This 'work in progress' paper presents a framework, a analysis and a design of a set of mobile ph... more This 'work in progress' paper presents a framework, a analysis and a design of a set of mobile phone based prototypes. These prototypes have been used to evaluate mobile interaction in smart environments. Other work has shown that mobile phones can act as a universal remote control for the interaction with smart objects but, there has been no research which has analyzed when a given mobile interaction technique should be used. In this research we analyze the appropriateness of three interaction techniques as selection techniques in smart environments, namely Scanning, Pointing and Touching. Our main goal is to understand in which context of use each of these techniques is useful. In support of this aim we have developed a prototype to test Scanning, Pointing and Touching interaction techniques within different scenarios of use. The development process was divided in an analysis, a design and an implementation phase: during all these phases the end user has been involved by questionnaires, interviews, prototyping, and user tests. The results of the finished analysis and design phases are described in this work together with the progress of the implementation phase.
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Advances in Mobile Computing and Multimedia - MoMM '10, 2010
Abstract This work describes a trust-centered user study that was conducted during the design pro... more Abstract This work describes a trust-centered user study that was conducted during the design process of a multi-display ubiquitous application. The objective of the study was to find out how the adaptation of the displays should be designed in order to protect user trust. The study was conducted in the form of focus group interviews; it investigated user attitude towards data and events that can be seen as trust-critical in a multi-display interaction scenario. The quantitative results, along with user comments and discussions, provide an ...
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems - EICS '10, 2010
ABSTRACT The users' knowledge and requirements are important fac-tors in the design of p... more ABSTRACT The users' knowledge and requirements are important fac-tors in the design of products. To ensure the success of prod-ucts designers and developers have to get to know their tar-get group users better. Over the years a lot of innovative user centered design ...
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems - EICS '10, 2010
User-Centred Prototyping (UCP) tools are expected to support interface developers in order to mor... more User-Centred Prototyping (UCP) tools are expected to support interface developers in order to more efficiently, effectively and satisfactorily design, evaluate and analyse user-friendly products by an all-in-one tool solution. We developed such a UCP tool called MoPeDT that supports the user-centred development of interactive evolutionary prototypes for mobile phones in the context of the Internet of Things. In this paper
Proceedings of the 6th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction Extending Boundaries - NordiCHI '10, 2010
To reach a good user-friendliness, knowledge about user requirements is crucial in the developmen... more To reach a good user-friendliness, knowledge about user requirements is crucial in the development process of a product. The sooner the knowledge is achieved via user evaluations, the more money and time can be saved. In this paper we investigate an approach called hybrid simulation for the early stages evaluation of mobile applications where real mobile phones are used as interaction devices to a virtualised simulation of a pervasive environment. On the first sight, the method is cheap, easy and quick to use as well as more realistic compared to a virtual simulation only approach. In order to receive a more detailed insight in potential benefits and problems of the method, we performed a user study and compared results of a traditional laboratory study with the results of a study performed with the hybrid simulation.
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Human computer interaction with mobile devices and services - MobileHCI '08, 2008
The Eval Tool is a usability evaluation environment which can be used to evaluate users an their ... more The Eval Tool is a usability evaluation environment which can be used to evaluate users an their behaviour while they interact with their pervasive computing environment via a mobile phone interface. The tool supports audio-visual record- ings of several users and automatically annotates and syn- chronizes them with context data emerging from the per- vasive environment. The annotation of video material with contextual information is important for the analysis of user studies and the detection of usability issues. The EVAL Tool consists of a recorder and a analyzer component. Using the recorder component the capturing of the videos and the log- ging of the context can be controlled whereas the analyzer components helps to interpret the user study.
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia - MUM '10, 2010
An approach to intercultural training of nonverbal behavior is presented that draws from research... more An approach to intercultural training of nonverbal behavior is presented that draws from research on role-plays with virtual agents and ideas from situated learning. To this end, a mobile serious game is realized where the user acquires knowledge about German emblematic gestures and tries them out in role-plays with virtual agents. Gesture performance is evaluated making use of build-in acceleration sensors of smart phones. After an account of the theoretical background covering diverse areas like virtual agents, situated learning and intercultural training, the paper presents the GAME approach along with details on the gesture recognition and content authoring. By its experience-based roleplays with virtual characters, GAME brings together ideas from situated learning and intercultural training in an integrated approach and paves the way for new m-learning concepts.
Mobile devices are more and more used for mobile interactions with things, places and people in t... more Mobile devices are more and more used for mobile interactions with things, places and people in the real world. However, so far no studies have discussed which interaction techniques are preferred by users in different contexts. This paper presents an experimental comparison of four different physical mobile interaction techniques: touching, pointing, scanning and usermediated object interaction. To evaluate these techniques across different scenarios and to collect real usage data, four prototypes were implemented: a system for mobile interaction in smart environments, a mobile tourist guide, a mobile museum guide and a prototype for mobile interaction with advertisement posters. In each setting an experimental comparison was performed. Based on the results of these studies, which involved over 60 participants in total, advantages and disadvantages of these interaction techniques are described. Context-specific user preferences are presented for the interaction techniques, to help application designers and developers decide which interaction technique(s) to integrate into their application and which consequences this decision has.
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Advances in Mobile Computing and Multimedia - MoMM '10, 2010
Abstract Ubiquitous computing systems can cause serious problems for user trust. In particular if... more Abstract Ubiquitous computing systems can cause serious problems for user trust. In particular if the system is self-adaptive and situations appear which are poorly self-explanatory. In this paper we aim at the trust management of adaptive systems. We present a user study that covers the correlation of trust dimensions and user feelings on user trust. As results of this study, a Bayesian Network is introduced that, at the design time and runtime of the system, provides knowledge about the interplay between a truster's ...
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services - MobileHCI '09, 2009
Whenever a pervasive game has to be developed for a group of children an appropriate multi-user s... more Whenever a pervasive game has to be developed for a group of children an appropriate multi-user setting has to be found. If the pervasive game does not support the children with an adequate multi-user setting, unintended situations can emerge, such as a single user can dominate the game while the other users are bored and disinterested. In our research we approach that problem by investigating various multiuser settings that are characterized by a different distribution of interaction devices. We describe three multi-user settings, a pervasive game which we used as a test bed, and a user study with 18 children to find out how the multiuser settings influence the children's social behaviour as expressed by the level of activity for all group members, the offtask behaviour and the level of task-related conversations.
Abstract. The usability of a pervasive interface is crucial because it is a quality criterion whi... more Abstract. The usability of a pervasive interface is crucial because it is a quality criterion which can determine about the success or the failure of a product. The application of the user-centred design is a possibility to reach a good design. However, this process requires combined ...
This paper presents an approach to automatically manage user trust in self-adaptive ubiquitous co... more This paper presents an approach to automatically manage user trust in self-adaptive ubiquitous computing systems which grounds on a context interpreter and a Bayesian Network as well as a feedback control loop that also provides solutions for a system adaptation. Providing knowledge to the automatic trust management of self-adaptive ubiquitous systems is of special interest due to the fact that during the use of these systems situations appear which can impair user trust and thus user acceptance. Some of these ...
IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 2011
Game consoles have become ubiquitous, not only for gaming but also as media servers, internet gat... more Game consoles have become ubiquitous, not only for gaming but also as media servers, internet gateways etc. In combination with online networks, consoles feature online gaming in an unprecedented fashion. To participate in the networks and to personalize the services offered, the providers collect, process and forward personal information. This puts user privacy at risk. In this work we analyze the privacy policies of the online networks Playstation-Network, Xbox-Live and Wii, the three major providers. More specifically, we test the compliance of the policies to the current legal situation. We also evaluate if the providers fulfill the fundamental right of a user to obtain information on him. Our results are that all providers commit several violations, and in many cases their practices are not transparent.
IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 2011
In this paper we present results of a user study that we conducted with 21 subjects to investigat... more In this paper we present results of a user study that we conducted with 21 subjects to investigate whether initial user trust is accompanied by unconscious bodily responses which enable more objective measurements than user reports. In particular, we recorded the user's eye gaze and heart rate to evaluate whether users respond differently when interacting with a web page that is supposed to build initial trust as opposed to a web page that lacks this capability. Our results indicate that there are significantly different response patterns to trust-critical and trust-neutral situations during the interaction with a web page depending on whether the web page has helped users form initial trust or not. Knowledge of trust-related behavior can help to manage user trust at the runtime of the system since different usage phases can continuously be interpreted in order to detect situations which need to be considered to re-cover user trust.
Introducing multiple interaction devices into an interactive story provides certain advantages to... more Introducing multiple interaction devices into an interactive story provides certain advantages to the system: it fosters collaboration in multi-user settings, increases user involvement, and addresses more perception channels and user senses. It is a challenging task for designers to introduce multiple interaction devices into an interactive storytelling (IS) system. In this paper we report on our experiences with the design and evaluation of an IS system, called ORI-ENT. The system was created for multi-user settings; it embeds various interaction devices, such as mobile phones, a dance pad, a Wiimote, and RFID tags. We report on user feedback and derive design challenges that should be considered when creating interaction devices for IS systems.
Personalization of content on public displays is likely to cause the disclosure of user&#... more Personalization of content on public displays is likely to cause the disclosure of user's private data. In order to protect the user's privacy, different protection strategies are used, eg the private data is hidden, occluded or blurred. Existing systems usually follow a uniform protection strategy, applying it every time a spectator is detected in the display proximity. However, the necessity in privacy protection often depends on the personal relationships between the user and the spectator. This work investigates how the relationship context ...
First International Conference on Advances in Computer-Human Interaction, 2008
AbstractA challenging issue for HCI is the development of usable mobile interfaces for interacti... more AbstractA challenging issue for HCI is the development of usable mobile interfaces for interactions with a complex pervasive environment. We consider a need for interfaces which auto-matically adapt their interaction and presentation capabilities on the user's situational needs and ...
International Journal of Handheld Computing Research, 2011
Abstract There is evidence that user-centred development increases the user-friendliness of resul... more Abstract There is evidence that user-centred development increases the user-friendliness of resulting products and thus the distinguishing features compared to products of competitors. However, the user-centred development requires comprehensive software and usability engineering skills to keep the process both cost-effective and time-effective. This paper covers that problem and provides insights in so-called user-centred prototyping (UCP) tools which support the production of prototypes as well as their evaluation with end-users. In ...
The development of engaging user interfaces that support collaboration is a great challenge -in p... more The development of engaging user interfaces that support collaboration is a great challenge -in particular if users are children. We consider mobile phones as appropriate devices for multi-user interactions with a system because novel forms of physical mobile interaction techniques with smart objects yield lots of benefits, such as being intuitive and playful to use, but also addressing children's needs for curiosity. In this paper, we introduce our approach to multi-user game-like scenarios within an ambient intelligence context which are controlled via different mobile phones and their supported interaction techniques. By providing children with multiple mobile phones we structure interactions in multi-user settings and prevent undesirable situations, such as dominant users or off-topic actions. Children get access to various physical mobile interaction techniques for interactions with smart objects which are all required to fulfill one common goal. In this way, social interaction arises in a natural manner. In order to motivate and evaluate our approach, we developed two ambient intelligence applications called The World Explorer and The Escape. Results of a user study showed that children liked working in a group and that physical mobile interaction techniques are a promising approach to increase engagement and foster social interactions but also to prevent chaotic situations by balancing the distribution of activities in multi-user settings.
This paper presents an analysis, implementation and evaluation of the physical mobile interaction... more This paper presents an analysis, implementation and evaluation of the physical mobile interaction techniques touching, pointing and scanning. Based on this we have formulated guidelines that show in which context which interaction technique is preferred by the user. Our main goal was to identify typical situations and scenarios in which the different techniques might be useful or not. In support of these aims we have developed and evaluated, within a user study, a low-fidelity and a high-fidelity prototype to assess scanning, pointing and touching interaction techniques within different contexts. Other work has shown that mobile devices can act as universal remote controls for interaction with smart objects but, to date, there has been no research which has analyzed when a given mobile interaction technique should be used. In this research we analyze the appropriateness of three interaction techniques as selection techniques in smart environments.
This 'work in progress' paper presents a framework, a analysis and a design of a set of mobile ph... more This 'work in progress' paper presents a framework, a analysis and a design of a set of mobile phone based prototypes. These prototypes have been used to evaluate mobile interaction in smart environments. Other work has shown that mobile phones can act as a universal remote control for the interaction with smart objects but, there has been no research which has analyzed when a given mobile interaction technique should be used. In this research we analyze the appropriateness of three interaction techniques as selection techniques in smart environments, namely Scanning, Pointing and Touching. Our main goal is to understand in which context of use each of these techniques is useful. In support of this aim we have developed a prototype to test Scanning, Pointing and Touching interaction techniques within different scenarios of use. The development process was divided in an analysis, a design and an implementation phase: during all these phases the end user has been involved by questionnaires, interviews, prototyping, and user tests. The results of the finished analysis and design phases are described in this work together with the progress of the implementation phase.
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Advances in Mobile Computing and Multimedia - MoMM '10, 2010
Abstract This work describes a trust-centered user study that was conducted during the design pro... more Abstract This work describes a trust-centered user study that was conducted during the design process of a multi-display ubiquitous application. The objective of the study was to find out how the adaptation of the displays should be designed in order to protect user trust. The study was conducted in the form of focus group interviews; it investigated user attitude towards data and events that can be seen as trust-critical in a multi-display interaction scenario. The quantitative results, along with user comments and discussions, provide an ...
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems - EICS '10, 2010
ABSTRACT The users' knowledge and requirements are important fac-tors in the design of p... more ABSTRACT The users' knowledge and requirements are important fac-tors in the design of products. To ensure the success of prod-ucts designers and developers have to get to know their tar-get group users better. Over the years a lot of innovative user centered design ...
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems - EICS '10, 2010
User-Centred Prototyping (UCP) tools are expected to support interface developers in order to mor... more User-Centred Prototyping (UCP) tools are expected to support interface developers in order to more efficiently, effectively and satisfactorily design, evaluate and analyse user-friendly products by an all-in-one tool solution. We developed such a UCP tool called MoPeDT that supports the user-centred development of interactive evolutionary prototypes for mobile phones in the context of the Internet of Things. In this paper
Proceedings of the 6th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction Extending Boundaries - NordiCHI '10, 2010
To reach a good user-friendliness, knowledge about user requirements is crucial in the developmen... more To reach a good user-friendliness, knowledge about user requirements is crucial in the development process of a product. The sooner the knowledge is achieved via user evaluations, the more money and time can be saved. In this paper we investigate an approach called hybrid simulation for the early stages evaluation of mobile applications where real mobile phones are used as interaction devices to a virtualised simulation of a pervasive environment. On the first sight, the method is cheap, easy and quick to use as well as more realistic compared to a virtual simulation only approach. In order to receive a more detailed insight in potential benefits and problems of the method, we performed a user study and compared results of a traditional laboratory study with the results of a study performed with the hybrid simulation.
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Human computer interaction with mobile devices and services - MobileHCI '08, 2008
The Eval Tool is a usability evaluation environment which can be used to evaluate users an their ... more The Eval Tool is a usability evaluation environment which can be used to evaluate users an their behaviour while they interact with their pervasive computing environment via a mobile phone interface. The tool supports audio-visual record- ings of several users and automatically annotates and syn- chronizes them with context data emerging from the per- vasive environment. The annotation of video material with contextual information is important for the analysis of user studies and the detection of usability issues. The EVAL Tool consists of a recorder and a analyzer component. Using the recorder component the capturing of the videos and the log- ging of the context can be controlled whereas the analyzer components helps to interpret the user study.
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia - MUM '10, 2010
An approach to intercultural training of nonverbal behavior is presented that draws from research... more An approach to intercultural training of nonverbal behavior is presented that draws from research on role-plays with virtual agents and ideas from situated learning. To this end, a mobile serious game is realized where the user acquires knowledge about German emblematic gestures and tries them out in role-plays with virtual agents. Gesture performance is evaluated making use of build-in acceleration sensors of smart phones. After an account of the theoretical background covering diverse areas like virtual agents, situated learning and intercultural training, the paper presents the GAME approach along with details on the gesture recognition and content authoring. By its experience-based roleplays with virtual characters, GAME brings together ideas from situated learning and intercultural training in an integrated approach and paves the way for new m-learning concepts.
Mobile devices are more and more used for mobile interactions with things, places and people in t... more Mobile devices are more and more used for mobile interactions with things, places and people in the real world. However, so far no studies have discussed which interaction techniques are preferred by users in different contexts. This paper presents an experimental comparison of four different physical mobile interaction techniques: touching, pointing, scanning and usermediated object interaction. To evaluate these techniques across different scenarios and to collect real usage data, four prototypes were implemented: a system for mobile interaction in smart environments, a mobile tourist guide, a mobile museum guide and a prototype for mobile interaction with advertisement posters. In each setting an experimental comparison was performed. Based on the results of these studies, which involved over 60 participants in total, advantages and disadvantages of these interaction techniques are described. Context-specific user preferences are presented for the interaction techniques, to help application designers and developers decide which interaction technique(s) to integrate into their application and which consequences this decision has.
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Advances in Mobile Computing and Multimedia - MoMM '10, 2010
Abstract Ubiquitous computing systems can cause serious problems for user trust. In particular if... more Abstract Ubiquitous computing systems can cause serious problems for user trust. In particular if the system is self-adaptive and situations appear which are poorly self-explanatory. In this paper we aim at the trust management of adaptive systems. We present a user study that covers the correlation of trust dimensions and user feelings on user trust. As results of this study, a Bayesian Network is introduced that, at the design time and runtime of the system, provides knowledge about the interplay between a truster's ...
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services - MobileHCI '09, 2009
Whenever a pervasive game has to be developed for a group of children an appropriate multi-user s... more Whenever a pervasive game has to be developed for a group of children an appropriate multi-user setting has to be found. If the pervasive game does not support the children with an adequate multi-user setting, unintended situations can emerge, such as a single user can dominate the game while the other users are bored and disinterested. In our research we approach that problem by investigating various multiuser settings that are characterized by a different distribution of interaction devices. We describe three multi-user settings, a pervasive game which we used as a test bed, and a user study with 18 children to find out how the multiuser settings influence the children's social behaviour as expressed by the level of activity for all group members, the offtask behaviour and the level of task-related conversations.
Abstract. The usability of a pervasive interface is crucial because it is a quality criterion whi... more Abstract. The usability of a pervasive interface is crucial because it is a quality criterion which can determine about the success or the failure of a product. The application of the user-centred design is a possibility to reach a good design. However, this process requires combined ...
This paper presents an approach to automatically manage user trust in self-adaptive ubiquitous co... more This paper presents an approach to automatically manage user trust in self-adaptive ubiquitous computing systems which grounds on a context interpreter and a Bayesian Network as well as a feedback control loop that also provides solutions for a system adaptation. Providing knowledge to the automatic trust management of self-adaptive ubiquitous systems is of special interest due to the fact that during the use of these systems situations appear which can impair user trust and thus user acceptance. Some of these ...
IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 2011
Game consoles have become ubiquitous, not only for gaming but also as media servers, internet gat... more Game consoles have become ubiquitous, not only for gaming but also as media servers, internet gateways etc. In combination with online networks, consoles feature online gaming in an unprecedented fashion. To participate in the networks and to personalize the services offered, the providers collect, process and forward personal information. This puts user privacy at risk. In this work we analyze the privacy policies of the online networks Playstation-Network, Xbox-Live and Wii, the three major providers. More specifically, we test the compliance of the policies to the current legal situation. We also evaluate if the providers fulfill the fundamental right of a user to obtain information on him. Our results are that all providers commit several violations, and in many cases their practices are not transparent.
IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 2011
In this paper we present results of a user study that we conducted with 21 subjects to investigat... more In this paper we present results of a user study that we conducted with 21 subjects to investigate whether initial user trust is accompanied by unconscious bodily responses which enable more objective measurements than user reports. In particular, we recorded the user's eye gaze and heart rate to evaluate whether users respond differently when interacting with a web page that is supposed to build initial trust as opposed to a web page that lacks this capability. Our results indicate that there are significantly different response patterns to trust-critical and trust-neutral situations during the interaction with a web page depending on whether the web page has helped users form initial trust or not. Knowledge of trust-related behavior can help to manage user trust at the runtime of the system since different usage phases can continuously be interpreted in order to detect situations which need to be considered to re-cover user trust.
Introducing multiple interaction devices into an interactive story provides certain advantages to... more Introducing multiple interaction devices into an interactive story provides certain advantages to the system: it fosters collaboration in multi-user settings, increases user involvement, and addresses more perception channels and user senses. It is a challenging task for designers to introduce multiple interaction devices into an interactive storytelling (IS) system. In this paper we report on our experiences with the design and evaluation of an IS system, called ORI-ENT. The system was created for multi-user settings; it embeds various interaction devices, such as mobile phones, a dance pad, a Wiimote, and RFID tags. We report on user feedback and derive design challenges that should be considered when creating interaction devices for IS systems.
Personalization of content on public displays is likely to cause the disclosure of user&#... more Personalization of content on public displays is likely to cause the disclosure of user's private data. In order to protect the user's privacy, different protection strategies are used, eg the private data is hidden, occluded or blurred. Existing systems usually follow a uniform protection strategy, applying it every time a spectator is detected in the display proximity. However, the necessity in privacy protection often depends on the personal relationships between the user and the spectator. This work investigates how the relationship context ...
First International Conference on Advances in Computer-Human Interaction, 2008
AbstractA challenging issue for HCI is the development of usable mobile interfaces for interacti... more AbstractA challenging issue for HCI is the development of usable mobile interfaces for interactions with a complex pervasive environment. We consider a need for interfaces which auto-matically adapt their interaction and presentation capabilities on the user's situational needs and ...
International Journal of Handheld Computing Research, 2011
Abstract There is evidence that user-centred development increases the user-friendliness of resul... more Abstract There is evidence that user-centred development increases the user-friendliness of resulting products and thus the distinguishing features compared to products of competitors. However, the user-centred development requires comprehensive software and usability engineering skills to keep the process both cost-effective and time-effective. This paper covers that problem and provides insights in so-called user-centred prototyping (UCP) tools which support the production of prototypes as well as their evaluation with end-users. In ...
The development of engaging user interfaces that support collaboration is a great challenge -in p... more The development of engaging user interfaces that support collaboration is a great challenge -in particular if users are children. We consider mobile phones as appropriate devices for multi-user interactions with a system because novel forms of physical mobile interaction techniques with smart objects yield lots of benefits, such as being intuitive and playful to use, but also addressing children's needs for curiosity. In this paper, we introduce our approach to multi-user game-like scenarios within an ambient intelligence context which are controlled via different mobile phones and their supported interaction techniques. By providing children with multiple mobile phones we structure interactions in multi-user settings and prevent undesirable situations, such as dominant users or off-topic actions. Children get access to various physical mobile interaction techniques for interactions with smart objects which are all required to fulfill one common goal. In this way, social interaction arises in a natural manner. In order to motivate and evaluate our approach, we developed two ambient intelligence applications called The World Explorer and The Escape. Results of a user study showed that children liked working in a group and that physical mobile interaction techniques are a promising approach to increase engagement and foster social interactions but also to prevent chaotic situations by balancing the distribution of activities in multi-user settings.
This paper presents an analysis, implementation and evaluation of the physical mobile interaction... more This paper presents an analysis, implementation and evaluation of the physical mobile interaction techniques touching, pointing and scanning. Based on this we have formulated guidelines that show in which context which interaction technique is preferred by the user. Our main goal was to identify typical situations and scenarios in which the different techniques might be useful or not. In support of these aims we have developed and evaluated, within a user study, a low-fidelity and a high-fidelity prototype to assess scanning, pointing and touching interaction techniques within different contexts. Other work has shown that mobile devices can act as universal remote controls for interaction with smart objects but, to date, there has been no research which has analyzed when a given mobile interaction technique should be used. In this research we analyze the appropriateness of three interaction techniques as selection techniques in smart environments.
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Papers by Karin Bee