Papers by Christabel Chovwen
Psychological bulletin, Jan 1, 1996
… Medicine, Jan 1, 2002
The AAMC's Increasing Women's Leadership Project Implementation Committee examined four years of ... more The AAMC's Increasing Women's Leadership Project Implementation Committee examined four years of data on the advancement of women in academic medicine. With women comprising only 14% of tenured faculty and 12% of full professors, the committee concludes that the progress achieved is inadequate.
… Internal Medicine, Jan 1, 2000
OBJECTIVETo describe gender differences in job satisfaction, work life issues, and burnout of U.S... more OBJECTIVETo describe gender differences in job satisfaction, work life issues, and burnout of U.S. physicians.DESIGN/PARTICIPANTSThe Physician Work life Study, a nationally representative random stratified sample of 5,704 physicians in primary and specialty nonsurgical care (N = 2,326 respondents; 32% female, adjusted response rate = 52%). Survey contained 150 items assessing career satisfaction and multiple aspects of work life.MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTSOdds of being satisfied with facets of work life and odds of reporting burnout were modeled with survey-weighted logistic regression controlling for demographic variables and practice characteristics. Multiple linear regression was performed to model dependent variables of global, career, and specialty satisfaction with independent variables of income, time pressure, and items measuring control over medical and workplace issues. Compared with male physicians, female physicians were more likely to report satisfaction with their specialty and with patient and colleague relationships (P < .05), but less likely to be satisfied with autonomy, relationships with community, pay, and resources (P < .05). Female physicians reported more female patients and more patients with complex psychosocial problems, but the same numbers of complex medical patients, compared with their male colleagues. Time pressure in ambulatory settings was greater for women, who on average reported needing 36% more time than allotted to provide quality care for new patients or consultations, compared with 21% more time needed by men (P < .01). Female physicians reported significantly less work control than male physicians regarding day-to-day aspects of practice including volume of patient load, selecting physicians for referrals, and details of office scheduling (P < .01). When controlling for multiple factors, mean income for women was approximately $22,000 less than that of men. Women had 1.6 times the odds of reporting burnout compared with men (P < .05), with the odds of burnout by women increasing by 12% to 15% for each additional 5 hours worked per week over 40 hours (P < .05). Lack of workplace control predicted burnout in women but not in men. For those women with young children, odds of burnout were 40% less when support of colleagues, spouse, or significant other for balancing work and home issues was present.CONCLUSIONSGender differences exist in both the experience of and satisfaction with medical practice. Addressing these gender differences will optimize the participation of female physicians within the medical workforce.
Archives of Internal Medicine, Jan 1, 1998
Background: Despite concerns about its prevalence and ramifications, harassment has not been well... more Background: Despite concerns about its prevalence and ramifications, harassment has not been well quantified among physicians. Previous published studies have been small, have surveyed only 1 site or a convenience sample, and have suffered from selection bias.
Health-related behaviors of women physicians vs other women in the United States
… of internal medicine, Jan 1, 1998
Career satisfaction of US women physicians: results from the Women Physicians' Health Study
… of internal medicine, Jan 1, 1999
Barriers to the career choice of engineering, medicine, or science among American women
Women and the scientific professions, Jan 1, 1965
Readings on the Psychology of Women Book by Judith M. Bardwick; 1972. Read Readings on the Psycho... more Readings on the Psychology of Women Book by Judith M. Bardwick; 1972. Read Readings on the Psychology of Women at Questia library.
Women in medical education
New England Journal of Medicine, Jan 1, 1988
... found that several factorsshortage of time, deadlines, and difficulties in a relationship wi... more ... found that several factorsshortage of time, deadlines, and difficulties in a relationship with a ... forms of sex discrimination that may remain active in power and economic structures eg, salaryinequities? ... Do the career paths of women who work part time while their children are ...
A longitudinal study of students' depression at one medical school
Academic medicine: …, Jan 1, 1997
Using a standardized measure of depression at three assessment points, to examine depression in m... more Using a standardized measure of depression at three assessment points, to examine depression in medical students during their training. Students entering the University of Massachusetts Medical School in the fall in 1987, 1988, and 1989 were mailed a recruitment letter and baseline questionnaire four weeks prior to the start of classes. Subsequent assessments took place in the middles of year 2 and year 4 and included only the students who had participated in the baseline assessment. The baseline assessment included the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale, the Bortner Type A Behavior scale, the Spielberger Trait Anger scale, and the Spielberger Anger Expression scale. In addition, the baseline package included a rating of perceived stress, a demographics questionnaire, and a social-life survey. The follow-up assessments included the CES-D scale, the rating of perceived stress level, and the social-life survey. Analytic methods used were univariate descriptive statistics, correlation, and multiple-linear-regression analyses, two-sample t-tests, analysis of variance, and chi-square tests. Of the initial pool of 300 students, 264 responded at the baseline assessment (88% response rate; 53% men); 171 of these participated in the year-2 assessment (65% response rate; 51% men), and 126 participated in the year-4 assessment (48% response rate; 48% men); a total of 99 students participated in all three assessments. CES-D scores &gt; or =80th percentile were obtained for 18% of the entering students. This rose to 39% at year 2 and 31% at year 4 (p = .0001). No gender difference was found at baseline; however, the women experienced higher depression levels than did the men at year 2 (p = .004) and at year 4 (p = .04). Overall, gender and increases in perceived stress (from baseline to year 2) were significant predictors of increased CES-D scores (from baseline to year 2; p = .01 and p = .0001, respectively). For the women, increased perceived stress, angerin, and frequency of social contacts outside work/school were significant predictors of the magnitude of increases in CES-D scores (baseline to year 2; p = .0001, p = .02, and p = .03, respectively). These preliminary data support the view that, upon entering medical school, students&#39; emotional status resembles that of the general population. However, the rise in depression scores and their persistence over time suggest that emotional distress during medical school is chronic and persistent rather than episodic. Also, the women had more significant increases in depression scores than did the men.
Essays on women, medicine and health
This collection of essays brings together the best of Oakley&amp;#x27;s work on the sociology... more This collection of essays brings together the best of Oakley&amp;#x27;s work on the sociology of women&amp;#x27;s health. It focuses on four main themes-divisions of labour, motherhood, technology and methodology-and considers what it is to be women facing the often impersonal world ...
Preventive care for women--does the sex of the physician matter?
… Journal of Medicine, Jan 1, 1993
Emphasis on ensuring women&#39;s access to preventive health services has increased over the ... more Emphasis on ensuring women&#39;s access to preventive health services has increased over the past decade. Relatively little attention has been paid to whether the sex of the physician affects the rates of cancer screening among women. We examined differences between male and female physicians in the frequency of screening mammograms and Pap smears among women patients enrolled in a large Midwestern health plan. We identified claims for mammography and Pap tests submitted by primary care physicians for 97,962 women, 18 to 75 years of age, who were enrolled in the health plan in 1990. The sex of the physician was manually coded, and the physician&#39;s age was obtained from the state licensing board. After identifying a principal physician for each woman, we calculated the frequency of mammography and Pap smears for each physician, using the number of women in his or her practice during 1990 as the denominator. Using unconditional logistic regression, we also calculated the odds ratio of having a Pap smear or mammogram for women patients with female physicians as compared with those with male physicians, controlling for the physician&#39;s and the patient&#39;s age. Crude rates for Pap smears and mammography were higher for the patients of female than male physicians in most age groups of physicians. The largest differences between female and male physicians were in the rates of Pap smears among the youngest physicians. For the subgroup of women enrolled in the health plan for a year who saw only one physician, after adjustment for the patient&#39;s age and the physician&#39;s age and specialty, the odds ratio for having a Pap smear was 1.99 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.72 to 2.30) for the patients of female physicians as compared with those of male physicians. For women 40 years old and older, the odds ratio for having a mammogram was 1.41 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.22 to 1.63). For both Pap smears and mammography, the differences between female and male physicians in screening rates were much more pronounced in internal medicine and family practice than in obstetrics and gynecology. Women are more likely to undergo screening with Pap smears and mammograms if they see female rather than male physicians, particularly if the physician is an internist or family practitioner.
Why aren't there more women leaders in academic medicine? The views of clinical department chairs
Academic Medicine, Jan 1, 2001
A scarcity of women in leadership positions in academic medicine has persisted despite their incr... more A scarcity of women in leadership positions in academic medicine has persisted despite their increasing numbers in medical training. To understand the barriers confronting women and potential remedies, clinical department chairs with extensive leadership experience were interviewed. In 1998-99, open-ended interviews averaging 80 minutes in length were conducted with 34 chairs and two division chiefs in five specialties. Individuals were selected to achieve a balance for gender, geographic locale, longevity in their positions, and sponsorship and research intensity of their institutions. The interviews were audiotaped and fully transcribed, and the themes reported emerged from inductive analysis of the responses using standard qualitative techniques. The chairs&#39; responses centered on the constraints of traditional gender roles, manifestations of sexism in the medical environment, and lack of effective mentors. Their strategies for addressing these barriers ranged from individual or one-on-one interventions (e.g., counseling, confronting instances of bias, and arranging for appropriate mentors) to institutional changes (e.g., extending tenure probationary periods, instituting mechanisms for responding to unprofessional behavior, establishing mentoring networks across the university). The chairs universally acknowledged the existence of barriers to the advancement of women and proposed a spectrum of approaches to address them. Individual interventions, while adapting faculty to requirements, also tend to preserve existing institutional arrangements, including those that may have adverse effects on all faculty. Departmental or school-level changes address these shortcomings and have a greater likelihood of achieving enduring impact.
Mentors and role models for women in academic medicine
… journal of medicine, Jan 1, 1991
Promotion of women physicians in academic medicine
JAMA: the journal of the …, Jan 1, 1995
Women in American medicine
Academic Medicine, Jan 1, 1968
Women in veterinary medicine
Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association, Jan 1, 2000
Choices of training programs and career paths by women in internal medicine
Academic Medicine, Jan 1, 1993
To examine the choices of career paths of women in internal medicine, specifically to determine (... more To examine the choices of career paths of women in internal medicine, specifically to determine (1) whether women continue to prefer primary care practice more often than men do and (2) whether differences in career paths between men and women result from differences in the natures of the training programs they complete. A database containing demographic, training, and clinical-practice information on 19,151 physicians (3,569 women and 15,582 men) who had been trained in internal medicine was constructed by merging data from the National Resident Matching Program matches in internal medicine for 1977-1982 with data from the 1985 American Medical Association Physician Masterfile, which contains physician practice profiles. Similar percentages of the men and the women chose primary care residencies (8% versus 9%, ns) and trained in the 100 major medical centers (49% versus 50%, ns). The women more frequently trained in programs affiliated with medical schools in the top prestige quartile (38% versus 33%, p &lt; .05). The attrition rates of residents who left their training for careers in other medical fields were the same for the men and the women (14%). Fewer women obtained board certification (74% versus 80%, p &lt; .01). The women chose to practice general internal medicine more frequently than did the men (52% versus 45%, p &lt; .0001), regardless of the training program completed (primary care or traditional). The women pursued primary-care-oriented internal medicine to a significantly greater degree than did the men, regardless of the type of training program completed (primary care or traditional).
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Papers by Christabel Chovwen