Papers by Catherine Fogel
This descriptive, correlational study explored the stressful life event of incarceration for wome... more This descriptive, correlational study explored the stressful life event of incarceration for women prisoners and examined its relationship to selected health outcomes. Interviews with 55 women during their first week of incarceration and after 6 months in prison provided the data for analysis. Specific stresses of incarceration identified by the women included separation from families, worry about their children, and loss of control of their own lives. Psychological stress at time of incarceration was found to be positively related to depression and weight gain after 6 months of incarceration. Strategies to decrease the stressful nature of incarceration and improve the health status of incarcerated women are recommended.
AIDS Education and Prevention, 2016
Incarcerated women experience myriad individual, interpersonal, and structural factors leading to... more Incarcerated women experience myriad individual, interpersonal, and structural factors leading to arrest and rearrest. This study examined risk profiles of women experiencing initial and repeat incarcerations. The sample included 521 women recruited from two prisons in North Carolina and enrolled in a HIV/STD risk-reduction intervention trial. Variables included socio-demographics, structural/economic factors, sexual and substance use behaviors, STDs, victimization history, and depressive symptoms. Bivariate and multivariable analyses identified risk differences. Compared to women incarcerated for the first time, women with repeat incarcerations reported significantly greater economic instability, substance use and sexual risk behaviors, laboratory-confirmed STDs, and victimization during childhood and adulthood. Multivariable logistic regression found women with repeat incarcerations experienced greater unstable housing, injection drug use, crack cocaine use, concurrent sex partners, and childhood sexual victimization. Findings can inform the development of prevention programs by addressing economic instability, sexual risk, and substance use among women prisoners.
Journal of qualitative criminal justice & criminology : JQCJC / Southwestern Association of Criminal Justice, 2013
Prison is an environment in which programs can be implemented to change harmful behaviors among h... more Prison is an environment in which programs can be implemented to change harmful behaviors among high-risk populations. Incarcerated women experience high rates of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), yet little research has examined women's motivation to reduce risky behaviors during incarceration. In-depth individual interviews were conducted with former and current women prisoners in two North Carolina correctional facilities and analyzed to identify barriers and facilitators of behavior change while in prison. Analyses revealed key motivators of behavior change: Viewing prison as a place to recover from past trauma, removing oneself from negative social networks, gaining access to needed mental and physical health services, and engaging in self-care and self-reflection. Barriers to behavior change include fear of recidivism, stigma of being in prison, and return to undesirable social networks post-release. Moreover, women noted that the provision of mental heal...
Journal of prison & jail health
Abstract 1. Studied the physical and psychological health problems that incarcerated women have a... more Abstract 1. Studied the physical and psychological health problems that incarcerated women have at the time of incarceration and after a period of incarceration. Data were collected through interviews with 135 women during the 1st wk of their incarceration and follow-up ...
Nursing Clinics of North America
In order to prevent the variety of complications that can result from a gonococcal infection, acc... more In order to prevent the variety of complications that can result from a gonococcal infection, accurate and prompt diagnosis is essential. Untreated gonorrhea can have devastating effects on men and women and their offspring. Identification of at-risk clients and management of the disease will also help prevent complications. Additionally, thorough management of uncomplicated gonorrhea, effective client education, and promotion of public education are essential in achieving the goals set by the Surgeon General.
Journal of Obstetric Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing
To document the risk factors and outcomes of pregnant women incarcerated in a maximum-security pr... more To document the risk factors and outcomes of pregnant women incarcerated in a maximum-security prison. Descriptive correlational study. Women's correctional facility. Eighty-nine pregnant women incarcerated during the third trimester of pregnancy. Medical, obstetric, life-style, and psychologic risk factors during pregnancy; birth weight; weeks of gestation at delivery; and presence of congenital anomalies in the newborn. Numerous risk factors during pregnancy, including chemical dependency, poor nutritional status, poor obstetric histories, high levels of anxiety and depression, and inadequate prenatal care. There is a need for intensive prenatal education for incarcerated women and for chemical dependency treatment programs designed specifically for incarcerated pregnant women. Interventions that address psychologic distress also are needed.
Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 1999
High rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and sexually transmitted diseases (STD... more High rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are seen in women prisoners. These high rates may be related to the nature of their lives, which may include violence, substance abuse, promiscuity, prostitution, and exchange of sex for drugs-all of which increase their risk for acquiring HIV. The purpose of this study was to examine the HIV-related risk behaviors and protective practices of women prisoners in a rural southern state and factors related to these behaviors. The sample included 57 women incarcerated in a medium-to-maximum security prison. Key findings included high rates of substance abuse, extensive past and current violent experiences including sexual abuse, high percentage of multiple partners, and low use of condoms. Additionally, women in this sample did not perceive themselves to be at risk for HIV infection. Practical suggestions for reducing the HIV risks of incarcerated women are offered.
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, <html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii="&"/> Neonatal Nursing, 1993
Objective: To document the risk factors and outcomes of pregnant women incarcerated in a maximums... more Objective: To document the risk factors and outcomes of pregnant women incarcerated in a maximumsecurity prison. Design: Descrtptive correlational study. Setting: Women's correctional facility. Participants: Eighty-nine pregnant women incarcerated during the third trimester of pregnancy. Main Outcome Measures: Medical, obstetric, l@-style, and psychologic risk factors during pregnancy; birth wetght; weeks of gestation at delivery; and presence of congenital anomalies in the newborn. Results: Numerous risk factors during pregnancy, including chemical dependency, poor nutritional status, poor obstetric histories, high levels of anxiety and depression, and inadequate prenatal care. Conclusions: There is a need for intensive prenatal education for incarcerated women and for chemical dependency treatment programs designed specijfcally for incarcerated pregnant women. Interventions that address psychologic distress also are needed. Janwty/Februuty 1993 J O G N N 33
Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 1993
This descriptive, correlational study explored the stressful life event of incarceration for wome... more This descriptive, correlational study explored the stressful life event of incarceration for women prisoners and examined its relationship to selected health outcomes. Interviews with 55 women during their first week of incarceration and after 6 months in prison provided the ...
Journal of Correctional Health Care, 1995
... Page 4. 171 Institute of Medicine, 1988; Jones &amp;amp; Lopez, 1990; Lia-Hoagberg et. ..... more ... Page 4. 171 Institute of Medicine, 1988; Jones &amp;amp; Lopez, 1990; Lia-Hoagberg et. ... Substantial correlations between the CES-D, other self-report measures of depressive symptoms, and clinical ratings of depression support the scale&amp;#x27;s validity (Berkman et al., 1986). ...
Applied Nursing Research, 1992
Nurses working in primary health care settings often care for large numbers of clients in brief p... more Nurses working in primary health care settings often care for large numbers of clients in brief periods of time. Both clients and nurses express frustration toward the care provided in these circumstances. Development of a screening tool to identify high-risk clients could assist nurses in targeting interventions to these individuals; in turn, this has the potential for increasing nurse and client satisfaction. A general procedure for identifying persons at risk in primary health care settings is described. The procedure is illustrated with a specific population of clients--incarcerated women. Factors found important in assessing risk were social characteristics such as education, situational factors such as sentence length, and indicators of psychological distress such as depression. These broad categories may serve as a basis for the development of screening tools for a variety of populations.
MCN, The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 2001
Purpose: To explore pregnant prisoners&#x27; experiences with childhood violence and substanc... more Purpose: To explore pregnant prisoners&#x27; experiences with childhood violence and substance abuse, their parenting attitudes, and their psychological health. Design: This study used a prospective design to describe incarcerated pregnant women&#x27;s experiences ...
Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 1989
Twelve women, imprisoned for killing their abusive male partners, were interviewed to determine f... more Twelve women, imprisoned for killing their abusive male partners, were interviewed to determine factors present in battering relationships that end in homicide. Threats to kill made by the abuser, daily alcohol use by the man, and the presence of a firearm in the home existed in the majority of these relationships. Psychological abuse (e.g., enforced isolation, humiliation, and degradation) was perceived as more devastating than physical abuse. Although an escalation in the severity and frequency of violence, the occurrence of sexual abuse, and women&amp;amp;#39;s suicidal threats were also present, subjects indicated that these factors were less important reasons for taking lethal action. Knowledge of these factors may guide nurses as they assess and intervene in dangerous, potentially lethal, abusive situations.
Health Care for Women International, 1987
Gonorrhea is one of the most serious infectious diseases facing sexually active women in the U.S.... more Gonorrhea is one of the most serious infectious diseases facing sexually active women in the U.S. today. Gonorrhea infection may threaten a woman's potential fertility, cause extreme discomfort and pain, and/or adversely affect a woman's unborn fetus. Many of the health risks associated with gonorrhea can be ameliorated, however, thru early diagnosis, prompt treatment, and sensitive comprehensive patient education. In this article the authors describe the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of gonorrhea. In addition, the complications of this disease are outlined along with a brief look at the most current anti‐microbial therapy available to practitioners. A comprehensive management plan for a patient with gonorrhea is briefly outlined.
Journal of Nursing Education
The Journal of reproductive medicine
The scant available information on pregnancies in women in prison suggests that the outcome is po... more The scant available information on pregnancies in women in prison suggests that the outcome is poor. We studied a cohort of 69 incarcerated pregnant women cared for over a one-year period. They were compared with 69 controls who were matched for age, parity, race and date on which they entered prenatal care. Thirty-six percent of the prisoners acknowledged using illicit drugs, primarily cocaine, during their pregnancies as compared to 3% of the controls. Sixty-eight percent of the incarcerated women smoked cigarettes as compared with 20% of the controls. In spite of those facts, there was a tendency toward better pregnancy outcomes among the prisoners. They were less likely to deliver prematurely (10% vs. 22%) and significantly less likely to experience premature rupture of the membranes (2.8% vs. 2.6%, P less than .001).
Journal of Obstetric Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing
Perimenopausal women may be following a trend toward using herbal remedies for their symptoms. He... more Perimenopausal women may be following a trend toward using herbal remedies for their symptoms. Herbal use can affect medical decision making because herbal side effects can mimic medical conditions and herbs can interact with pharmacotherapeutics. Yet, health care providers may not be asking patients about their use of herbals. The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of herbal use in a sample of perimenopausal women and to explore disclosure of use to their clinicians. Descriptive survey of herbal use utilizing responses from a questionnaire. Health food grocery, located in the southeastern United States. A convenience sample of 40 women, ages 40 to 65 years. Menopause symptoms, perceived efficacy of hormone or herbal therapy, herbs used, sources of information about herbs, and discussion with health care providers about herbal use. Two thirds of the women had used herbs for perimenopausal symptoms. Herb users had experienced more menopausal symptoms than nonusers a...
Issues: Incarcerated women are at high risk of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. Fe... more Issues: Incarcerated women are at high risk of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. Few HIV prevention interventions have been designed specifically for women prisoners, and little is known about the sustainability of intervention effects over time. There are numerous challenges to implementing a research study in a prison setting to ascertain intervention effects over time. Description: We highlight specific problems encountered at all levels of the research process when implementing an adapted HIV risk-reduction intervention in a novel setting. Implementation problems included navigating the prison culture, and gaining access to the women prisoners. Another major obstacle to successful implementation involved high rates of loss to follow-up after women were released from prison. Lessons Learned: Lessons learned during study implementation involved fostering trust between researchers and prison personnel who assisted with access to the women prisoners, learning the priso...
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Papers by Catherine Fogel