Aquaculture is prone to pH fluctuations depending on dominating microbial pathway in the manageme... more Aquaculture is prone to pH fluctuations depending on dominating microbial pathway in the management. The present study takes advantage of the influence of pH in changing the properties of charcoal to condition the pH and improve nutrient removal. Two Synthetic aquaculture wastewaters of 100 mg/L TAN were designed to test the pathway's nutrient removal and pH stability. Glucose at 15 C/N was added to one wastewater, favoring heterotrophic pathway. The other was free of organic carbon, favoring autotrophic pathway. Powdered charcoal was added to each pathway at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0% (charcoal weight/volume of media) compared to the 0 % group without charcoal. The result revealed that as charcoal percentages increase, the pH shifts towards stabilization and improves nutrient removal (p ≤ 0.05). At 4.0% charcoal, the pH was stabilized at 6.0 – 7.5 in heterotrophic and 7.5 – 7.9 in autotrophic pathways, which are within the optimum range for the survival of aquatic organisms, corre...
The paper examines the relationship between volatility in domestic oil production, oil prices, an... more The paper examines the relationship between volatility in domestic oil production, oil prices, and exchange rate in Nigeria. The study employs monthly time series data, from January 2006 to August 2018. Data for the Nigerian Bonny light oil prices (COP), Domestic Oil Production (DOP) and Exchange Rate (EXC) are obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) website. While, dummy variable (DUM) represents stability and instability in the Niger-Delta oil-rich region was traced from historic oil disruptions in the region. A u t o r e g r e s s i v e D i s t r i b u t e d L a g (ARDL)/bound testing method and pairwise granger causality were employed. Unit root test result shows that DOP is stationary at level, while COP, EXR and DUM became stationary at first difference. The empirical result from the ARDL, established that there is a long run co-integrating relation between DOP, COP, EXR and DUM. Pairwise granger causality test proves that the direction of causation runs from COP to DOP. However, DOP and EXR are found to granger cause each other (feedback effect). Moreover, the direction of causality between DOP and DUM runs from DUM to DOP. The result further indicated that COP granger causes EXR and not the reverse. The paper recommends fully involvement of natives and traditional rulers for dialogue and negotiations with the militants. The Nigerian government should also give diversification, the most needed attention, and with utmost seriousness it deserved
Government or public policies are policies that are made at different times and in most cases by ... more Government or public policies are policies that are made at different times and in most cases by different governmental organizations. This can be at the federal, state and at the local levels through which the governments advance and make meaningful economic and human developments. Gombe state government in Eastern Northern Nigeria in its response to the numerous complaints by its citizens over the political violence activities perpetrated by youth groups known as Kalare in the state has formulated two policies with the intention to eradicate these violence activities. These policies include Anti Kalare Squad and Talba Empowerment Scheme (TES) but unfortunately these policies achieved limited success especially in eradicating the violent activities perpetrated by the youth. Hence, this paper assessed the factors responsible for the limited success of the two policies. The findings of this paper revealed that the implementation of these policies was marred by political interference influenced by personal interest and political sentiments. The study recommends that a monitoring and evaluation and mediating committees should be set up which will function as mediator among the different Kalare groups to ensure proper implementation of the policies.
Although heavy metals occur naturally in the soil, but global increase in geologic and anthropoge... more Although heavy metals occur naturally in the soil, but global increase in geologic and anthropogenic activities such as mining and smelting of metals, burning of fossil fuels, production of batteries in industries, use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, sewage sludge, and domestic waste disposal, has resulted in the amplification of these heavy metals in soils, Lead (Pb) especially. This has hampered the growth, performance, and yield of crops grown on such soils, hence global food insecurity. Therefore, the remediation of Pb polluted soils cannot be overemphasized. Bioremediation (use of biochar) is an effective and environmental friendly soil amelioration approach. However, the results of this research showed that chemical properties of soil such as pH, OC, N, AP, Na, Ca, K, Mg and CEC and groundnut growth parameters such as number of leaves, plant height, shoot dry weight and number of effective nodules all increased following biochar application. This book therefore c...
Seasonal changes in the abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates and physico-chemical condition of... more Seasonal changes in the abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates and physico-chemical condition of Moussa Stream, Bida Nigeria, were studied monthly from January to August 2017. Macroinvertebrates were sampled using modified kick sampling techniques. Three different sampling stations were selected along the course of the Stream. The results from the stream showed that water temperature (24.9-27.50C), Depth (14.7-45.8cm), Flow velocity (0.14-0.23m/s), Biochemical oxygen demand (2.0-7.0mg/L), pH (6.33-8.6), Conductivity (20-63μ/cm), Alkalinity (8-30mg/L), Turbidity (61-285NTU), Nitrate (0.87-3.85mg/L) and Phosphate (0.31-1.01mg/L) were within the maximum permissible limit (WHO, SON) except Dissolved oxygen (3.1-10mg/L). Most of the parameters investigated with the exception of depth and flow velocity showed no significant difference (p>0.05) among all the sampling stations. Temperature, depth and flow velocity showed no significant differences with season. pH, DO, BOD5, Turbidity,...
Load modeling plays a significant impact in assessing power system stability margin, control, and... more Load modeling plays a significant impact in assessing power system stability margin, control, and protection. Frequency in the power system is desired to be kept constant, but in a real sense, it is not constant as loads continually change with time. In much literature, frequency dynamics are ignored in the formulation of load models for the basic assumption that it does not affect the models. In this paper, the composite load model was formulated with Voltage-Frequency Dependency (V-FD) on real and reactive powers and applied to estimate the load model. 2- Area network 4- machines Kundur test network was used for testing the developed model. The model was trained with measurements from a low voltage distribution network supplying the Electrical Engineering department at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Both training and testing data were captured under normal system operation (dynamics). To evaluate the V-FD model performance, Voltage-Dependent (VD) model was examined on the same me...
Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials, 2015
Electrical treeing is one of the major causes of breakdown/failure of polymeric insulations. Nano... more Electrical treeing is one of the major causes of breakdown/failure of polymeric insulations. Nanocomposite materials play an important role in preventing insulation breakdown due to the presence of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles act as charge trapping sites and physical barriers to electrical treeing thereby hindering their growth. This study presents a review on electrical treeing studies on nanocomposite materials and processing techniques employed to mitigate insulation failure due to electrical treeing. Various polymers combined with different nanofillers as well as the most common processing techniques are also reviewed. Emerging trends on nanomaterial surface modification to improve electrical treeing resistance are also discussed.
Architectures of modern electric power sector are fast becoming smarter in their mode of operatio... more Architectures of modern electric power sector are fast becoming smarter in their mode of operations. Smart grid (SG) operations have potential capability to cover all the areas of generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy. With the integration of computer technology, information and communication management in present day, grid system architecture is designed such that it is possible to solve many problems related to energy demand, supply and management constraints. As a promising technology, it is envisaged that SG will help in troubleshooting some of the present challenges such as cost of energy reduction, reliability monitoring and system stability improvement taken the advantages presented by the evolution of digital technologies. An overview of information and communication control and management in electricity smart grid system using wireless and other advanced electronic-based technologies is presented in this paper. The concept of smart grid as it is dif...
Despite the looming difficult energy context in the majority of countries in the world, global ch... more Despite the looming difficult energy context in the majority of countries in the world, global change in environmental dignity resulting from power generation and energy consumption scenario is rapidly becoming a globally disturbing phenomenon. Stakeholders and environmental activists alike have been clamouring for adoption of reduction procedures using sustainable means because ignominious environmental practices have associated disastrous consequences. Increasing essential strategies are needed to fortify the pursuit for the reduction in the emissions from power generation and energy consumption. Therefore, this article presents an overview of the effects of anthropogenic energy generation and consumption practices capable of ejecting emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. It also endeavors to identify some greenhouse gas emission reduction and control measures.
ABSTRACT The probability of equipment failure increases over time as the age and rate of use incr... more ABSTRACT The probability of equipment failure increases over time as the age and rate of use increases. Since faults are the major cause of these failures, there are several ways and means used towards predicting fault occurrence and thus preventing the equipment from failing by diagnosing its condition. In oil filled transformers, the Dissolve Gas Analysis (DGA) is used as one of the well-established techniques to predict incipient faults inside its enclosure. With the existence of more than 6 known methods of DGA fault interpretation techniques; there is the likelihood that they may give different conditions for the same sample. Using a combination of many of the diagnostic methods will therefore increase the accuracy of the interpretation and so increase the certainty of the transformer condition. This paper presents a computer program based condition diagnosis system developed to combine four DGA assessment techniques; Rogers Ratio Method, IEC Basic Ratio Method, Duval Triangle method and Key Gas Method. A user friendly GUI presented to give a visual display of the four techniques and the output of the combined interpretation. The result of the prediction analyses done to test the accuracy of the program shows an overall DGA prediction accuracy of 97.03% compared to the 91% of the most reliable individual method; Duval Triangle and near elimination of 'no prediction' condition.
ABSTRACT Animal manure and municipal solid waste in atmospherically unconfined locations emit gas... more ABSTRACT Animal manure and municipal solid waste in atmospherically unconfined locations emit gaseous chemicals under the influence of some spontaneous reactions. These chemical substances, if allowed free escape into the atmosphere, can induce a global warming scenario with the potential for greenhouse gases (GHGs) to rise into the atmosphere. However, capturing these gases, especially methane, can be useful for bioenergy production and prevention of environmental pollution. This study tends to provide a theoretical estimate of methane emissions from both livestock manure in Nigeria and municipal solid waste deposits in some of the country's major cities. Ten-year data obtained from the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) was used to estimate the methane emissions from animal residues using a mathematical approach developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Emissions of methane from solid wastes were also estimated based on the 2011 cities' waste generation and management data from the Renewable Energy Department (RED) of the Federal Ministry of Environment, Abuja (Nigeria). In addition, methane capturing processes and optimization strategies were discussed as aids to any future prospects on the uses of methane for bioelectricity in the country. In addition, some identified factors militating against the accelerated progress for biogas production and utilization in the country is also highlighted. Results from this study indicated a large amount and increasing levels of methane emissions from animal residues and solid wastes. Capturing the methane emitted will not only mitigate against global warming but can also be a source of energy generation for the country.
Sticky layer of Clarias gariepinus eggs cause the clumping of eggs immediately after fertilizatio... more Sticky layer of Clarias gariepinus eggs cause the clumping of eggs immediately after fertilization, this create low oxygen, and increase pathogenic infection, thereby reducing fertilization and hatching rate hence reduces in mass production of C. gariepinus seed. Although various substances are use in the removal of the sticky layer, no information is available about the use of watermelon. Therefore, the present study, aim in exploring the potential of using watermelon in removing the sticky layer of C. gariepinus to enhance production. Fertilized eggs were treated with watermelon juice (T1) for comparison with 14 g L-1 milk solution (T2 as de-adhesion reference) and water as control (T0 as adhesion reference). The treatments were agitated with aeration for 30 minutes, rinsed with water, and poured on respective netted hatching trough, with water recirculation for incubation at 27 0C for 24 h period. Except for T0, no clumping of eggs was observed in the remaining groups. Slight var...
Aquaculture is prone to pH fluctuations depending on dominating microbial pathway in the manageme... more Aquaculture is prone to pH fluctuations depending on dominating microbial pathway in the management. The present study takes advantage of the influence of pH in changing the properties of charcoal to condition the pH and improve nutrient removal. Two Synthetic aquaculture wastewaters of 100 mg/L TAN were designed to test the pathway's nutrient removal and pH stability. Glucose at 15 C/N was added to one wastewater, favoring heterotrophic pathway. The other was free of organic carbon, favoring autotrophic pathway. Powdered charcoal was added to each pathway at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0% (charcoal weight/volume of media) compared to the 0 % group without charcoal. The result revealed that as charcoal percentages increase, the pH shifts towards stabilization and improves nutrient removal (p ≤ 0.05). At 4.0% charcoal, the pH was stabilized at 6.0 – 7.5 in heterotrophic and 7.5 – 7.9 in autotrophic pathways, which are within the optimum range for the survival of aquatic organisms, corre...
The paper examines the relationship between volatility in domestic oil production, oil prices, an... more The paper examines the relationship between volatility in domestic oil production, oil prices, and exchange rate in Nigeria. The study employs monthly time series data, from January 2006 to August 2018. Data for the Nigerian Bonny light oil prices (COP), Domestic Oil Production (DOP) and Exchange Rate (EXC) are obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) website. While, dummy variable (DUM) represents stability and instability in the Niger-Delta oil-rich region was traced from historic oil disruptions in the region. A u t o r e g r e s s i v e D i s t r i b u t e d L a g (ARDL)/bound testing method and pairwise granger causality were employed. Unit root test result shows that DOP is stationary at level, while COP, EXR and DUM became stationary at first difference. The empirical result from the ARDL, established that there is a long run co-integrating relation between DOP, COP, EXR and DUM. Pairwise granger causality test proves that the direction of causation runs from COP to DOP. However, DOP and EXR are found to granger cause each other (feedback effect). Moreover, the direction of causality between DOP and DUM runs from DUM to DOP. The result further indicated that COP granger causes EXR and not the reverse. The paper recommends fully involvement of natives and traditional rulers for dialogue and negotiations with the militants. The Nigerian government should also give diversification, the most needed attention, and with utmost seriousness it deserved
Government or public policies are policies that are made at different times and in most cases by ... more Government or public policies are policies that are made at different times and in most cases by different governmental organizations. This can be at the federal, state and at the local levels through which the governments advance and make meaningful economic and human developments. Gombe state government in Eastern Northern Nigeria in its response to the numerous complaints by its citizens over the political violence activities perpetrated by youth groups known as Kalare in the state has formulated two policies with the intention to eradicate these violence activities. These policies include Anti Kalare Squad and Talba Empowerment Scheme (TES) but unfortunately these policies achieved limited success especially in eradicating the violent activities perpetrated by the youth. Hence, this paper assessed the factors responsible for the limited success of the two policies. The findings of this paper revealed that the implementation of these policies was marred by political interference influenced by personal interest and political sentiments. The study recommends that a monitoring and evaluation and mediating committees should be set up which will function as mediator among the different Kalare groups to ensure proper implementation of the policies.
Although heavy metals occur naturally in the soil, but global increase in geologic and anthropoge... more Although heavy metals occur naturally in the soil, but global increase in geologic and anthropogenic activities such as mining and smelting of metals, burning of fossil fuels, production of batteries in industries, use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, sewage sludge, and domestic waste disposal, has resulted in the amplification of these heavy metals in soils, Lead (Pb) especially. This has hampered the growth, performance, and yield of crops grown on such soils, hence global food insecurity. Therefore, the remediation of Pb polluted soils cannot be overemphasized. Bioremediation (use of biochar) is an effective and environmental friendly soil amelioration approach. However, the results of this research showed that chemical properties of soil such as pH, OC, N, AP, Na, Ca, K, Mg and CEC and groundnut growth parameters such as number of leaves, plant height, shoot dry weight and number of effective nodules all increased following biochar application. This book therefore c...
Seasonal changes in the abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates and physico-chemical condition of... more Seasonal changes in the abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates and physico-chemical condition of Moussa Stream, Bida Nigeria, were studied monthly from January to August 2017. Macroinvertebrates were sampled using modified kick sampling techniques. Three different sampling stations were selected along the course of the Stream. The results from the stream showed that water temperature (24.9-27.50C), Depth (14.7-45.8cm), Flow velocity (0.14-0.23m/s), Biochemical oxygen demand (2.0-7.0mg/L), pH (6.33-8.6), Conductivity (20-63μ/cm), Alkalinity (8-30mg/L), Turbidity (61-285NTU), Nitrate (0.87-3.85mg/L) and Phosphate (0.31-1.01mg/L) were within the maximum permissible limit (WHO, SON) except Dissolved oxygen (3.1-10mg/L). Most of the parameters investigated with the exception of depth and flow velocity showed no significant difference (p>0.05) among all the sampling stations. Temperature, depth and flow velocity showed no significant differences with season. pH, DO, BOD5, Turbidity,...
Load modeling plays a significant impact in assessing power system stability margin, control, and... more Load modeling plays a significant impact in assessing power system stability margin, control, and protection. Frequency in the power system is desired to be kept constant, but in a real sense, it is not constant as loads continually change with time. In much literature, frequency dynamics are ignored in the formulation of load models for the basic assumption that it does not affect the models. In this paper, the composite load model was formulated with Voltage-Frequency Dependency (V-FD) on real and reactive powers and applied to estimate the load model. 2- Area network 4- machines Kundur test network was used for testing the developed model. The model was trained with measurements from a low voltage distribution network supplying the Electrical Engineering department at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Both training and testing data were captured under normal system operation (dynamics). To evaluate the V-FD model performance, Voltage-Dependent (VD) model was examined on the same me...
Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials, 2015
Electrical treeing is one of the major causes of breakdown/failure of polymeric insulations. Nano... more Electrical treeing is one of the major causes of breakdown/failure of polymeric insulations. Nanocomposite materials play an important role in preventing insulation breakdown due to the presence of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles act as charge trapping sites and physical barriers to electrical treeing thereby hindering their growth. This study presents a review on electrical treeing studies on nanocomposite materials and processing techniques employed to mitigate insulation failure due to electrical treeing. Various polymers combined with different nanofillers as well as the most common processing techniques are also reviewed. Emerging trends on nanomaterial surface modification to improve electrical treeing resistance are also discussed.
Architectures of modern electric power sector are fast becoming smarter in their mode of operatio... more Architectures of modern electric power sector are fast becoming smarter in their mode of operations. Smart grid (SG) operations have potential capability to cover all the areas of generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy. With the integration of computer technology, information and communication management in present day, grid system architecture is designed such that it is possible to solve many problems related to energy demand, supply and management constraints. As a promising technology, it is envisaged that SG will help in troubleshooting some of the present challenges such as cost of energy reduction, reliability monitoring and system stability improvement taken the advantages presented by the evolution of digital technologies. An overview of information and communication control and management in electricity smart grid system using wireless and other advanced electronic-based technologies is presented in this paper. The concept of smart grid as it is dif...
Despite the looming difficult energy context in the majority of countries in the world, global ch... more Despite the looming difficult energy context in the majority of countries in the world, global change in environmental dignity resulting from power generation and energy consumption scenario is rapidly becoming a globally disturbing phenomenon. Stakeholders and environmental activists alike have been clamouring for adoption of reduction procedures using sustainable means because ignominious environmental practices have associated disastrous consequences. Increasing essential strategies are needed to fortify the pursuit for the reduction in the emissions from power generation and energy consumption. Therefore, this article presents an overview of the effects of anthropogenic energy generation and consumption practices capable of ejecting emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. It also endeavors to identify some greenhouse gas emission reduction and control measures.
ABSTRACT The probability of equipment failure increases over time as the age and rate of use incr... more ABSTRACT The probability of equipment failure increases over time as the age and rate of use increases. Since faults are the major cause of these failures, there are several ways and means used towards predicting fault occurrence and thus preventing the equipment from failing by diagnosing its condition. In oil filled transformers, the Dissolve Gas Analysis (DGA) is used as one of the well-established techniques to predict incipient faults inside its enclosure. With the existence of more than 6 known methods of DGA fault interpretation techniques; there is the likelihood that they may give different conditions for the same sample. Using a combination of many of the diagnostic methods will therefore increase the accuracy of the interpretation and so increase the certainty of the transformer condition. This paper presents a computer program based condition diagnosis system developed to combine four DGA assessment techniques; Rogers Ratio Method, IEC Basic Ratio Method, Duval Triangle method and Key Gas Method. A user friendly GUI presented to give a visual display of the four techniques and the output of the combined interpretation. The result of the prediction analyses done to test the accuracy of the program shows an overall DGA prediction accuracy of 97.03% compared to the 91% of the most reliable individual method; Duval Triangle and near elimination of 'no prediction' condition.
ABSTRACT Animal manure and municipal solid waste in atmospherically unconfined locations emit gas... more ABSTRACT Animal manure and municipal solid waste in atmospherically unconfined locations emit gaseous chemicals under the influence of some spontaneous reactions. These chemical substances, if allowed free escape into the atmosphere, can induce a global warming scenario with the potential for greenhouse gases (GHGs) to rise into the atmosphere. However, capturing these gases, especially methane, can be useful for bioenergy production and prevention of environmental pollution. This study tends to provide a theoretical estimate of methane emissions from both livestock manure in Nigeria and municipal solid waste deposits in some of the country's major cities. Ten-year data obtained from the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) was used to estimate the methane emissions from animal residues using a mathematical approach developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Emissions of methane from solid wastes were also estimated based on the 2011 cities' waste generation and management data from the Renewable Energy Department (RED) of the Federal Ministry of Environment, Abuja (Nigeria). In addition, methane capturing processes and optimization strategies were discussed as aids to any future prospects on the uses of methane for bioelectricity in the country. In addition, some identified factors militating against the accelerated progress for biogas production and utilization in the country is also highlighted. Results from this study indicated a large amount and increasing levels of methane emissions from animal residues and solid wastes. Capturing the methane emitted will not only mitigate against global warming but can also be a source of energy generation for the country.
Sticky layer of Clarias gariepinus eggs cause the clumping of eggs immediately after fertilizatio... more Sticky layer of Clarias gariepinus eggs cause the clumping of eggs immediately after fertilization, this create low oxygen, and increase pathogenic infection, thereby reducing fertilization and hatching rate hence reduces in mass production of C. gariepinus seed. Although various substances are use in the removal of the sticky layer, no information is available about the use of watermelon. Therefore, the present study, aim in exploring the potential of using watermelon in removing the sticky layer of C. gariepinus to enhance production. Fertilized eggs were treated with watermelon juice (T1) for comparison with 14 g L-1 milk solution (T2 as de-adhesion reference) and water as control (T0 as adhesion reference). The treatments were agitated with aeration for 30 minutes, rinsed with water, and poured on respective netted hatching trough, with water recirculation for incubation at 27 0C for 24 h period. Except for T0, no clumping of eggs was observed in the remaining groups. Slight var...
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Papers by Bashir Umar