2022 m. pirmoje pusėje buvo atliekami archeologiniai tyrimai sklype Užupio g. 15A, kuris patenka ... more 2022 m. pirmoje pusėje buvo atliekami archeologiniai tyrimai sklype Užupio g. 15A, kuris patenka į Vilniaus Šv. Baltramiejaus bažnyčios statinių komplekso teritoriją. Tyrimų metu buvo tikimasi aptikti su minėta bažnyčia ir šalia jos buvusiomis kapinėmis siejamus kultūrinių sluoksnių horizontus. Nors tyrimų metu aptikta ir archeologinių radinių ir suardytų žmonių palaidojimų, labiausiai intriguojantys radiniai buvo aptikti XX a. pirma puse datuotose įgilintose struktūrose. Čia rasti 69 buteliai ir buteliukai, kurių dauguma buvo skirti laikyti vaistams. Taip pat rasti 4 individualūs jų fragmentai su įrašais. Iš minėtų radinių trys buteliukai buvo su viduje išlikusiu turiniu. Šiame straipsnyje, kuris yra tarpdisciplininis archeologų, istorikų ir chemikų darbas, analizuojamas šių radinių archeologinis ir istorinis kontekstai, aptiktų vaistinių butelių gamybos vietos, skelbiami rastų buteliukų turinio tyrimų rezultatai ir pateikiamos interpretacijos dėl užfiksuotų vaistinių medžiagų galimo panaudojimo. Reikšminiai žodžiai: vaistiniai buteliukai, farmacija, farmacijos istorija, Užupio vaistinė.
Medicine Bottles (1919-1939) found at 15A Užupio Street, Vilnius: Results of the Research and Interpretation of their Contents Abstract. Archaeological investigation was carried out in the first half of 2022 on the site Užupio g. 15A, which falls within the territory of the Vilnius St. Bartholomew's Church building complex. During the research it was expected to find cultural layer horizons associated with the church and the cemetery next to it. Although archaeological finds and disturbed graves were discovered during the excavation, the most intriguing finds were collected in recessed structures dating from the first half of the XX century. As many as 69 bottles and vials were collected, most of which were used to store medicines. Four individual fragments with inscriptions were also found. Among the finds above, three bottles were found with preserved contents inside. This article, which is an interdisciplinary collaboration between archaeologists, historians, and chemists, analyses the archaeological and historical context of the mentioned finds, the places of manufacture of the discovered medicine bottles, the results of analyses of the contents found in the bottles, and interpretations of the possible uses of the recovered medicinal substances.
In the course of archaeological excavations in Klaipėda, fragments of almost ten thousand pipes h... more In the course of archaeological excavations in Klaipėda, fragments of almost ten thousand pipes have been found. Their chronology dates back to the 17th-19th centuries, and it is also known that most of these pipes came to the city, most likely by sea, from the Netherlands, Germany and other northwestern European countries, although local production is lacking. As only general research on Klaipėda pipes has been published so far, this article focuses on the specific period 1620-1680, when the first of this kind of product arrived in Klaipėda by sea. The article analyses the chronologically earliest clay pipes found during archaeological research in Klaipėda; based on the typology of the finds and known analogues, the author distinguishes the main types of pipes and identifies possible locations for pipe production. Clay tobacco pipes, Gouda pipes, tobacco, colonial goods
This article presents research results from the archaeological excavation in the territory of Dom... more This article presents research results from the archaeological excavation in the territory of Dominikonų St. 11 in Vilnius Old Town. In order to present as thorough dietary reconstructions of people who lived here as possible, four groups of evidence were combined together: archaeological artifacts, historical datasets, zooarchaeological research and archaeobotanical investigation. The analyzed materials are covering a wide chronological range (between 15th and 18th century) allowing us to observe the dietary changes in relation to architectural development, spatial distribution. This research shows changes in human diet across time from pre-Palace human diet consisting of grain and cattle meat to imported oysters, veal, game, and wines during the Palace period.
The article investigates archaeological leather finds that were unearthed in Žiežmariai during ar... more The article investigates archaeological leather finds that were unearthed in Žiežmariai during archaeological excavations in years 2013 and 2015. A variety of finds is revealed; the constructions of items and the peculiarities of producing have been analyzed. These kinds of artifacts are rare in the archaeological stretches of the Lithuanian periphery towns. Their analysis lead us to a better understanding of the specific features of the daily life of periphery towns, which are situated in distant locations from the economic and political centers
Since the late 16th-early 17th century, tobacco smoking habit in Europe spread widely, which led ... more Since the late 16th-early 17th century, tobacco smoking habit in Europe spread widely, which led to a new business branch-the production and sale of pipes. Due to the lack of historical data about when the habit of smoking tobacco emerged in eastern Baltic, it is imperative to pay attention to clay pipes that are considered to be a particularly suitable group of findings to specify the chronological limits. The article analyses in detail the chronologically earliest clay pipes found during archaeological research in Vilnius. Based on the typology of findings and known analogues, the author singles out the oldest pipes, names the possible places of their production, provides an interpretation of the appearance of pipes in the city. The article provides an overview of the development of smoking in Vilnius in the first half of the 17th century, as the text focuses not only on the analysis of findings, but also briefly introduces the historical, social and cultural contexts that led to the smoking of one or another type of tobacco pipe in Vilnius.
Clay pipes are quite a common finding in the study of urban cultural strata, a dozen thousand fra... more Clay pipes are quite a common finding in the study of urban cultural strata, a dozen thousand fragments of them are counted in the collections of Lithuania museums. Nevertheless, the terminology of these of tobacco pipes is not yet quite settled in Lithuania, and archaeologists who investigate urban areas do not even have a methodical material published in Lithuanian. The article aims to distinguish and define the methodological aspects of the analysis of clay tobacco pipes dated from the first half of 17th century to 19th century, which would be suitable for the Lithuanian context. At the beginning of this article, the history of clay tobacco pipes research is analyzed in a methodological aspect, the links to the whole development of archaeology science are presented, and the current tendencies in the tobacco pipes researches are described. The other chapters focus on the matters of clay pipes terminology, methods of analysis, and dating. Considering the locally produced and import...
The aim of the article is to present a summary of the history of clay tobacco pipes in Europe and... more The aim of the article is to present a summary of the history of clay tobacco pipes in Europe and to explore their cultural and geographical context.In post-medieval archaeological sites, clay tobacco pipes are quite common finds. The first evidence of tobacco in Western Europe dates from the late sixteenth century, during the Age of Discovery. The industry of tobacco pipe manufacturing started in the early seventeenth century, and English pipe makers and smokers were the innovators of the new habit and style of smoking. Soon after that, Dutch cities like Amsterdam and Gouda became major centres in producing and selling clay tobacco pipes. Through the Baltic and Mediterranean harbours and then along land routes, tobacco spread across Europe as a product of colonial trade and a new habit of smoking as such. The Thirty Years’ War and Northern Wars played a crucial role in the consumption of tobacco, because soldiers rapidly accepted and spread the new culture of smoking.In the eastern...
Since the late 16th-early 17th century, tobacco smoking habit in Europe spread widely, which led ... more Since the late 16th-early 17th century, tobacco smoking habit in Europe spread widely, which led to a new business branch-the production and sale of pipes. Due to the lack of historical data about when the habit of smoking tobacco emerged in eastern Baltic, it is imperative to pay attention to clay pipes that are considered to be a particularly suitable group of findings to specify the chronological limits. The article analyses in detail the chronologically earliest clay pipes found during archaeological research in Vilnius. Based on the typology of findings and known analogues, the author singles out the oldest pipes, names the possible places of their production, provides an interpretation of the appearance of pipes in the city. The article provides an overview of the development of smoking in Vilnius in the first half of the 17th century, as the text focuses not only on the analysis of findings, but also briefly introduces the historical, social and cultural contexts that led to the smoking of one or another type of tobacco pipe in Vilnius.
In 2019, 41.78 m2 were excavated at Didžioji St. 3 in Vilnius and rich 16th–18th century horizon... more In 2019, 41.78 m2 were excavated at Didžioji St. 3 in Vilnius and rich 16th–18th century horizons and isolated fragments of a 14th–15thcentury cultural layer were recorded.
In 2017, an excavation (two trenches) was conducted on the plot at kalkių st. 2 (trench 1, 5 m2) ... more In 2017, an excavation (two trenches) was conducted on the plot at kalkių st. 2 (trench 1, 5 m2) and tilto st. 8 (trench 2, 23.3 m2 ) in Žagarė (Joniškis district, North Lithuania)
Straipsnyje analizuojami 2013 ir 2015 m. Žiežmariuose archeologinių kasinėjimų metu surasti odini... more Straipsnyje analizuojami 2013 ir 2015 m. Žiežmariuose archeologinių kasinėjimų metu surasti odiniai radiniai. Atskleidžiama jų įvairovė, analizuojama dirbinių konstrukcija ir gamybos ypatumai. Lietuvos periferijos miestelių archeologiniuose kultūriniuose sluoksniuose šios rūšies dirbinių retai aptinkama. Jų tyrimai padeda geriau pažinti nuo ekonominių ir politinių centrų nutolusių miestelių kasdienio gyvenimo specifiką. Reikšminiai žodžiai: odinė avalynė, archeologiniai kasinėjimai, periferija, Žiežmariai, odiniai dirbiniai.
Whilst conducting intensive archaeological research in the
Vilnius Lower Castle territory in the ... more Whilst conducting intensive archaeological research in the Vilnius Lower Castle territory in the late 20th–early 21st centuries, a collection of over 500 clay pipes from the 17th–19th centuries was found. The earliest among them date to the second quarter of the 17th century. Some of the pipes were decorated with various ornaments and bore the marks of their master craftsmen. This article is about those pipes that feature the image of the Prophet Jonah and the great fish swallowing him.
The article investigates archaeological leather finds that were unearthed in Žiežmariai during ar... more The article investigates archaeological leather finds that were unearthed in Žiežmariai during archaeological excavations in years 2013 and 2015. A variety of finds is revealed; the constructions of items and the peculiarities of producing have been analyzed. These kinds of artifacts are rare in the archaeological stretches of the Lithuanian periphery towns. Their analysis lead us to a better understanding of the specific features of the daily life of periphery towns, which are situated in distant locations from the economic and political centers.
In 2015, field evaluations and excavations were conducted in Žiežmariai, Lithuania. The informati... more In 2015, field evaluations and excavations were conducted in Žiežmariai, Lithuania. The information collected during the investigations in Žiežmariai supplemented the available historical data about the development of the town during the 16th–19th centuries.
In 2013, an evaluation (seven test pits and
three trenches, a total of 52.9 m²) and survey
(74 m²... more In 2013, an evaluation (seven test pits and three trenches, a total of 52.9 m²) and survey (74 m²) were conducted in Žiežmariai (Kaišiadorys district, Lithuania).
In 2013, 116.89 m² were excavated during
an excavation on the grounds of the Church of
the Epipha... more In 2013, 116.89 m² were excavated during an excavation on the grounds of the Church of the Epiphany of Christ in Prienai, Lithuania.
2022 m. pirmoje pusėje buvo atliekami archeologiniai tyrimai sklype Užupio g. 15A, kuris patenka ... more 2022 m. pirmoje pusėje buvo atliekami archeologiniai tyrimai sklype Užupio g. 15A, kuris patenka į Vilniaus Šv. Baltramiejaus bažnyčios statinių komplekso teritoriją. Tyrimų metu buvo tikimasi aptikti su minėta bažnyčia ir šalia jos buvusiomis kapinėmis siejamus kultūrinių sluoksnių horizontus. Nors tyrimų metu aptikta ir archeologinių radinių ir suardytų žmonių palaidojimų, labiausiai intriguojantys radiniai buvo aptikti XX a. pirma puse datuotose įgilintose struktūrose. Čia rasti 69 buteliai ir buteliukai, kurių dauguma buvo skirti laikyti vaistams. Taip pat rasti 4 individualūs jų fragmentai su įrašais. Iš minėtų radinių trys buteliukai buvo su viduje išlikusiu turiniu. Šiame straipsnyje, kuris yra tarpdisciplininis archeologų, istorikų ir chemikų darbas, analizuojamas šių radinių archeologinis ir istorinis kontekstai, aptiktų vaistinių butelių gamybos vietos, skelbiami rastų buteliukų turinio tyrimų rezultatai ir pateikiamos interpretacijos dėl užfiksuotų vaistinių medžiagų galimo panaudojimo. Reikšminiai žodžiai: vaistiniai buteliukai, farmacija, farmacijos istorija, Užupio vaistinė.
Medicine Bottles (1919-1939) found at 15A Užupio Street, Vilnius: Results of the Research and Interpretation of their Contents Abstract. Archaeological investigation was carried out in the first half of 2022 on the site Užupio g. 15A, which falls within the territory of the Vilnius St. Bartholomew's Church building complex. During the research it was expected to find cultural layer horizons associated with the church and the cemetery next to it. Although archaeological finds and disturbed graves were discovered during the excavation, the most intriguing finds were collected in recessed structures dating from the first half of the XX century. As many as 69 bottles and vials were collected, most of which were used to store medicines. Four individual fragments with inscriptions were also found. Among the finds above, three bottles were found with preserved contents inside. This article, which is an interdisciplinary collaboration between archaeologists, historians, and chemists, analyses the archaeological and historical context of the mentioned finds, the places of manufacture of the discovered medicine bottles, the results of analyses of the contents found in the bottles, and interpretations of the possible uses of the recovered medicinal substances.
In the course of archaeological excavations in Klaipėda, fragments of almost ten thousand pipes h... more In the course of archaeological excavations in Klaipėda, fragments of almost ten thousand pipes have been found. Their chronology dates back to the 17th-19th centuries, and it is also known that most of these pipes came to the city, most likely by sea, from the Netherlands, Germany and other northwestern European countries, although local production is lacking. As only general research on Klaipėda pipes has been published so far, this article focuses on the specific period 1620-1680, when the first of this kind of product arrived in Klaipėda by sea. The article analyses the chronologically earliest clay pipes found during archaeological research in Klaipėda; based on the typology of the finds and known analogues, the author distinguishes the main types of pipes and identifies possible locations for pipe production. Clay tobacco pipes, Gouda pipes, tobacco, colonial goods
This article presents research results from the archaeological excavation in the territory of Dom... more This article presents research results from the archaeological excavation in the territory of Dominikonų St. 11 in Vilnius Old Town. In order to present as thorough dietary reconstructions of people who lived here as possible, four groups of evidence were combined together: archaeological artifacts, historical datasets, zooarchaeological research and archaeobotanical investigation. The analyzed materials are covering a wide chronological range (between 15th and 18th century) allowing us to observe the dietary changes in relation to architectural development, spatial distribution. This research shows changes in human diet across time from pre-Palace human diet consisting of grain and cattle meat to imported oysters, veal, game, and wines during the Palace period.
The article investigates archaeological leather finds that were unearthed in Žiežmariai during ar... more The article investigates archaeological leather finds that were unearthed in Žiežmariai during archaeological excavations in years 2013 and 2015. A variety of finds is revealed; the constructions of items and the peculiarities of producing have been analyzed. These kinds of artifacts are rare in the archaeological stretches of the Lithuanian periphery towns. Their analysis lead us to a better understanding of the specific features of the daily life of periphery towns, which are situated in distant locations from the economic and political centers
Since the late 16th-early 17th century, tobacco smoking habit in Europe spread widely, which led ... more Since the late 16th-early 17th century, tobacco smoking habit in Europe spread widely, which led to a new business branch-the production and sale of pipes. Due to the lack of historical data about when the habit of smoking tobacco emerged in eastern Baltic, it is imperative to pay attention to clay pipes that are considered to be a particularly suitable group of findings to specify the chronological limits. The article analyses in detail the chronologically earliest clay pipes found during archaeological research in Vilnius. Based on the typology of findings and known analogues, the author singles out the oldest pipes, names the possible places of their production, provides an interpretation of the appearance of pipes in the city. The article provides an overview of the development of smoking in Vilnius in the first half of the 17th century, as the text focuses not only on the analysis of findings, but also briefly introduces the historical, social and cultural contexts that led to the smoking of one or another type of tobacco pipe in Vilnius.
Clay pipes are quite a common finding in the study of urban cultural strata, a dozen thousand fra... more Clay pipes are quite a common finding in the study of urban cultural strata, a dozen thousand fragments of them are counted in the collections of Lithuania museums. Nevertheless, the terminology of these of tobacco pipes is not yet quite settled in Lithuania, and archaeologists who investigate urban areas do not even have a methodical material published in Lithuanian. The article aims to distinguish and define the methodological aspects of the analysis of clay tobacco pipes dated from the first half of 17th century to 19th century, which would be suitable for the Lithuanian context. At the beginning of this article, the history of clay tobacco pipes research is analyzed in a methodological aspect, the links to the whole development of archaeology science are presented, and the current tendencies in the tobacco pipes researches are described. The other chapters focus on the matters of clay pipes terminology, methods of analysis, and dating. Considering the locally produced and import...
The aim of the article is to present a summary of the history of clay tobacco pipes in Europe and... more The aim of the article is to present a summary of the history of clay tobacco pipes in Europe and to explore their cultural and geographical context.In post-medieval archaeological sites, clay tobacco pipes are quite common finds. The first evidence of tobacco in Western Europe dates from the late sixteenth century, during the Age of Discovery. The industry of tobacco pipe manufacturing started in the early seventeenth century, and English pipe makers and smokers were the innovators of the new habit and style of smoking. Soon after that, Dutch cities like Amsterdam and Gouda became major centres in producing and selling clay tobacco pipes. Through the Baltic and Mediterranean harbours and then along land routes, tobacco spread across Europe as a product of colonial trade and a new habit of smoking as such. The Thirty Years’ War and Northern Wars played a crucial role in the consumption of tobacco, because soldiers rapidly accepted and spread the new culture of smoking.In the eastern...
Since the late 16th-early 17th century, tobacco smoking habit in Europe spread widely, which led ... more Since the late 16th-early 17th century, tobacco smoking habit in Europe spread widely, which led to a new business branch-the production and sale of pipes. Due to the lack of historical data about when the habit of smoking tobacco emerged in eastern Baltic, it is imperative to pay attention to clay pipes that are considered to be a particularly suitable group of findings to specify the chronological limits. The article analyses in detail the chronologically earliest clay pipes found during archaeological research in Vilnius. Based on the typology of findings and known analogues, the author singles out the oldest pipes, names the possible places of their production, provides an interpretation of the appearance of pipes in the city. The article provides an overview of the development of smoking in Vilnius in the first half of the 17th century, as the text focuses not only on the analysis of findings, but also briefly introduces the historical, social and cultural contexts that led to the smoking of one or another type of tobacco pipe in Vilnius.
In 2019, 41.78 m2 were excavated at Didžioji St. 3 in Vilnius and rich 16th–18th century horizon... more In 2019, 41.78 m2 were excavated at Didžioji St. 3 in Vilnius and rich 16th–18th century horizons and isolated fragments of a 14th–15thcentury cultural layer were recorded.
In 2017, an excavation (two trenches) was conducted on the plot at kalkių st. 2 (trench 1, 5 m2) ... more In 2017, an excavation (two trenches) was conducted on the plot at kalkių st. 2 (trench 1, 5 m2) and tilto st. 8 (trench 2, 23.3 m2 ) in Žagarė (Joniškis district, North Lithuania)
Straipsnyje analizuojami 2013 ir 2015 m. Žiežmariuose archeologinių kasinėjimų metu surasti odini... more Straipsnyje analizuojami 2013 ir 2015 m. Žiežmariuose archeologinių kasinėjimų metu surasti odiniai radiniai. Atskleidžiama jų įvairovė, analizuojama dirbinių konstrukcija ir gamybos ypatumai. Lietuvos periferijos miestelių archeologiniuose kultūriniuose sluoksniuose šios rūšies dirbinių retai aptinkama. Jų tyrimai padeda geriau pažinti nuo ekonominių ir politinių centrų nutolusių miestelių kasdienio gyvenimo specifiką. Reikšminiai žodžiai: odinė avalynė, archeologiniai kasinėjimai, periferija, Žiežmariai, odiniai dirbiniai.
Whilst conducting intensive archaeological research in the
Vilnius Lower Castle territory in the ... more Whilst conducting intensive archaeological research in the Vilnius Lower Castle territory in the late 20th–early 21st centuries, a collection of over 500 clay pipes from the 17th–19th centuries was found. The earliest among them date to the second quarter of the 17th century. Some of the pipes were decorated with various ornaments and bore the marks of their master craftsmen. This article is about those pipes that feature the image of the Prophet Jonah and the great fish swallowing him.
The article investigates archaeological leather finds that were unearthed in Žiežmariai during ar... more The article investigates archaeological leather finds that were unearthed in Žiežmariai during archaeological excavations in years 2013 and 2015. A variety of finds is revealed; the constructions of items and the peculiarities of producing have been analyzed. These kinds of artifacts are rare in the archaeological stretches of the Lithuanian periphery towns. Their analysis lead us to a better understanding of the specific features of the daily life of periphery towns, which are situated in distant locations from the economic and political centers.
In 2015, field evaluations and excavations were conducted in Žiežmariai, Lithuania. The informati... more In 2015, field evaluations and excavations were conducted in Žiežmariai, Lithuania. The information collected during the investigations in Žiežmariai supplemented the available historical data about the development of the town during the 16th–19th centuries.
In 2013, an evaluation (seven test pits and
three trenches, a total of 52.9 m²) and survey
(74 m²... more In 2013, an evaluation (seven test pits and three trenches, a total of 52.9 m²) and survey (74 m²) were conducted in Žiežmariai (Kaišiadorys district, Lithuania).
In 2013, 116.89 m² were excavated during
an excavation on the grounds of the Church of
the Epipha... more In 2013, 116.89 m² were excavated during an excavation on the grounds of the Church of the Epiphany of Christ in Prienai, Lithuania.
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Papers by Atas Žvirblys
Reikšminiai žodžiai: vaistiniai buteliukai, farmacija, farmacijos istorija, Užupio vaistinė.
Medicine Bottles (1919-1939) found at 15A Užupio Street, Vilnius: Results of the Research and Interpretation of their Contents Abstract. Archaeological investigation was carried out in the first half of 2022 on the site Užupio g. 15A, which falls within the territory of the Vilnius St. Bartholomew's Church building complex. During the research it was expected to find cultural layer horizons associated with the church and the cemetery next to it. Although archaeological finds and disturbed graves were discovered during the excavation, the most intriguing finds were collected in recessed structures dating from the first half of the XX century. As many as 69 bottles and vials were collected, most of which were used to store medicines. Four individual fragments with inscriptions were also found. Among the finds above, three bottles were found with preserved contents inside. This article, which is an interdisciplinary collaboration between archaeologists, historians, and chemists, analyses the archaeological and historical context of the mentioned finds, the places of manufacture of the discovered medicine bottles, the results of analyses of the contents found in the bottles, and interpretations of the possible uses of the recovered medicinal substances.
Vilnius Lower Castle territory in the late 20th–early 21st centuries,
a collection of over 500 clay pipes from the 17th–19th centuries was
found. The earliest among them date to the second quarter of the
17th century. Some of the pipes were decorated with various ornaments and bore the marks of their master craftsmen.
This article is about those pipes that feature the image of
the Prophet Jonah and the great fish swallowing him.
three trenches, a total of 52.9 m²) and survey
(74 m²) were conducted in Žiežmariai
(Kaišiadorys district, Lithuania).
an excavation on the grounds of the Church of
the Epiphany of Christ in Prienai, Lithuania.
Reikšminiai žodžiai: vaistiniai buteliukai, farmacija, farmacijos istorija, Užupio vaistinė.
Medicine Bottles (1919-1939) found at 15A Užupio Street, Vilnius: Results of the Research and Interpretation of their Contents Abstract. Archaeological investigation was carried out in the first half of 2022 on the site Užupio g. 15A, which falls within the territory of the Vilnius St. Bartholomew's Church building complex. During the research it was expected to find cultural layer horizons associated with the church and the cemetery next to it. Although archaeological finds and disturbed graves were discovered during the excavation, the most intriguing finds were collected in recessed structures dating from the first half of the XX century. As many as 69 bottles and vials were collected, most of which were used to store medicines. Four individual fragments with inscriptions were also found. Among the finds above, three bottles were found with preserved contents inside. This article, which is an interdisciplinary collaboration between archaeologists, historians, and chemists, analyses the archaeological and historical context of the mentioned finds, the places of manufacture of the discovered medicine bottles, the results of analyses of the contents found in the bottles, and interpretations of the possible uses of the recovered medicinal substances.
Vilnius Lower Castle territory in the late 20th–early 21st centuries,
a collection of over 500 clay pipes from the 17th–19th centuries was
found. The earliest among them date to the second quarter of the
17th century. Some of the pipes were decorated with various ornaments and bore the marks of their master craftsmen.
This article is about those pipes that feature the image of
the Prophet Jonah and the great fish swallowing him.
three trenches, a total of 52.9 m²) and survey
(74 m²) were conducted in Žiežmariai
(Kaišiadorys district, Lithuania).
an excavation on the grounds of the Church of
the Epiphany of Christ in Prienai, Lithuania.