Proceedings of the 30th ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering
We introduce FIM, an open-source toolkit for automated fault injection and mutant generation in S... more We introduce FIM, an open-source toolkit for automated fault injection and mutant generation in Simulink models. FIM allows the injection of faults into specific parts, supporting common types of faults and mutation operators whose parameters can be customized to control the time of fault actuation and persistence. Additional flags allow the user to activate the individual fault blocks during testing to observe their effects on the overall system reliability. We provide insights into the design and architecture of FIM, and evaluate its performance on a case study from the avionics domain.
The eruption of COVID-19 pandemic has led to the blossoming usage of face masks among individuals... more The eruption of COVID-19 pandemic has led to the blossoming usage of face masks among individuals in the communal settings. To prevent the transmission of the virus, a mandatory mask-wearing rule in public areas has been enforced. Owing to the use of face masks in communities at different workplaces, an effective surveillance seems essential because several security analyses indicate that face masks may be used as a tool to hide the identity. Therefore, this work proposes a framework for the development of a smart surveillance system as an aftereffect of COVID-19 for recognition of individuals behind the face mask. For this purpose, transfer learning approach has been employed to train the custom dataset by YOLOv3 algorithm in the Darknet neural network framework. Moreover, to demonstrate the competence of YOLOv3 algorithm, a comparative analysis with YOLOv3tiny has been presented. The simulated results verify the robustness of YOLOv3 algorithm in the recognition of individuals behind the face mask. Also, YOLOv3 algorithm achieves a mAP of 98.73% on custom dataset, outperforming YOLOv3-tiny by approximately 62%. Moreover, YOLOv3 algorithm provides adequate speed and accuracy on small faces.
This paper introduces a novel population-based bio-inspired meta-heuristic optimization algorithm... more This paper introduces a novel population-based bio-inspired meta-heuristic optimization algorithm, called Blood Coagulation Algorithm (BCA). BCA derives inspiration from the process of blood coagulation in the human body. The underlying concepts and ideas behind the proposed algorithm are the cooperative behavior of thrombocytes and their intelligent strategy of clot formation. These behaviors are modeled and utilized to underscore intensification and diversification in a given search space. A comparison with various state-of-the-art meta-heuristic algorithms over a test suite of 23 renowned benchmark functions reflects the efficiency of BCA. An extensive investigation is conducted to analyze the performance, convergence behavior and computational complexity of BCA. The comparative study and statistical test analysis demonstrate that BCA offers very competitive and statistically significant results compared to other eminent meta-heuristic algorithms. Experimental results also show t...
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2020
The twenty-first century is the era of globalization and progressive civilization; our lives have... more The twenty-first century is the era of globalization and progressive civilization; our lives have become comfortable, technologically advanced and intellectual. Though humans have proved their proficiencies in every aspect, natural calamities are one of the phenomena that we can not impede. They are destructive, devastating and brutal. Wildfires, floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, etc. all bring about a great deal of economic, social, financial and mental crises not only to the affected people but also to the nation. Kerala floods in India were an extremely grave crisis that occurred in August 2018. The present paper illustrates the development of awareness and disaster management system for such disasters and hence, Kerala floods have been considered as a case study for this development. Further, Twitter is the most popular communication platform identified in the era of social media. In this article, the information has been extracted from Twitter about 2018 Kerala Floods near the affected region and throughout the country. The gathered information helps to select the most accurate scenario produced by Data Crawling. A detailed region-wise classification analysis has been attempted in order to develop an analyzed model for various charitable organizations and NGOs. This analysis provides a better insight into where to administer their relief campaigns.
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2020
Food processing, paper, chemicals, refining, iron and steel, aluminum, and cement are considered ... more Food processing, paper, chemicals, refining, iron and steel, aluminum, and cement are considered to be most energy intensive industries. Increase in high demand of energy and stochastic variation in gross profit of industries highly influence the energy consumption in these industries. Predicted improvements in energy efficiency in the industrial sector have high spirit of energy demand in industrial sector, particularly for the energy-intensive industries such as food, paper mills. Recycling is a key contributor specially; in the paper mills that improves energy efficiency. An approximate estimate reveals that one-ton pulp produces ~7-ton black liquor with energy of 14.0 MJ per kg of solids. Bio fuels produced from the black liquor is used in the recovery boiler, the solid content of the black liquor required to be escalation by suitable concentration in a Multiple Effect Evaporator (MEE). Hence, Kraft recovery process recycles the weak and organically (lignin) rich black liquor using MEE. However, MEE accounts about half of the total energy input to the paper mills, and constitutes the biggest integral section of their unit operations. Therefore, energy reduction schemes (ERS) are the most imperative issues which are still need to be solved. Hence, the present paper investigates the development of generalized linear mathematical model with simulation using numerical method to compute steam efficiency and steam consumption of backward and parallel feed flow arrangements.
This article presents the approximate solution of non-linear dynamic energy model of multiple eff... more This article presents the approximate solution of non-linear dynamic energy model of multiple effect evaporator (MEE) using Fourier series and metaheuristics. The dynamic model of MEE involves first-order simultaneous ordinary differential equations (SODEs). Prior to solving the dynamic model, the non-linear steady-state model is solved to obtain the optimum steady-state process parameters. These process parameters serve as the initial conditions (constraints) for the SODEs. The SODEs are exemplified as an optimization problem by the weighted residual function to produce their approximate solutions. The optimization task is to find the best estimates of unknown coefficients in the Fourier series expansion using two preeminent metaheuristic approaches: Particle swarm optimization and harmony search. Besides, the influence of the number of approximation terms in Fourier series expansion on the accuracy of the approximate solutions has been investigated. The solution of the dynamic model assists in the investigation of open-loop dynamics of the MEE. Moreover, the acquired results may assist in designing suitable controllers to ensure energy-efficient performance of MEE and to monitor the product quality. The optimization results reveal that both the metaheuristic approaches offer minimum violation of the constraints and, therefore, validate their efficiency in solving such complex non-linear energy models.
The colossal increase in environmental pollution and degradation, resulting in ecological imbalan... more The colossal increase in environmental pollution and degradation, resulting in ecological imbalance, is an eye-catching concern in the contemporary era. Moreover, the proliferation in the development of smart cities across the globe necessitates the emergence of a robust smart waste management system for proper waste segregation based on its biodegradability. The present work investigates a novel approach for waste segregation for its effective recycling and disposal by utilizing a deep learning strategy. The YOLOv3 algorithm has been utilized in the Darknet neural network framework to train a self-made dataset. The network has been trained for 6 object classes (namely: cardboard, glass, metal, paper, plastic and organic waste). Moreover, for comparative assessment, the detection task has also been performed using YOLOv3-tiny to validate the competence of the YOLOv3 algorithm. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed YOLOv3 methodology yields satisfactory generalizatio...
This review aims to synthesize a published set of evaluative criteria for good qualitative resear... more This review aims to synthesize a published set of evaluative criteria for good qualitative research. The aim is to shed light on existing standards for assessing the rigor of qualitative research encompassing a range of epistemological and ontological standpoints. Using a systematic search strategy, published journal articles that deliberate criteria for rigorous research were identified. Then, references of relevant articles were surveyed to find noteworthy, distinct, and well-defined pointers to good qualitative research. This review presents an investigative assessment of the pivotal features in qualitative research that can permit the readers to pass judgment on its quality and to condemn it as good research when objectively and adequately utilized. Overall, this review underlines the crux of qualitative research and accentuates the necessity to evaluate such research by the very tenets of its being. It also offers some prospects and recommendations to improve the quality of qua...
The International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education, 2018
This article provides a didactic platform that is developed to improve the teaching as well as le... more This article provides a didactic platform that is developed to improve the teaching as well as learning of “design of compensators” in control systems engineering. The educational tool comprises a graphical user interface in MATLAB. The graphical user interface permits an individual to investigate various parameters involved in the design of the required compensator, which includes percentage overshoot, peak time, and velocity error constant and observe the results dynamically as the parameters change. The approach used in this article for the design of compensators is based on the frequency response analysis. One can obtain various plots including unit step response plot, Bode plot, and root locus plot for uncompensated and compensated systems to have a better understanding of the designed compensator.
The global explosion of the COVID-19 pandemic has created worldwide unprecedented health and econ... more The global explosion of the COVID-19 pandemic has created worldwide unprecedented health and economic challenges which stimulated one of the biggest annual migrations globally. In the Indian context, even after proactive decisions taken by the Government, the continual growth of COVID-19 raises questions regarding its extent and severity. The present work utilizes the susceptible-infected-recovered-death (SIRD) compartment model for parameter estimation and fruitful prediction of COVID-19. Further, various optimization techniques such as particle swarm optimization (PSO), gradient (G), pattern search (PS) and their hybrid are employed to solve the considered model. The simulation study endorse the efficiency of PSO (with or without G) and G+PS+G over other techniques for ongoing pandemic assessment. The key parametric values including characteristic time of infection and death and reproduction number have been estimated as 60 days, 67 days and 4.78 respectively by utilizing the opti...
This article provides a comprehensive review of the recent trends and applications of BCIs. This ... more This article provides a comprehensive review of the recent trends and applications of BCIs. This review also provides future directions towards the acceleration and maturation of BCI technology. Based on a methodical search strategy, major technical databases were searched in quest of research papers of average and outstanding interest. A total of 188 research works were included within this review due to their suitability and state-of-the-art achievements. This review identifies various eminent applications of BCIs in medical and non-medical domains. The findings of this review reveal the need for further exploration of BCI devices outside the laboratory-based settings for their development and seamless integration. In addition, applications of BCIs, including neuromarketing, neurorehabilitation, and neuroergonomics, require additional investigations for further validation and fruition of BCI technology. Based on this review, it is concluded that BCIs are in their embryonic stage a...
Black liquor, a residual stream from the Kraft recovery process of paper mills is an incipient bi... more Black liquor, a residual stream from the Kraft recovery process of paper mills is an incipient biomass energy resource which finds prospective biofuel-based industrial applications to ensure process self-sufficiency and sustainability. Black liquor is concentrated using Multiple Stage Evaporator, the utmost energy intensive unit, before using it as biofuel. Pertaining to the contemporary global energy scenario, improvement in energy efficiency of Multiple Stage Evaporator becomes indispensable. The present work investigates the non-linear modeling and simulation-based optimization of Heptads' stage based Multiple Stage Evaporator in backward feed flow configuration integrated with various energy saving strategies. A novel metaheuristic approach, Water Cycle Algorithm has been employed to search the optimum estimates of unknown process variables and therefore, the optimum energy efficiency parameters. The optimization results demonstrate the efficiency of Water Cycle Algorithm in screening the most appropriate operating strategy, i.e., hybrid model of all energy saving strategies (steam-split, feed-split and feed-preheating) with optimum energy efficiency i.e. Steam Economy of 7.092 and Steam Consumption of 1.919 kg/s. Moreover, a comparative analysis of the results with previous literature and real-time plant estimates reveal that the hybrid model offers improvement of 52.84% in Steam Economy and reduction in Steam Consumption by 28.13% when compared to the real plant data.
Background: An uninterrupted channel of communication and control between the human brain and ele... more Background: An uninterrupted channel of communication and control between the human brain and electronic processing units has led to an increased use of Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs). This article attempts to present an all-encompassing review on BCI and the scientific advancements associated with it. The ultimate goal of this review is to provide a general overview of the BCI technology and to shed light on different aspects of BCIs. This review also underscores the applications, practical challenges and opportunities associated with BCI technology, which can be used to accelerate future developments in this field. Methods: This review is based on a systematic literature search for tracking down the relevant research annals and proceedings. Using a methodical search strategy, the search was carried out across major technical databases. The retrieved records were screened for their relevance and a total of 369 research chronicles were engulfed in this review based on the inclusion criteria. Results: This review describes the present scenario and recent advancements in BCI technology. It also identifies several application areas of BCI technology. This comprehensive review provides evidence that, while we are getting ever closer, significant challenges still exist for the development of BCIs that can seamlessly integrate with the user's biological system. Conclusion: The findings of this review confirm the importance of BCI technology in various applications. It is concluded that BCI technology, still in its sprouting phase, requires significant explorations for further development. 1. Introduction The ability to bridge the communication gap between man and machines through Man-Machine Communication Interfaces has led to the innovative use of human-computer Interaction systems. Moreover, BCI (Brain Computer Interface), a widely accepted Human-Computer Interaction system, has gained high popularity among the neuroscientific community. This organization of man-machine interface for communication has been illustrated in Fig. 1. BCI or brain-machine interface (BMI) is an effective device for communication between users and systems. It is an integration of hardware and software systems to facilitate interaction between humans and their surroundings. This interaction is achieved by using the control signals arising due to the cerebral activity (Van Erp et al., 2012). In general, a non-muscular channel is created to convey the intentions of the user to external devices (for instance, computers, assistive devices, neural prostheses, speech synthesizers) for controlling action. The emergence of BCI is usually associated with the development of effective communication channels in biomedical applications. The prime objective is to deliver communication capabilities to rigorously immobilized people. For instance, completely paralyzed or locked-in individuals with neurological neuromuscular disorders (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, brain stem stroke, spinal cord injury) are usually considered as prospective users. The developments in BCI have led to the creation of assistive devices which assist in the motor restoration and rehabilitation (Rao and Scherer, 2010; Bi et al., 2013). Thus, BCI validates its proficiency in improving the quality of life along with the reduction in the cost of intensive care (Kögel et al., 2020). Moreover, owing to the promising prospects of BCIs, the research community has widened the focus of BCI applications among healthy users as well with the emphasis on non-medical applications (Blankertz et al., 2010a; Tan and Nijholt, 2012
Proceedings of the 30th ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering
We introduce FIM, an open-source toolkit for automated fault injection and mutant generation in S... more We introduce FIM, an open-source toolkit for automated fault injection and mutant generation in Simulink models. FIM allows the injection of faults into specific parts, supporting common types of faults and mutation operators whose parameters can be customized to control the time of fault actuation and persistence. Additional flags allow the user to activate the individual fault blocks during testing to observe their effects on the overall system reliability. We provide insights into the design and architecture of FIM, and evaluate its performance on a case study from the avionics domain.
The eruption of COVID-19 pandemic has led to the blossoming usage of face masks among individuals... more The eruption of COVID-19 pandemic has led to the blossoming usage of face masks among individuals in the communal settings. To prevent the transmission of the virus, a mandatory mask-wearing rule in public areas has been enforced. Owing to the use of face masks in communities at different workplaces, an effective surveillance seems essential because several security analyses indicate that face masks may be used as a tool to hide the identity. Therefore, this work proposes a framework for the development of a smart surveillance system as an aftereffect of COVID-19 for recognition of individuals behind the face mask. For this purpose, transfer learning approach has been employed to train the custom dataset by YOLOv3 algorithm in the Darknet neural network framework. Moreover, to demonstrate the competence of YOLOv3 algorithm, a comparative analysis with YOLOv3tiny has been presented. The simulated results verify the robustness of YOLOv3 algorithm in the recognition of individuals behind the face mask. Also, YOLOv3 algorithm achieves a mAP of 98.73% on custom dataset, outperforming YOLOv3-tiny by approximately 62%. Moreover, YOLOv3 algorithm provides adequate speed and accuracy on small faces.
This paper introduces a novel population-based bio-inspired meta-heuristic optimization algorithm... more This paper introduces a novel population-based bio-inspired meta-heuristic optimization algorithm, called Blood Coagulation Algorithm (BCA). BCA derives inspiration from the process of blood coagulation in the human body. The underlying concepts and ideas behind the proposed algorithm are the cooperative behavior of thrombocytes and their intelligent strategy of clot formation. These behaviors are modeled and utilized to underscore intensification and diversification in a given search space. A comparison with various state-of-the-art meta-heuristic algorithms over a test suite of 23 renowned benchmark functions reflects the efficiency of BCA. An extensive investigation is conducted to analyze the performance, convergence behavior and computational complexity of BCA. The comparative study and statistical test analysis demonstrate that BCA offers very competitive and statistically significant results compared to other eminent meta-heuristic algorithms. Experimental results also show t...
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2020
The twenty-first century is the era of globalization and progressive civilization; our lives have... more The twenty-first century is the era of globalization and progressive civilization; our lives have become comfortable, technologically advanced and intellectual. Though humans have proved their proficiencies in every aspect, natural calamities are one of the phenomena that we can not impede. They are destructive, devastating and brutal. Wildfires, floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, etc. all bring about a great deal of economic, social, financial and mental crises not only to the affected people but also to the nation. Kerala floods in India were an extremely grave crisis that occurred in August 2018. The present paper illustrates the development of awareness and disaster management system for such disasters and hence, Kerala floods have been considered as a case study for this development. Further, Twitter is the most popular communication platform identified in the era of social media. In this article, the information has been extracted from Twitter about 2018 Kerala Floods near the affected region and throughout the country. The gathered information helps to select the most accurate scenario produced by Data Crawling. A detailed region-wise classification analysis has been attempted in order to develop an analyzed model for various charitable organizations and NGOs. This analysis provides a better insight into where to administer their relief campaigns.
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2020
Food processing, paper, chemicals, refining, iron and steel, aluminum, and cement are considered ... more Food processing, paper, chemicals, refining, iron and steel, aluminum, and cement are considered to be most energy intensive industries. Increase in high demand of energy and stochastic variation in gross profit of industries highly influence the energy consumption in these industries. Predicted improvements in energy efficiency in the industrial sector have high spirit of energy demand in industrial sector, particularly for the energy-intensive industries such as food, paper mills. Recycling is a key contributor specially; in the paper mills that improves energy efficiency. An approximate estimate reveals that one-ton pulp produces ~7-ton black liquor with energy of 14.0 MJ per kg of solids. Bio fuels produced from the black liquor is used in the recovery boiler, the solid content of the black liquor required to be escalation by suitable concentration in a Multiple Effect Evaporator (MEE). Hence, Kraft recovery process recycles the weak and organically (lignin) rich black liquor using MEE. However, MEE accounts about half of the total energy input to the paper mills, and constitutes the biggest integral section of their unit operations. Therefore, energy reduction schemes (ERS) are the most imperative issues which are still need to be solved. Hence, the present paper investigates the development of generalized linear mathematical model with simulation using numerical method to compute steam efficiency and steam consumption of backward and parallel feed flow arrangements.
This article presents the approximate solution of non-linear dynamic energy model of multiple eff... more This article presents the approximate solution of non-linear dynamic energy model of multiple effect evaporator (MEE) using Fourier series and metaheuristics. The dynamic model of MEE involves first-order simultaneous ordinary differential equations (SODEs). Prior to solving the dynamic model, the non-linear steady-state model is solved to obtain the optimum steady-state process parameters. These process parameters serve as the initial conditions (constraints) for the SODEs. The SODEs are exemplified as an optimization problem by the weighted residual function to produce their approximate solutions. The optimization task is to find the best estimates of unknown coefficients in the Fourier series expansion using two preeminent metaheuristic approaches: Particle swarm optimization and harmony search. Besides, the influence of the number of approximation terms in Fourier series expansion on the accuracy of the approximate solutions has been investigated. The solution of the dynamic model assists in the investigation of open-loop dynamics of the MEE. Moreover, the acquired results may assist in designing suitable controllers to ensure energy-efficient performance of MEE and to monitor the product quality. The optimization results reveal that both the metaheuristic approaches offer minimum violation of the constraints and, therefore, validate their efficiency in solving such complex non-linear energy models.
The colossal increase in environmental pollution and degradation, resulting in ecological imbalan... more The colossal increase in environmental pollution and degradation, resulting in ecological imbalance, is an eye-catching concern in the contemporary era. Moreover, the proliferation in the development of smart cities across the globe necessitates the emergence of a robust smart waste management system for proper waste segregation based on its biodegradability. The present work investigates a novel approach for waste segregation for its effective recycling and disposal by utilizing a deep learning strategy. The YOLOv3 algorithm has been utilized in the Darknet neural network framework to train a self-made dataset. The network has been trained for 6 object classes (namely: cardboard, glass, metal, paper, plastic and organic waste). Moreover, for comparative assessment, the detection task has also been performed using YOLOv3-tiny to validate the competence of the YOLOv3 algorithm. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed YOLOv3 methodology yields satisfactory generalizatio...
This review aims to synthesize a published set of evaluative criteria for good qualitative resear... more This review aims to synthesize a published set of evaluative criteria for good qualitative research. The aim is to shed light on existing standards for assessing the rigor of qualitative research encompassing a range of epistemological and ontological standpoints. Using a systematic search strategy, published journal articles that deliberate criteria for rigorous research were identified. Then, references of relevant articles were surveyed to find noteworthy, distinct, and well-defined pointers to good qualitative research. This review presents an investigative assessment of the pivotal features in qualitative research that can permit the readers to pass judgment on its quality and to condemn it as good research when objectively and adequately utilized. Overall, this review underlines the crux of qualitative research and accentuates the necessity to evaluate such research by the very tenets of its being. It also offers some prospects and recommendations to improve the quality of qua...
The International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education, 2018
This article provides a didactic platform that is developed to improve the teaching as well as le... more This article provides a didactic platform that is developed to improve the teaching as well as learning of “design of compensators” in control systems engineering. The educational tool comprises a graphical user interface in MATLAB. The graphical user interface permits an individual to investigate various parameters involved in the design of the required compensator, which includes percentage overshoot, peak time, and velocity error constant and observe the results dynamically as the parameters change. The approach used in this article for the design of compensators is based on the frequency response analysis. One can obtain various plots including unit step response plot, Bode plot, and root locus plot for uncompensated and compensated systems to have a better understanding of the designed compensator.
The global explosion of the COVID-19 pandemic has created worldwide unprecedented health and econ... more The global explosion of the COVID-19 pandemic has created worldwide unprecedented health and economic challenges which stimulated one of the biggest annual migrations globally. In the Indian context, even after proactive decisions taken by the Government, the continual growth of COVID-19 raises questions regarding its extent and severity. The present work utilizes the susceptible-infected-recovered-death (SIRD) compartment model for parameter estimation and fruitful prediction of COVID-19. Further, various optimization techniques such as particle swarm optimization (PSO), gradient (G), pattern search (PS) and their hybrid are employed to solve the considered model. The simulation study endorse the efficiency of PSO (with or without G) and G+PS+G over other techniques for ongoing pandemic assessment. The key parametric values including characteristic time of infection and death and reproduction number have been estimated as 60 days, 67 days and 4.78 respectively by utilizing the opti...
This article provides a comprehensive review of the recent trends and applications of BCIs. This ... more This article provides a comprehensive review of the recent trends and applications of BCIs. This review also provides future directions towards the acceleration and maturation of BCI technology. Based on a methodical search strategy, major technical databases were searched in quest of research papers of average and outstanding interest. A total of 188 research works were included within this review due to their suitability and state-of-the-art achievements. This review identifies various eminent applications of BCIs in medical and non-medical domains. The findings of this review reveal the need for further exploration of BCI devices outside the laboratory-based settings for their development and seamless integration. In addition, applications of BCIs, including neuromarketing, neurorehabilitation, and neuroergonomics, require additional investigations for further validation and fruition of BCI technology. Based on this review, it is concluded that BCIs are in their embryonic stage a...
Black liquor, a residual stream from the Kraft recovery process of paper mills is an incipient bi... more Black liquor, a residual stream from the Kraft recovery process of paper mills is an incipient biomass energy resource which finds prospective biofuel-based industrial applications to ensure process self-sufficiency and sustainability. Black liquor is concentrated using Multiple Stage Evaporator, the utmost energy intensive unit, before using it as biofuel. Pertaining to the contemporary global energy scenario, improvement in energy efficiency of Multiple Stage Evaporator becomes indispensable. The present work investigates the non-linear modeling and simulation-based optimization of Heptads' stage based Multiple Stage Evaporator in backward feed flow configuration integrated with various energy saving strategies. A novel metaheuristic approach, Water Cycle Algorithm has been employed to search the optimum estimates of unknown process variables and therefore, the optimum energy efficiency parameters. The optimization results demonstrate the efficiency of Water Cycle Algorithm in screening the most appropriate operating strategy, i.e., hybrid model of all energy saving strategies (steam-split, feed-split and feed-preheating) with optimum energy efficiency i.e. Steam Economy of 7.092 and Steam Consumption of 1.919 kg/s. Moreover, a comparative analysis of the results with previous literature and real-time plant estimates reveal that the hybrid model offers improvement of 52.84% in Steam Economy and reduction in Steam Consumption by 28.13% when compared to the real plant data.
Background: An uninterrupted channel of communication and control between the human brain and ele... more Background: An uninterrupted channel of communication and control between the human brain and electronic processing units has led to an increased use of Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs). This article attempts to present an all-encompassing review on BCI and the scientific advancements associated with it. The ultimate goal of this review is to provide a general overview of the BCI technology and to shed light on different aspects of BCIs. This review also underscores the applications, practical challenges and opportunities associated with BCI technology, which can be used to accelerate future developments in this field. Methods: This review is based on a systematic literature search for tracking down the relevant research annals and proceedings. Using a methodical search strategy, the search was carried out across major technical databases. The retrieved records were screened for their relevance and a total of 369 research chronicles were engulfed in this review based on the inclusion criteria. Results: This review describes the present scenario and recent advancements in BCI technology. It also identifies several application areas of BCI technology. This comprehensive review provides evidence that, while we are getting ever closer, significant challenges still exist for the development of BCIs that can seamlessly integrate with the user's biological system. Conclusion: The findings of this review confirm the importance of BCI technology in various applications. It is concluded that BCI technology, still in its sprouting phase, requires significant explorations for further development. 1. Introduction The ability to bridge the communication gap between man and machines through Man-Machine Communication Interfaces has led to the innovative use of human-computer Interaction systems. Moreover, BCI (Brain Computer Interface), a widely accepted Human-Computer Interaction system, has gained high popularity among the neuroscientific community. This organization of man-machine interface for communication has been illustrated in Fig. 1. BCI or brain-machine interface (BMI) is an effective device for communication between users and systems. It is an integration of hardware and software systems to facilitate interaction between humans and their surroundings. This interaction is achieved by using the control signals arising due to the cerebral activity (Van Erp et al., 2012). In general, a non-muscular channel is created to convey the intentions of the user to external devices (for instance, computers, assistive devices, neural prostheses, speech synthesizers) for controlling action. The emergence of BCI is usually associated with the development of effective communication channels in biomedical applications. The prime objective is to deliver communication capabilities to rigorously immobilized people. For instance, completely paralyzed or locked-in individuals with neurological neuromuscular disorders (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, brain stem stroke, spinal cord injury) are usually considered as prospective users. The developments in BCI have led to the creation of assistive devices which assist in the motor restoration and rehabilitation (Rao and Scherer, 2010; Bi et al., 2013). Thus, BCI validates its proficiency in improving the quality of life along with the reduction in the cost of intensive care (Kögel et al., 2020). Moreover, owing to the promising prospects of BCIs, the research community has widened the focus of BCI applications among healthy users as well with the emphasis on non-medical applications (Blankertz et al., 2010a; Tan and Nijholt, 2012
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