Direct synthesis of DME catalyst was prepared using the co-precipitation method. The catalyst con... more Direct synthesis of DME catalyst was prepared using the co-precipitation method. The catalyst contained CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 about 40/27/33 (%-wt). Two types of catalyst were prepared, i.e. CZMA0 (Mg 0%-wt) and CZMA20 (Mg 20%-wt). Both of catalysts were activated using reducing gas (5% H2 and N2). The activity test was conducted by syngas model which contained (%-mole) 65% H2, 28% CO and 7% N2. The reaction was carried out in a fixed bed reactor at 5 bar, and temperature of 240, 250 and 260°C. Synthesis shown CZMA20 catalyst gave the highest catalytic activity with 73% of CO conversion and 66% of H2 conversion (5 bar and 260°C). Direct synthesis of DME was also carried out using a dual-catalyst, i.e. catalyst for methanol synthesis (M151, the commercial catalyst of methanol synthesis) and methanol dehydration (γ-Al2O3-ITB). The activity of dual catalyst shown 93% of CO conversion and 91% of H2 conversion. This activity was more stable than two other catalysts (CZMA0 and CZMA20).
The increase of Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) import in Indonesia made the government promote Dimeth... more The increase of Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) import in Indonesia made the government promote Dimethyl Ether (DME) as partial substitution of LPG as written in the General Planning of National Energy (RUEN) 2017. DME can be produced from biomass which abundantly exists in Indonesia. Such biomass is especially oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) that consist of 49.07% C, 6.48% H, 0.70% N, 38.29% O, and 5.36% Ash. Technoeconomic analysis of this bio-DME production plant was conducted based on literature data. The direct synthesis of DME was applied in this study, instead of using methanol as an intermediate product. Result calculated from mass and energy balance simulation was 4.1 EFB/DME. Thus, 1,090 ton per day of DME can be produced from EFB with a collecting radius of 100 km in Riau Province. Assuming 20 years plant operation with DME selling price of IDR 145,000/12-kg-LPG-equivalent and EFB price of 300 IDR/kg, economic evaluation showed that this business was economically feasible with 10.08% IRR generated. The CAPEX of this plant was 990.4 million USD and the OPEX was IDR 7,143 IDR/kg-LPG-equivalent. DME production from EFB will give the positive economics and environmental effects. Therefore, support and synergy from government, industries, and academics are needed to realize this business.
Direct synthesis of dimethyl eter (DME) using Cu-based catalyst was studied with varying amounts ... more Direct synthesis of dimethyl eter (DME) using Cu-based catalyst was studied with varying amounts of Zn for methanol synthesis, and Al2O3 as a component for methanol dehydration. Catalyst was prepared using two methods, i.e. the sol gel co-precipitation and the co-precipitation. Mass ratio of (Cu + Zn) to Al2O3 was held constant of 2. The characterization test indicated that co-precipitation catalyst had a better mechanical strength than sol-gel catalyst.Characteristic analysis (BET, XRD, SEM, and AAS) and activity tests (at 220oC). The sol gel co-precipitation method consisted of a higher portion of crystals 61.1%, while the coprecipitation catalyst had 21.8% crystals.However,the solgel co-precipitation had the smallest surface area of the catalyst 47.8m^2/g, while the co-precipitation had 114 m2/g. From the results of SEM analysis showed that almost all of catalyst texture contained amorf (50-70%) than crystal (20-40%). Catalyst CZA1 contained many amorf (78.2%) than crystal (21.8%...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021
Dimethyl ether (DME) is already used as a propellant and intermediate chemicals. Now, Indonesia w... more Dimethyl ether (DME) is already used as a propellant and intermediate chemicals. Now, Indonesia will use DME as alternative energy for Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG), as a result of the continued increase in LPG imports. In this study, DME was synthesized by dehydration of methanol process. The y-Al2O3 and modified CuO/y-Al2O3 ITB use as catalysts for the process. The objective of this research was to compare of catalytic activity of two catalysts at methanol dehydration to DME. The catalyst activity test was carried out in a tubular fixed-bed reactor (ID 1 cm and length 21 cm). Methanol dehydration was carried out at 1 bar, GHSV 1,100-2,200/h, methanol 1.9-4 mL/h, N2 10-30 mL/min (27.5°C and 0.93 bar). The downstream gas of the reactor was analyzed using gas chromatography and the condensate was analyzed using a refractometer. The y-Al2O3-ITB catalyst gives the highest performance with 89.6% of methanol conversion, 6.6% of DME yield, and 16.6% of DME selectivity. Whereas CuO/y-Al2O3 ca...
A research on the production of dimethyl ether (DME) at lower pressure has been conducted in rela... more A research on the production of dimethyl ether (DME) at lower pressure has been conducted in related to the national program on partial substitution of LPG with DME in the near future (RUEN 2017). DME may be liquefied at a pressure of about 6 atm (25 o C), or a temperature of-25 o C (1 bar). Burning of DME may produce a cleaner flue gas than LPG. Experiments on dehydration of methanol to produce DME were carried out at a atmospheric pressure (1 bar) and a temperature of 240 o C. The experiment was conducted in a tubular reactor with a diameter of 20 mm. and three types of catalyst, i.e. -Al2O3 (from our laboratory), and two commercial catalysts namely catalyst A and catalyst B. The γ-Al2O3 catalyst had a surface area of 194.4 m 2 /gram, an average pore diameter of 11.2 nm, and a total pore volume of 0.546 mL/gram. Methanol concentration in the influent of the reactor were 0.02 mol/L, 0.05 or 0.07 mol/L. It was found that -Al2O3 catalyst had a better activity than the two commercial catalysts. A stable conversion of methanol of 72% was obtained on -Al2O3 catalyst for on stream time of 6 to 10 hour. Kinetics of dehydration of methanol to DME on γ-Al2O3 catalyst could be represented as a first order reaction with an activation energy Ea of 256.6 kJ/mol and a frequency factor ko of 8·10 +28 .
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020
National Plan on Energy of Indonesia 2017 states that dimethyl ether (DME, CH3OCH3) will be used ... more National Plan on Energy of Indonesia 2017 states that dimethyl ether (DME, CH3OCH3) will be used as partial substitution of LPG for household fuel. Methanol dehydration using a solid catalyst is a common technology to produce DME. In this research, a catalyst γAl2O3 prepared in our laboratory has been characterized. This catalyst had a surface area of 194.4 m2/g, a total pore volume of 0.55 mL/g, and an average pore diameter of 112, 3 A˙. This catalyst had medium and high acidity sites. Activity tests of this catalyst were carried out in a fixed bed reactor at temperatures of 240, 260 and 280°C. The gas flow rates were related to the gas hourly space velocity of 1500, 2142 and 3000 h−1. Experimentally, the conversions of methanol were closed to that of thermodynamic conversions, i.e about 90% depending on the reaction temperature. The outlet gas was found to contain H2 up to 2% indicating that there were side reactions besides the dehydration of methanol to DME.
Kandungan tar akan menyebabkan masalah jika gas produser hasil gasifikasi biomassa digunakan seba... more Kandungan tar akan menyebabkan masalah jika gas produser hasil gasifikasi biomassa digunakan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif di dalam internal combustion engine. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengembangkan katalis penyisihan tar secara optimal dari gas produser. Mineral lokal yang digunakan sebagai katalis adalah dolomit dan batu kapur yang merupakan hasil penambangan dari Padalarang dan Blitar. Percobaan dilakukan dalam sebuah reaktor pipa dengan diameter dalam 2,54 cm dan panjang total 33,5 cm. Jumlah katalis yang digunakan adalah 10 gram dengan ukuran 16/18 mesh. Gas produser dimodelkan oleh uap toluen dengan konsentrasi 0,002-0,004 g/L dan laju alir gas N2 32-38 L/jam yang diukur pada suhu kamar. Temperatur reaktor ditetapkan 500, 600, dan 700oC. Kinerja proses perengkahan tar diamati melalui konsentrasi toluen masuk dan keluar reaktor perengkahan tar. Konversi toluen tertinggi adalah 86% dengan menggunakan katalis dolomit pada temperatur 700oC tanpa menggunakan steam. Seb...
National General Energy Plan of Indonesia 2017 (RUEN 2017) stated that dimethyl ether (DME) is ap... more National General Energy Plan of Indonesia 2017 (RUEN 2017) stated that dimethyl ether (DME) is appointed as a blending of LPG to reduce LPG imports. DME can be made with two reaction pathways, namely direct synthesis and indirect synthesis. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pressure and syngas composition on the direct synthesis of DME using dual fixed bed catalyst. The research was carried out with two types of catalyst: M-xxx as a commercial catalyst for methanol synthesis and γ-Al2O3 as catalyst for dehydration of methanol to DME. The later was prepared in our Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering and Catalysis, ITB. The dual catalyst experiment was carried out at 5 and 7 bars, and a fixed temperature of 240oC. The mass ratio of the M-xxx to γ-Al2O3, so-called M/D ratios, were varied from 1/9 to 9/1. Two type of syngas were used, i.e. SA containing only H2 and CO with a SN of 2,3 and SB containing 4% CO2 with SN of 1,8. The dual bed with a M/D ratio...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019
Direct synthesis of DME catalyst was prepared using the co-precipitation method. The catalyst con... more Direct synthesis of DME catalyst was prepared using the co-precipitation method. The catalyst contained CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 about 40/27/33 (%-wt). Two types of catalyst were prepared, i.e. CZMA0 (Mg 0%-wt) and CZMA20 (Mg 20%-wt). Both of catalysts were activated using reducing gas (5% H2 and N2). The activity test was conducted by syngas model which contained (%-mole) 65% H2, 28% CO and 7% N2. The reaction was carried out in a fixed bed reactor at 5 bar, and temperature of 240, 250 and 260°C. Synthesis shown CZMA20 catalyst gave the highest catalytic activity with 73% of CO conversion and 66% of H2 conversion (5 bar and 260°C). Direct synthesis of DME was also carried out using a dual-catalyst, i.e. catalyst for methanol synthesis (M151, the commercial catalyst of methanol synthesis) and methanol dehydration (γ-Al2O3-ITB). The activity of dual catalyst shown 93% of CO conversion and 91% of H2 conversion. This activity was more stable than two other catalysts (CZMA0 and CZMA20).
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019
The increase of Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) import in Indonesia made the government promote Dimeth... more The increase of Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) import in Indonesia made the government promote Dimethyl Ether (DME) as partial substitution of LPG as written in the General Planning of National Energy (RUEN) 2017. DME can be produced from biomass which abundantly exists in Indonesia. Such biomass is especially oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) that consist of 49.07% C, 6.48% H, 0.70% N, 38.29% O, and 5.36% Ash. Techno-economic analysis of this bio-DME production plant was conducted based on literature data. The direct synthesis of DME was applied in this study, instead of using methanol as an intermediate product. Result calculated from mass and energy balance simulation was 4.1 EFB/DME. Thus, 1,090 ton per day of DME can be produced from EFB with a collecting radius of 100 km in Riau Province. Assuming 20 years plant operation with DME selling price of IDR 145,000/12-kg-LPG-equivalent and EFB price of 300 IDR/kg, economic evaluation showed that this business was economically feasible ...
Experimental study on direct synthesis of DME (dimethyl ether) has been conducted using tubular r... more Experimental study on direct synthesis of DME (dimethyl ether) has been conducted using tubular reactor. The synthesis of DME was performed with two commercial catalysts, ie methanol synthesis catalyst (M151, Cu-based) and methanol dehydration catalyst (γAl2O3). A mixture of H2, CO, and N2 was used as a model for synthesis gas. Gas flow rate was set at 20 mL/min (5 bar and 240oC). The reaction held at: pressure of 5 bar and a temperature of 240°C. This experiment was conducted by arranging a series of two types of catalysts in a fixed bed reactor. The methanol synthesis catalyst was placed in the upstream to ensure the reaction of methanol formation, then proceed with dehydration of methanol to DME. The objective of this experiment was to find out the best dual catalyst composition to produce a high concentration of DME. The experiment has shown that the best combination of methanol catalyst to dehydration catalyst was a mixture of 20% methanol catalyst (ratio 1/4). CO conversion wa...
Empty fruit bunch (EFB) is abundantly available for renewable energy resource, especially in Sout... more Empty fruit bunch (EFB) is abundantly available for renewable energy resource, especially in Southeast Asian countries. However, EFB has inherent problems such as high moisture content, low heating value, and high alkali metal content. In order to improve the quality of feedstock as a fuel, in this research, the effects of hydrothermal treatment (HT) on the hydrothermally treated EFB (HT-EFB) characteristics were investigated. Also, the pyrolysis characteristics of EFB and HT-EFB were examined. The experiments of hydrothermal treatment were carried out in a 500-mL hydrothermal reactor at the temperature range of 120 to 220°C with 60 to 120 min holding time. Afterward, the pyrolysis experiments of EFB and hydrothermally treated EFB (HT-EFB) were conducted in a lab-scale isothermal tube furnace at 400°C for 1 h. The gas product was periodically collected to create gas evolution profiles. The result showed that hydrothermal treatment improved the properties of EFB, such as higher fixed carbon, lower ash content, and higher energy density. Hydrothermal treatment caused an increase in the heating value of HT-EFB to 19.47 MJ/kg, while the ratio of volatile matter/(volatile matter + fixed carbon) decreased from 0.82 to 0.68. Employing hydrothermal treatment in EFB did not only reduce the ash content of the biomass but also reduced the contents of potassium and sodium. In addition, the gas product from HT-EFB pyrolysis resulted in higher content of CO, CH 4 , and H 2. The identified liquid product of pyrolysis consisted of alkane groups, phenolic groups, aromatic groups, ketones, acids, alcohols, and ester, which may be used as liquid fuel or for chemical production after further treatment. The observation indicated that hydrothermal treatment is an appropriate method to improve the fuel characteristic of EFB.
The application of fossil fuels for transportation and household is one of the main reasons for e... more The application of fossil fuels for transportation and household is one of the main reasons for environmental issues. Imports of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are continuously rising up to 70%, while domestic production is constant or even decreases. Therefore, the Indonesian government encourages to use dimethyl ether (DME) as an alternative energy for LPG to reduce import. The objective of this study was developing a catalyst based in CuO-ZnO-MgO-Al2O3 as a bifunctional catalyst for direct synthesis of DME from synthetic gas. The mineral composition in the proposed catalyst was about 31:16:53 by mass. The preparation methods of the catalyst include co-precipitation and 5 hours calcination at 350°C. The performances of CuO-ZnO-Al2O3 (CZA) and CuO-ZnO-Al2O3 with 5% MgO (CZMA5) were observed. The catalysts were activated using a mixture of 5% H2 and N2 as reducing gas. Furthermore, the activity of the catalyst was tested by conducting a direct synthesis of DME from a synthetic gas co...
Direct synthesis of DME catalyst was prepared using the co-precipitation method. The catalyst con... more Direct synthesis of DME catalyst was prepared using the co-precipitation method. The catalyst contained CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 about 40/27/33 (%-wt). Two types of catalyst were prepared, i.e. CZMA0 (Mg 0%-wt) and CZMA20 (Mg 20%-wt). Both of catalysts were activated using reducing gas (5% H2 and N2). The activity test was conducted by syngas model which contained (%-mole) 65% H2, 28% CO and 7% N2. The reaction was carried out in a fixed bed reactor at 5 bar, and temperature of 240, 250 and 260°C. Synthesis shown CZMA20 catalyst gave the highest catalytic activity with 73% of CO conversion and 66% of H2 conversion (5 bar and 260°C). Direct synthesis of DME was also carried out using a dual-catalyst, i.e. catalyst for methanol synthesis (M151, the commercial catalyst of methanol synthesis) and methanol dehydration (γ-Al2O3-ITB). The activity of dual catalyst shown 93% of CO conversion and 91% of H2 conversion. This activity was more stable than two other catalysts (CZMA0 and CZMA20).
The increase of Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) import in Indonesia made the government promote Dimeth... more The increase of Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) import in Indonesia made the government promote Dimethyl Ether (DME) as partial substitution of LPG as written in the General Planning of National Energy (RUEN) 2017. DME can be produced from biomass which abundantly exists in Indonesia. Such biomass is especially oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) that consist of 49.07% C, 6.48% H, 0.70% N, 38.29% O, and 5.36% Ash. Technoeconomic analysis of this bio-DME production plant was conducted based on literature data. The direct synthesis of DME was applied in this study, instead of using methanol as an intermediate product. Result calculated from mass and energy balance simulation was 4.1 EFB/DME. Thus, 1,090 ton per day of DME can be produced from EFB with a collecting radius of 100 km in Riau Province. Assuming 20 years plant operation with DME selling price of IDR 145,000/12-kg-LPG-equivalent and EFB price of 300 IDR/kg, economic evaluation showed that this business was economically feasible with 10.08% IRR generated. The CAPEX of this plant was 990.4 million USD and the OPEX was IDR 7,143 IDR/kg-LPG-equivalent. DME production from EFB will give the positive economics and environmental effects. Therefore, support and synergy from government, industries, and academics are needed to realize this business.
Direct synthesis of dimethyl eter (DME) using Cu-based catalyst was studied with varying amounts ... more Direct synthesis of dimethyl eter (DME) using Cu-based catalyst was studied with varying amounts of Zn for methanol synthesis, and Al2O3 as a component for methanol dehydration. Catalyst was prepared using two methods, i.e. the sol gel co-precipitation and the co-precipitation. Mass ratio of (Cu + Zn) to Al2O3 was held constant of 2. The characterization test indicated that co-precipitation catalyst had a better mechanical strength than sol-gel catalyst.Characteristic analysis (BET, XRD, SEM, and AAS) and activity tests (at 220oC). The sol gel co-precipitation method consisted of a higher portion of crystals 61.1%, while the coprecipitation catalyst had 21.8% crystals.However,the solgel co-precipitation had the smallest surface area of the catalyst 47.8m^2/g, while the co-precipitation had 114 m2/g. From the results of SEM analysis showed that almost all of catalyst texture contained amorf (50-70%) than crystal (20-40%). Catalyst CZA1 contained many amorf (78.2%) than crystal (21.8%...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021
Dimethyl ether (DME) is already used as a propellant and intermediate chemicals. Now, Indonesia w... more Dimethyl ether (DME) is already used as a propellant and intermediate chemicals. Now, Indonesia will use DME as alternative energy for Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG), as a result of the continued increase in LPG imports. In this study, DME was synthesized by dehydration of methanol process. The y-Al2O3 and modified CuO/y-Al2O3 ITB use as catalysts for the process. The objective of this research was to compare of catalytic activity of two catalysts at methanol dehydration to DME. The catalyst activity test was carried out in a tubular fixed-bed reactor (ID 1 cm and length 21 cm). Methanol dehydration was carried out at 1 bar, GHSV 1,100-2,200/h, methanol 1.9-4 mL/h, N2 10-30 mL/min (27.5°C and 0.93 bar). The downstream gas of the reactor was analyzed using gas chromatography and the condensate was analyzed using a refractometer. The y-Al2O3-ITB catalyst gives the highest performance with 89.6% of methanol conversion, 6.6% of DME yield, and 16.6% of DME selectivity. Whereas CuO/y-Al2O3 ca...
A research on the production of dimethyl ether (DME) at lower pressure has been conducted in rela... more A research on the production of dimethyl ether (DME) at lower pressure has been conducted in related to the national program on partial substitution of LPG with DME in the near future (RUEN 2017). DME may be liquefied at a pressure of about 6 atm (25 o C), or a temperature of-25 o C (1 bar). Burning of DME may produce a cleaner flue gas than LPG. Experiments on dehydration of methanol to produce DME were carried out at a atmospheric pressure (1 bar) and a temperature of 240 o C. The experiment was conducted in a tubular reactor with a diameter of 20 mm. and three types of catalyst, i.e. -Al2O3 (from our laboratory), and two commercial catalysts namely catalyst A and catalyst B. The γ-Al2O3 catalyst had a surface area of 194.4 m 2 /gram, an average pore diameter of 11.2 nm, and a total pore volume of 0.546 mL/gram. Methanol concentration in the influent of the reactor were 0.02 mol/L, 0.05 or 0.07 mol/L. It was found that -Al2O3 catalyst had a better activity than the two commercial catalysts. A stable conversion of methanol of 72% was obtained on -Al2O3 catalyst for on stream time of 6 to 10 hour. Kinetics of dehydration of methanol to DME on γ-Al2O3 catalyst could be represented as a first order reaction with an activation energy Ea of 256.6 kJ/mol and a frequency factor ko of 8·10 +28 .
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020
National Plan on Energy of Indonesia 2017 states that dimethyl ether (DME, CH3OCH3) will be used ... more National Plan on Energy of Indonesia 2017 states that dimethyl ether (DME, CH3OCH3) will be used as partial substitution of LPG for household fuel. Methanol dehydration using a solid catalyst is a common technology to produce DME. In this research, a catalyst γAl2O3 prepared in our laboratory has been characterized. This catalyst had a surface area of 194.4 m2/g, a total pore volume of 0.55 mL/g, and an average pore diameter of 112, 3 A˙. This catalyst had medium and high acidity sites. Activity tests of this catalyst were carried out in a fixed bed reactor at temperatures of 240, 260 and 280°C. The gas flow rates were related to the gas hourly space velocity of 1500, 2142 and 3000 h−1. Experimentally, the conversions of methanol were closed to that of thermodynamic conversions, i.e about 90% depending on the reaction temperature. The outlet gas was found to contain H2 up to 2% indicating that there were side reactions besides the dehydration of methanol to DME.
Kandungan tar akan menyebabkan masalah jika gas produser hasil gasifikasi biomassa digunakan seba... more Kandungan tar akan menyebabkan masalah jika gas produser hasil gasifikasi biomassa digunakan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif di dalam internal combustion engine. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengembangkan katalis penyisihan tar secara optimal dari gas produser. Mineral lokal yang digunakan sebagai katalis adalah dolomit dan batu kapur yang merupakan hasil penambangan dari Padalarang dan Blitar. Percobaan dilakukan dalam sebuah reaktor pipa dengan diameter dalam 2,54 cm dan panjang total 33,5 cm. Jumlah katalis yang digunakan adalah 10 gram dengan ukuran 16/18 mesh. Gas produser dimodelkan oleh uap toluen dengan konsentrasi 0,002-0,004 g/L dan laju alir gas N2 32-38 L/jam yang diukur pada suhu kamar. Temperatur reaktor ditetapkan 500, 600, dan 700oC. Kinerja proses perengkahan tar diamati melalui konsentrasi toluen masuk dan keluar reaktor perengkahan tar. Konversi toluen tertinggi adalah 86% dengan menggunakan katalis dolomit pada temperatur 700oC tanpa menggunakan steam. Seb...
National General Energy Plan of Indonesia 2017 (RUEN 2017) stated that dimethyl ether (DME) is ap... more National General Energy Plan of Indonesia 2017 (RUEN 2017) stated that dimethyl ether (DME) is appointed as a blending of LPG to reduce LPG imports. DME can be made with two reaction pathways, namely direct synthesis and indirect synthesis. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pressure and syngas composition on the direct synthesis of DME using dual fixed bed catalyst. The research was carried out with two types of catalyst: M-xxx as a commercial catalyst for methanol synthesis and γ-Al2O3 as catalyst for dehydration of methanol to DME. The later was prepared in our Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering and Catalysis, ITB. The dual catalyst experiment was carried out at 5 and 7 bars, and a fixed temperature of 240oC. The mass ratio of the M-xxx to γ-Al2O3, so-called M/D ratios, were varied from 1/9 to 9/1. Two type of syngas were used, i.e. SA containing only H2 and CO with a SN of 2,3 and SB containing 4% CO2 with SN of 1,8. The dual bed with a M/D ratio...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019
Direct synthesis of DME catalyst was prepared using the co-precipitation method. The catalyst con... more Direct synthesis of DME catalyst was prepared using the co-precipitation method. The catalyst contained CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 about 40/27/33 (%-wt). Two types of catalyst were prepared, i.e. CZMA0 (Mg 0%-wt) and CZMA20 (Mg 20%-wt). Both of catalysts were activated using reducing gas (5% H2 and N2). The activity test was conducted by syngas model which contained (%-mole) 65% H2, 28% CO and 7% N2. The reaction was carried out in a fixed bed reactor at 5 bar, and temperature of 240, 250 and 260°C. Synthesis shown CZMA20 catalyst gave the highest catalytic activity with 73% of CO conversion and 66% of H2 conversion (5 bar and 260°C). Direct synthesis of DME was also carried out using a dual-catalyst, i.e. catalyst for methanol synthesis (M151, the commercial catalyst of methanol synthesis) and methanol dehydration (γ-Al2O3-ITB). The activity of dual catalyst shown 93% of CO conversion and 91% of H2 conversion. This activity was more stable than two other catalysts (CZMA0 and CZMA20).
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019
The increase of Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) import in Indonesia made the government promote Dimeth... more The increase of Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) import in Indonesia made the government promote Dimethyl Ether (DME) as partial substitution of LPG as written in the General Planning of National Energy (RUEN) 2017. DME can be produced from biomass which abundantly exists in Indonesia. Such biomass is especially oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) that consist of 49.07% C, 6.48% H, 0.70% N, 38.29% O, and 5.36% Ash. Techno-economic analysis of this bio-DME production plant was conducted based on literature data. The direct synthesis of DME was applied in this study, instead of using methanol as an intermediate product. Result calculated from mass and energy balance simulation was 4.1 EFB/DME. Thus, 1,090 ton per day of DME can be produced from EFB with a collecting radius of 100 km in Riau Province. Assuming 20 years plant operation with DME selling price of IDR 145,000/12-kg-LPG-equivalent and EFB price of 300 IDR/kg, economic evaluation showed that this business was economically feasible ...
Experimental study on direct synthesis of DME (dimethyl ether) has been conducted using tubular r... more Experimental study on direct synthesis of DME (dimethyl ether) has been conducted using tubular reactor. The synthesis of DME was performed with two commercial catalysts, ie methanol synthesis catalyst (M151, Cu-based) and methanol dehydration catalyst (γAl2O3). A mixture of H2, CO, and N2 was used as a model for synthesis gas. Gas flow rate was set at 20 mL/min (5 bar and 240oC). The reaction held at: pressure of 5 bar and a temperature of 240°C. This experiment was conducted by arranging a series of two types of catalysts in a fixed bed reactor. The methanol synthesis catalyst was placed in the upstream to ensure the reaction of methanol formation, then proceed with dehydration of methanol to DME. The objective of this experiment was to find out the best dual catalyst composition to produce a high concentration of DME. The experiment has shown that the best combination of methanol catalyst to dehydration catalyst was a mixture of 20% methanol catalyst (ratio 1/4). CO conversion wa...
Empty fruit bunch (EFB) is abundantly available for renewable energy resource, especially in Sout... more Empty fruit bunch (EFB) is abundantly available for renewable energy resource, especially in Southeast Asian countries. However, EFB has inherent problems such as high moisture content, low heating value, and high alkali metal content. In order to improve the quality of feedstock as a fuel, in this research, the effects of hydrothermal treatment (HT) on the hydrothermally treated EFB (HT-EFB) characteristics were investigated. Also, the pyrolysis characteristics of EFB and HT-EFB were examined. The experiments of hydrothermal treatment were carried out in a 500-mL hydrothermal reactor at the temperature range of 120 to 220°C with 60 to 120 min holding time. Afterward, the pyrolysis experiments of EFB and hydrothermally treated EFB (HT-EFB) were conducted in a lab-scale isothermal tube furnace at 400°C for 1 h. The gas product was periodically collected to create gas evolution profiles. The result showed that hydrothermal treatment improved the properties of EFB, such as higher fixed carbon, lower ash content, and higher energy density. Hydrothermal treatment caused an increase in the heating value of HT-EFB to 19.47 MJ/kg, while the ratio of volatile matter/(volatile matter + fixed carbon) decreased from 0.82 to 0.68. Employing hydrothermal treatment in EFB did not only reduce the ash content of the biomass but also reduced the contents of potassium and sodium. In addition, the gas product from HT-EFB pyrolysis resulted in higher content of CO, CH 4 , and H 2. The identified liquid product of pyrolysis consisted of alkane groups, phenolic groups, aromatic groups, ketones, acids, alcohols, and ester, which may be used as liquid fuel or for chemical production after further treatment. The observation indicated that hydrothermal treatment is an appropriate method to improve the fuel characteristic of EFB.
The application of fossil fuels for transportation and household is one of the main reasons for e... more The application of fossil fuels for transportation and household is one of the main reasons for environmental issues. Imports of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are continuously rising up to 70%, while domestic production is constant or even decreases. Therefore, the Indonesian government encourages to use dimethyl ether (DME) as an alternative energy for LPG to reduce import. The objective of this study was developing a catalyst based in CuO-ZnO-MgO-Al2O3 as a bifunctional catalyst for direct synthesis of DME from synthetic gas. The mineral composition in the proposed catalyst was about 31:16:53 by mass. The preparation methods of the catalyst include co-precipitation and 5 hours calcination at 350°C. The performances of CuO-ZnO-Al2O3 (CZA) and CuO-ZnO-Al2O3 with 5% MgO (CZMA5) were observed. The catalysts were activated using a mixture of 5% H2 and N2 as reducing gas. Furthermore, the activity of the catalyst was tested by conducting a direct synthesis of DME from a synthetic gas co...
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