Book Reviews by Ivan Birta P . Romania
Islamic treatise of Mekka, 2019
The basic objectives of our study are the preservation and scientific evaluation of old documents... more The basic objectives of our study are the preservation and scientific evaluation of old documents preserved by Carashovian funds/Birta Archives (southwest of Romania).
The purpose of this work is to transcribe and to transliterate the Arabic medieval manuscript, its translation into German (Hochdeutsch), Romanian (româna) and Serbian (српски) languages, followed by his analyzing and comment.
The manuscript highlights and describes some strongholds on the occasion of Conquest by the Ottomans during the reign of Solomon the Magnificent, dated 950 AH (1543 AD) – but more certainly in the year 900 (1493 AD). This handwritten paper from the 8th or 9th Islamic century corresponds to the end of the 15th century AD, related about „Al Fath” or „The Conquest” meanings and message by Islam from the era of the Prophet till the era of Solomon the Magnificent.
The research of Islam (arabian: إسلام) from historical and theological perspective, Islam evolution and institutionalization, namely the spread of Islam from the beginning until today, is supposed to have occured in the second half of the seventh century after Christ, founded by Prophet Muhammad and his followers in Arabia.
Over its millennial history, Islam has been marked by schisms and theological disputes, leading to the emergence of distinct branches – Sunni Islam and Shia Islam.
Initially, Islam was spread in Arabia and then across the Middle East and North Africa, representing at least by number of followers, the second largest religion in the world after Christianity.
The conquest of Mecca was a major event in the history of Islam, actually event marking the end of wars between Muslim Arabs and Arab polytheists who were part of the tribe Quaraish, but their victory going Muslims.
In Year 628 after Jesus, quraishii of Mecca signed with Muslims in Medina the 10 years armistice, known as the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, which led to Arab tribes allying with the Quraish tribe and with the Khuza'ah prophet Muhammad. Unfortunately, peace was short-lived, because the tribe Banu Bakr attacked and massacred the Khuza'ah tribe. Thus, Khuza'ah Tribe leaders went to Medina, where Muhammad complained to breach the truce, asking him military aid. Touched, Mohammed gave the order to form an army to attack and to conquer Mecca.
Alliance of several tribes Muhammad (it is talked about 10.000 people) attacked and conquered almost without violence, Mecca. Moreover, after the capitulation, the inhabitants were converted to Islam and Muhammad become the leader of the town. Given an emotional state earlier, as can be seen from the manuscript Arab shown below, Muhammad ordered the destruction of all pagan gods of the Kaaba, proclaiming the altar as the most holy place of Islam, brains the premises of a pilgrimage that will stand up for the Muslim world today.
The present work represent a full text of Islamic manuscript, transliterated from Arabian – standard type of handwriting font (Naskh)– with the exception of Islamic Africa, prevalent everywhere– translated and comented into German, Serbian and Romanian language, in order to include European territory, under deep impact by the Muslim invasion of the 21st century (incipient stadium – s. Ivan BIRTA, Срби и румунске кнежевине у светлу два црквенословенска рукописа из XVII века/The serbs and the Romanian Prinicipals in the light of the XVIIth century church slavic manuscripts, Nis, 2018).
The manuscript described some strongholds in the occasion of Conquest by the Ottomans during the reign of Solomon the Magnificent, dated 900 or 950 AH (1493 or 1543 AD). This handwritten manuscript from the 9th Islamic century corresponds to the end of the 15th century AD, related about „Al Fath” or „The Conquest” meanings and message by Islam from the era of the Prophet till the era of Solomon the Magnificent. In the manuscript was also found the subtitle Belgrade treatise, without additional explanation.
The author’s name was distroyed by the termites at the end of treatise and part of the date as well. By combining the pieces of the date from the front page and the colophon, the date will be accurate as 950 AH (1543 AD). The text speak about conquest of some cities by the Ottoman army or navy like Belgrade, Shaqlawah, Rhodes, Dalbwa and others. The leaves and the text are affected by foxing and worm holes. It consist of 6 leaves with 12 pages. The text from the fund archive BIRTA (known as Carashovian funds), does not come from Islamic Africa. The works cited in the text come from al-Bayḍāwī and at-Taftāzānī – who died about 100 to 180 years before the writing of this manuscript(1360–1441), and both are works of great scale (the work at-Taftāzānīs has still not been printed yet). Slightly more damaged, unfortunately, a few sentences have been lost. Since the bulk of the text has a coherent meaning, at least with the help of the attached additional commentaries, one knows and understands what is actually here.
Text complexity and diversity arise from the fact that in the Arabic language, for Allah alone, we have 99 different attributes, whose recognition and identification not only from general language knowledge dependent is, but also more on the ability and scholarship of the involved researcher or text translators.
The present manuscript of almost half a millennium is a super commentary on a particular section of the Koran. The author comments on an existing comment from the Koran. By comparison with already known Koran commentar one could fortunately learn that the Koran commentar, which is explicated here, is actually the Koran commentar of the mu'tazilītian Muslim scholar. The text ultimately includes three levels:
1. The sections from the Koran, which are commented; 2. Excerpts from the comment az-Zamaḫšarīs; 3. Comments on the comment az-Zamaḫšarīs by a – at least us – unknown author.
Dimensions of the manuscripts: 15,0 cm x 20,0 cm, 6 leaves, 12 pages.
Key words: Belgrade, Birta, Christianity, Islam, Mohammad, Mecca, Medina, Mekka, Solomon the Magnificent, Ottomans, مكةالمكرّم.
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Schreibgeschichte mal anders, 2024
It is eminently a challenge to write a book extracting around 100 manuscripts and artefacts from ... more It is eminently a challenge to write a book extracting around 100 manuscripts and artefacts from a convolution of over half a million in one’s own archives! Not to mention the multitude of exploited languages such as Old Latin (Classical and Vulgar Latin), Coptic, Hindi, Tibetan, Aramaic like: Classical and Imperial Aramaic (also called the queen of all languages), Hebrew Aramaic, Eastern and Western Aramaic, Mandai, Sino-Tibetan and Afro-Asiatic languages, Chinese, Sanskrit, Old German, Old English (Northumbrian, Mercian, Kentish and West Saxon dialects), Old French (Franceis, François, Romanz), Old Slavic, Croatian Glagolitic, Pali language (= the oldest form of Middle Indic languages), Pali in Roman and Devanāgari script (= Hindi), languages and idioms being written on parchments, papyri or paper from mulberry wood, palm leaves, acacia wood or copper plates.
We can also add parabaic manuscripts, the exploitation of Myanmar nissaya writing, Sephardic rabbinic writing or rashi, all rendered in only four languages - two of world relevance (English and German), and two others of local or regional relevance (Romanian and Serbian, resp. Croatian).
It would have been a difficult task, even impossible if it had not been continuously worked on over the last 50 years, a day and night activity interspersed with material and even spiritual sacrifices.
But when entire generations from one's own family tree contribute to such a work, the decades of research became an overwhelming, enjoyable and even challenging task that made it possible to overcome the obstacles along the way.
The exhaustion of all the archival material would require the editing of a number of over 5,000 volumes, to which several editions of imprimographic material must be added that appeared during the valorization of the texts or as a result of the development of new techniques for deciphering old writings.
The full exploitation of the imprimographic reminiscences in our archives will, however, fall to the generations that come quickly after us, who will devote themselves to these far-reaching and long-lasting projects, becoming a kind of contemporary scribe-monk, a kind of modern scribe-slave whose only care and purpose is to be involved in such an activity.
To achieve this goal, a new educational approach will be necessary, in the spirit of the recent scientific summit organized by us at the Romanian Parliament under the theme „Welfare through education", held in Bucharest on November 1, 2022.
It is only an idea, a flash of the moment, with future generations having the possibility of putting it into practice.
A large-scale enterprise that could crystallize under the title:
Anno Domini 2050: Orthodox Romania - The Garden of the mother of God - as declared by two Catholic popes who visited Romania – a country depository of the indisputable ancestral monuments of humanity.
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• Islamic Treatise on the Conquest of Mekka • Die Eroberung von Mekka • Cucerirea Meccăi • Osvajanje Meke رسالة بمناسبة فتح الحصون المسماة دالبوه وشقلاوش واستورغون واو..., 2024
Research on Islam in the historical and theological context and the development of Islam and its ... more Research on Islam in the historical and theological context and the development of Islam and its institutionalization, from its beginnings to the present day, shows that Islam was founded by the Prophet Muhammad and his Arab followers, and that this took place in the second half of the 7th century AD.
During its thousand-year history, Islam has been constantly accompanied by fissures and theological debates, which have led to the emergence of different movements in Islam - Sunni and Shia.
Islam began to spread first in Arabia (Saudi Arabia), and then throughout the Middle East and North Africa. In terms of the number of its followers, Islam is the second largest religion in the world after Christianity. The conquest of Mecca was an important event in the history of Islam that marked the end of the wars between Arab Muslims and Arab polytheists (who belonged to the part of the Kurdish tribe), when victory was achieved by the Muslims.
In 628, the Kurdish tribe of Mecca signed a ten-year truce with the Medina Muslims known as the Treaty of Hudeibia. This treaty helped the Arab tribes to form an alliance with the Quraish tribe, thus linking the Khuza'a tribe to Prophet Muhammad. Unfortunately, the peace was short-lived as the Banu Bakr tribe attacked and massacred the Khuza tribe. Then the leaders of the Khuza'a tribe went to Medina, where they complained to Muhammad about the breach of the truce and asked him to provide them with military assistance. Touched by this, Muhammad gave the order to form a military force that would attack and conquer Mecca. Muhammad's multi-tribal allies (sources say a strong military garrison of around 10,000 people) attacked and took the city of Mecca with no violence. As a result, its residents converted to Islam after the surrender, and Mohammed was declared „mayor”. Given the ancient emotional experience discernible from the Arabic manuscript shown below, Muhammad ordered the destruction of all pagan gods of the Kaaba, proclaiming the altar as the holiest site in Islam, thus creating the conditions for the pilgrimage of Muslims from all over the world to Mecca, a tradition that holds to this day.
The texts below represent manuscripts from the 9th Islamic century, which corresponds to around the end of the 15th century AD. The script is a standard font (Naskh), and this font was actually dominant everywhere except in Islamic Africa. Because of this we can only conclude that the text from the BIRTA archive does not come from Islamic Africa. The works quoted in the text are from al-Bayḍāwī and at-Taftāzānī - who died about 100 to 180 years before the writing of this manuscript, and both are works of great volume (the version of the work of al-Bayḍāwī that we have is in 5 volumes; the work of at-Taftāzānī has not yet been printed!).
Both of these had impact in the Iran/Afghanistan/Uzbekistan area under the Timurids.
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The exhaustion of all our archival material would require the editing of a number of over 5,000 volumes, to which several editions of imprimographic material must be added that appeared during the valorization of the texts or as a result of the development of new techniques for deciphering old writings.
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Was it really worth this huge effort?
Judged from today - no way!
... more Was it really worth this huge effort?
Judged from today - no way!
Looking into the future – by all means!
Ob sich der große Aufwand gelohnt hat?
Stand jetzt – auf keinen Fall!
In die Zukunft blickend - auf jeden Fall!
Dacă a meritat un efort atât de mare?
Privind sincronic – în niciun caz!
Privind în viitor – categoric DA!
Je li se veliki trud isplatio?
Sinhrono gledano - nikako!
Gledajući u budućnost – bez svake sumnje!
Ivan Birta
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Book Reviews by Ivan Birta P . Romania
The purpose of this work is to transcribe and to transliterate the Arabic medieval manuscript, its translation into German (Hochdeutsch), Romanian (româna) and Serbian (српски) languages, followed by his analyzing and comment.
The manuscript highlights and describes some strongholds on the occasion of Conquest by the Ottomans during the reign of Solomon the Magnificent, dated 950 AH (1543 AD) – but more certainly in the year 900 (1493 AD). This handwritten paper from the 8th or 9th Islamic century corresponds to the end of the 15th century AD, related about „Al Fath” or „The Conquest” meanings and message by Islam from the era of the Prophet till the era of Solomon the Magnificent.
The research of Islam (arabian: إسلام) from historical and theological perspective, Islam evolution and institutionalization, namely the spread of Islam from the beginning until today, is supposed to have occured in the second half of the seventh century after Christ, founded by Prophet Muhammad and his followers in Arabia.
Over its millennial history, Islam has been marked by schisms and theological disputes, leading to the emergence of distinct branches – Sunni Islam and Shia Islam.
Initially, Islam was spread in Arabia and then across the Middle East and North Africa, representing at least by number of followers, the second largest religion in the world after Christianity.
The conquest of Mecca was a major event in the history of Islam, actually event marking the end of wars between Muslim Arabs and Arab polytheists who were part of the tribe Quaraish, but their victory going Muslims.
In Year 628 after Jesus, quraishii of Mecca signed with Muslims in Medina the 10 years armistice, known as the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, which led to Arab tribes allying with the Quraish tribe and with the Khuza'ah prophet Muhammad. Unfortunately, peace was short-lived, because the tribe Banu Bakr attacked and massacred the Khuza'ah tribe. Thus, Khuza'ah Tribe leaders went to Medina, where Muhammad complained to breach the truce, asking him military aid. Touched, Mohammed gave the order to form an army to attack and to conquer Mecca.
Alliance of several tribes Muhammad (it is talked about 10.000 people) attacked and conquered almost without violence, Mecca. Moreover, after the capitulation, the inhabitants were converted to Islam and Muhammad become the leader of the town. Given an emotional state earlier, as can be seen from the manuscript Arab shown below, Muhammad ordered the destruction of all pagan gods of the Kaaba, proclaiming the altar as the most holy place of Islam, brains the premises of a pilgrimage that will stand up for the Muslim world today.
The present work represent a full text of Islamic manuscript, transliterated from Arabian – standard type of handwriting font (Naskh)– with the exception of Islamic Africa, prevalent everywhere– translated and comented into German, Serbian and Romanian language, in order to include European territory, under deep impact by the Muslim invasion of the 21st century (incipient stadium – s. Ivan BIRTA, Срби и румунске кнежевине у светлу два црквенословенска рукописа из XVII века/The serbs and the Romanian Prinicipals in the light of the XVIIth century church slavic manuscripts, Nis, 2018).
The manuscript described some strongholds in the occasion of Conquest by the Ottomans during the reign of Solomon the Magnificent, dated 900 or 950 AH (1493 or 1543 AD). This handwritten manuscript from the 9th Islamic century corresponds to the end of the 15th century AD, related about „Al Fath” or „The Conquest” meanings and message by Islam from the era of the Prophet till the era of Solomon the Magnificent. In the manuscript was also found the subtitle Belgrade treatise, without additional explanation.
The author’s name was distroyed by the termites at the end of treatise and part of the date as well. By combining the pieces of the date from the front page and the colophon, the date will be accurate as 950 AH (1543 AD). The text speak about conquest of some cities by the Ottoman army or navy like Belgrade, Shaqlawah, Rhodes, Dalbwa and others. The leaves and the text are affected by foxing and worm holes. It consist of 6 leaves with 12 pages. The text from the fund archive BIRTA (known as Carashovian funds), does not come from Islamic Africa. The works cited in the text come from al-Bayḍāwī and at-Taftāzānī – who died about 100 to 180 years before the writing of this manuscript(1360–1441), and both are works of great scale (the work at-Taftāzānīs has still not been printed yet). Slightly more damaged, unfortunately, a few sentences have been lost. Since the bulk of the text has a coherent meaning, at least with the help of the attached additional commentaries, one knows and understands what is actually here.
Text complexity and diversity arise from the fact that in the Arabic language, for Allah alone, we have 99 different attributes, whose recognition and identification not only from general language knowledge dependent is, but also more on the ability and scholarship of the involved researcher or text translators.
The present manuscript of almost half a millennium is a super commentary on a particular section of the Koran. The author comments on an existing comment from the Koran. By comparison with already known Koran commentar one could fortunately learn that the Koran commentar, which is explicated here, is actually the Koran commentar of the mu'tazilītian Muslim scholar. The text ultimately includes three levels:
1. The sections from the Koran, which are commented; 2. Excerpts from the comment az-Zamaḫšarīs; 3. Comments on the comment az-Zamaḫšarīs by a – at least us – unknown author.
Dimensions of the manuscripts: 15,0 cm x 20,0 cm, 6 leaves, 12 pages.
Key words: Belgrade, Birta, Christianity, Islam, Mohammad, Mecca, Medina, Mekka, Solomon the Magnificent, Ottomans, مكةالمكرّم.
Books by Ivan Birta P . Romania
We can also add parabaic manuscripts, the exploitation of Myanmar nissaya writing, Sephardic rabbinic writing or rashi, all rendered in only four languages - two of world relevance (English and German), and two others of local or regional relevance (Romanian and Serbian, resp. Croatian).
It would have been a difficult task, even impossible if it had not been continuously worked on over the last 50 years, a day and night activity interspersed with material and even spiritual sacrifices.
But when entire generations from one's own family tree contribute to such a work, the decades of research became an overwhelming, enjoyable and even challenging task that made it possible to overcome the obstacles along the way.
The exhaustion of all the archival material would require the editing of a number of over 5,000 volumes, to which several editions of imprimographic material must be added that appeared during the valorization of the texts or as a result of the development of new techniques for deciphering old writings.
The full exploitation of the imprimographic reminiscences in our archives will, however, fall to the generations that come quickly after us, who will devote themselves to these far-reaching and long-lasting projects, becoming a kind of contemporary scribe-monk, a kind of modern scribe-slave whose only care and purpose is to be involved in such an activity.
To achieve this goal, a new educational approach will be necessary, in the spirit of the recent scientific summit organized by us at the Romanian Parliament under the theme „Welfare through education", held in Bucharest on November 1, 2022.
It is only an idea, a flash of the moment, with future generations having the possibility of putting it into practice.
A large-scale enterprise that could crystallize under the title:
Anno Domini 2050: Orthodox Romania - The Garden of the mother of God - as declared by two Catholic popes who visited Romania – a country depository of the indisputable ancestral monuments of humanity.
Teaching Documents by Ivan Birta P . Romania
During its thousand-year history, Islam has been constantly accompanied by fissures and theological debates, which have led to the emergence of different movements in Islam - Sunni and Shia.
Islam began to spread first in Arabia (Saudi Arabia), and then throughout the Middle East and North Africa. In terms of the number of its followers, Islam is the second largest religion in the world after Christianity. The conquest of Mecca was an important event in the history of Islam that marked the end of the wars between Arab Muslims and Arab polytheists (who belonged to the part of the Kurdish tribe), when victory was achieved by the Muslims.
In 628, the Kurdish tribe of Mecca signed a ten-year truce with the Medina Muslims known as the Treaty of Hudeibia. This treaty helped the Arab tribes to form an alliance with the Quraish tribe, thus linking the Khuza'a tribe to Prophet Muhammad. Unfortunately, the peace was short-lived as the Banu Bakr tribe attacked and massacred the Khuza tribe. Then the leaders of the Khuza'a tribe went to Medina, where they complained to Muhammad about the breach of the truce and asked him to provide them with military assistance. Touched by this, Muhammad gave the order to form a military force that would attack and conquer Mecca. Muhammad's multi-tribal allies (sources say a strong military garrison of around 10,000 people) attacked and took the city of Mecca with no violence. As a result, its residents converted to Islam after the surrender, and Mohammed was declared „mayor”. Given the ancient emotional experience discernible from the Arabic manuscript shown below, Muhammad ordered the destruction of all pagan gods of the Kaaba, proclaiming the altar as the holiest site in Islam, thus creating the conditions for the pilgrimage of Muslims from all over the world to Mecca, a tradition that holds to this day.
The texts below represent manuscripts from the 9th Islamic century, which corresponds to around the end of the 15th century AD. The script is a standard font (Naskh), and this font was actually dominant everywhere except in Islamic Africa. Because of this we can only conclude that the text from the BIRTA archive does not come from Islamic Africa. The works quoted in the text are from al-Bayḍāwī and at-Taftāzānī - who died about 100 to 180 years before the writing of this manuscript, and both are works of great volume (the version of the work of al-Bayḍāwī that we have is in 5 volumes; the work of at-Taftāzānī has not yet been printed!).
Both of these had impact in the Iran/Afghanistan/Uzbekistan area under the Timurids.
The exhaustion of all our archival material would require the editing of a number of over 5,000 volumes, to which several editions of imprimographic material must be added that appeared during the valorization of the texts or as a result of the development of new techniques for deciphering old writings.
Judged from today - no way!
Looking into the future – by all means!
Ob sich der große Aufwand gelohnt hat?
Stand jetzt – auf keinen Fall!
In die Zukunft blickend - auf jeden Fall!
Dacă a meritat un efort atât de mare?
Privind sincronic – în niciun caz!
Privind în viitor – categoric DA!
Je li se veliki trud isplatio?
Sinhrono gledano - nikako!
Gledajući u budućnost – bez svake sumnje!
Ivan Birta
entity of Romanian science, unfortunately led by the "copy and paste" pseudo” historian, former informant of the odious Romanian Security, Ioan-Aurel POP
The purpose of this work is to transcribe and to transliterate the Arabic medieval manuscript, its translation into German (Hochdeutsch), Romanian (româna) and Serbian (српски) languages, followed by his analyzing and comment.
The manuscript highlights and describes some strongholds on the occasion of Conquest by the Ottomans during the reign of Solomon the Magnificent, dated 950 AH (1543 AD) – but more certainly in the year 900 (1493 AD). This handwritten paper from the 8th or 9th Islamic century corresponds to the end of the 15th century AD, related about „Al Fath” or „The Conquest” meanings and message by Islam from the era of the Prophet till the era of Solomon the Magnificent.
The research of Islam (arabian: إسلام) from historical and theological perspective, Islam evolution and institutionalization, namely the spread of Islam from the beginning until today, is supposed to have occured in the second half of the seventh century after Christ, founded by Prophet Muhammad and his followers in Arabia.
Over its millennial history, Islam has been marked by schisms and theological disputes, leading to the emergence of distinct branches – Sunni Islam and Shia Islam.
Initially, Islam was spread in Arabia and then across the Middle East and North Africa, representing at least by number of followers, the second largest religion in the world after Christianity.
The conquest of Mecca was a major event in the history of Islam, actually event marking the end of wars between Muslim Arabs and Arab polytheists who were part of the tribe Quaraish, but their victory going Muslims.
In Year 628 after Jesus, quraishii of Mecca signed with Muslims in Medina the 10 years armistice, known as the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, which led to Arab tribes allying with the Quraish tribe and with the Khuza'ah prophet Muhammad. Unfortunately, peace was short-lived, because the tribe Banu Bakr attacked and massacred the Khuza'ah tribe. Thus, Khuza'ah Tribe leaders went to Medina, where Muhammad complained to breach the truce, asking him military aid. Touched, Mohammed gave the order to form an army to attack and to conquer Mecca.
Alliance of several tribes Muhammad (it is talked about 10.000 people) attacked and conquered almost without violence, Mecca. Moreover, after the capitulation, the inhabitants were converted to Islam and Muhammad become the leader of the town. Given an emotional state earlier, as can be seen from the manuscript Arab shown below, Muhammad ordered the destruction of all pagan gods of the Kaaba, proclaiming the altar as the most holy place of Islam, brains the premises of a pilgrimage that will stand up for the Muslim world today.
The present work represent a full text of Islamic manuscript, transliterated from Arabian – standard type of handwriting font (Naskh)– with the exception of Islamic Africa, prevalent everywhere– translated and comented into German, Serbian and Romanian language, in order to include European territory, under deep impact by the Muslim invasion of the 21st century (incipient stadium – s. Ivan BIRTA, Срби и румунске кнежевине у светлу два црквенословенска рукописа из XVII века/The serbs and the Romanian Prinicipals in the light of the XVIIth century church slavic manuscripts, Nis, 2018).
The manuscript described some strongholds in the occasion of Conquest by the Ottomans during the reign of Solomon the Magnificent, dated 900 or 950 AH (1493 or 1543 AD). This handwritten manuscript from the 9th Islamic century corresponds to the end of the 15th century AD, related about „Al Fath” or „The Conquest” meanings and message by Islam from the era of the Prophet till the era of Solomon the Magnificent. In the manuscript was also found the subtitle Belgrade treatise, without additional explanation.
The author’s name was distroyed by the termites at the end of treatise and part of the date as well. By combining the pieces of the date from the front page and the colophon, the date will be accurate as 950 AH (1543 AD). The text speak about conquest of some cities by the Ottoman army or navy like Belgrade, Shaqlawah, Rhodes, Dalbwa and others. The leaves and the text are affected by foxing and worm holes. It consist of 6 leaves with 12 pages. The text from the fund archive BIRTA (known as Carashovian funds), does not come from Islamic Africa. The works cited in the text come from al-Bayḍāwī and at-Taftāzānī – who died about 100 to 180 years before the writing of this manuscript(1360–1441), and both are works of great scale (the work at-Taftāzānīs has still not been printed yet). Slightly more damaged, unfortunately, a few sentences have been lost. Since the bulk of the text has a coherent meaning, at least with the help of the attached additional commentaries, one knows and understands what is actually here.
Text complexity and diversity arise from the fact that in the Arabic language, for Allah alone, we have 99 different attributes, whose recognition and identification not only from general language knowledge dependent is, but also more on the ability and scholarship of the involved researcher or text translators.
The present manuscript of almost half a millennium is a super commentary on a particular section of the Koran. The author comments on an existing comment from the Koran. By comparison with already known Koran commentar one could fortunately learn that the Koran commentar, which is explicated here, is actually the Koran commentar of the mu'tazilītian Muslim scholar. The text ultimately includes three levels:
1. The sections from the Koran, which are commented; 2. Excerpts from the comment az-Zamaḫšarīs; 3. Comments on the comment az-Zamaḫšarīs by a – at least us – unknown author.
Dimensions of the manuscripts: 15,0 cm x 20,0 cm, 6 leaves, 12 pages.
Key words: Belgrade, Birta, Christianity, Islam, Mohammad, Mecca, Medina, Mekka, Solomon the Magnificent, Ottomans, مكةالمكرّم.
We can also add parabaic manuscripts, the exploitation of Myanmar nissaya writing, Sephardic rabbinic writing or rashi, all rendered in only four languages - two of world relevance (English and German), and two others of local or regional relevance (Romanian and Serbian, resp. Croatian).
It would have been a difficult task, even impossible if it had not been continuously worked on over the last 50 years, a day and night activity interspersed with material and even spiritual sacrifices.
But when entire generations from one's own family tree contribute to such a work, the decades of research became an overwhelming, enjoyable and even challenging task that made it possible to overcome the obstacles along the way.
The exhaustion of all the archival material would require the editing of a number of over 5,000 volumes, to which several editions of imprimographic material must be added that appeared during the valorization of the texts or as a result of the development of new techniques for deciphering old writings.
The full exploitation of the imprimographic reminiscences in our archives will, however, fall to the generations that come quickly after us, who will devote themselves to these far-reaching and long-lasting projects, becoming a kind of contemporary scribe-monk, a kind of modern scribe-slave whose only care and purpose is to be involved in such an activity.
To achieve this goal, a new educational approach will be necessary, in the spirit of the recent scientific summit organized by us at the Romanian Parliament under the theme „Welfare through education", held in Bucharest on November 1, 2022.
It is only an idea, a flash of the moment, with future generations having the possibility of putting it into practice.
A large-scale enterprise that could crystallize under the title:
Anno Domini 2050: Orthodox Romania - The Garden of the mother of God - as declared by two Catholic popes who visited Romania – a country depository of the indisputable ancestral monuments of humanity.
During its thousand-year history, Islam has been constantly accompanied by fissures and theological debates, which have led to the emergence of different movements in Islam - Sunni and Shia.
Islam began to spread first in Arabia (Saudi Arabia), and then throughout the Middle East and North Africa. In terms of the number of its followers, Islam is the second largest religion in the world after Christianity. The conquest of Mecca was an important event in the history of Islam that marked the end of the wars between Arab Muslims and Arab polytheists (who belonged to the part of the Kurdish tribe), when victory was achieved by the Muslims.
In 628, the Kurdish tribe of Mecca signed a ten-year truce with the Medina Muslims known as the Treaty of Hudeibia. This treaty helped the Arab tribes to form an alliance with the Quraish tribe, thus linking the Khuza'a tribe to Prophet Muhammad. Unfortunately, the peace was short-lived as the Banu Bakr tribe attacked and massacred the Khuza tribe. Then the leaders of the Khuza'a tribe went to Medina, where they complained to Muhammad about the breach of the truce and asked him to provide them with military assistance. Touched by this, Muhammad gave the order to form a military force that would attack and conquer Mecca. Muhammad's multi-tribal allies (sources say a strong military garrison of around 10,000 people) attacked and took the city of Mecca with no violence. As a result, its residents converted to Islam after the surrender, and Mohammed was declared „mayor”. Given the ancient emotional experience discernible from the Arabic manuscript shown below, Muhammad ordered the destruction of all pagan gods of the Kaaba, proclaiming the altar as the holiest site in Islam, thus creating the conditions for the pilgrimage of Muslims from all over the world to Mecca, a tradition that holds to this day.
The texts below represent manuscripts from the 9th Islamic century, which corresponds to around the end of the 15th century AD. The script is a standard font (Naskh), and this font was actually dominant everywhere except in Islamic Africa. Because of this we can only conclude that the text from the BIRTA archive does not come from Islamic Africa. The works quoted in the text are from al-Bayḍāwī and at-Taftāzānī - who died about 100 to 180 years before the writing of this manuscript, and both are works of great volume (the version of the work of al-Bayḍāwī that we have is in 5 volumes; the work of at-Taftāzānī has not yet been printed!).
Both of these had impact in the Iran/Afghanistan/Uzbekistan area under the Timurids.
The exhaustion of all our archival material would require the editing of a number of over 5,000 volumes, to which several editions of imprimographic material must be added that appeared during the valorization of the texts or as a result of the development of new techniques for deciphering old writings.
Judged from today - no way!
Looking into the future – by all means!
Ob sich der große Aufwand gelohnt hat?
Stand jetzt – auf keinen Fall!
In die Zukunft blickend - auf jeden Fall!
Dacă a meritat un efort atât de mare?
Privind sincronic – în niciun caz!
Privind în viitor – categoric DA!
Je li se veliki trud isplatio?
Sinhrono gledano - nikako!
Gledajući u budućnost – bez svake sumnje!
Ivan Birta
entity of Romanian science, unfortunately led by the "copy and paste" pseudo” historian, former informant of the odious Romanian Security, Ioan-Aurel POP