
diketahui dengan pasti hal-hal sebagai berikut :
Posisi horisontal :
Datum geodetik yang dijadikan sebagai acuan
Ellipsoid referensi yang digunakan
Sistem proyeksi peta
Posisi vertikal :
Sistem tinggi yang dipakai
Bidang referensi tinggi yang digunakan
Ellipsoid referensi yang digunakan (tinggi geodetik)