With the aim of making both cross-cultural and within-Turkey comparisons of young adults’ percept... more With the aim of making both cross-cultural and within-Turkey comparisons of young adults’ perceptions of their parents’ child-rearing practices with regard to acceptance, psychological control and firm control, the Children’s Report of Parent Behavior Inventory (CRPBI-30; Schludermann and Schludermann, 1988) was administered to 271 U.S. and 921 Turkish university students. Turkish respondents, from 3 distinct geographical areas of Turkey (Metropolitan, West and Central-East Anatolia), also completed a measure of horizontal and vertical collectivism. Acceptance scores were similar across cultures, while parents in Turkey were rated higher on psychological control and U.S. parents were rated higher on firm control. Acceptance was negatively related to both types of control scores in both cultures. Regional differences within Turkish culture were found in the impact of factors such as sex of parent, sex of child, educational level of parents, and level of vertical collectivism in predicting parental acceptance and control scores.
The extent to which culture moderates the effects of need for approval from others on a person... more The extent to which culture moderates the effects of need for approval from others on a person's handling of interpersonal conflict was investigated. Students from 24 nations rated how they handled a recent interpersonal conflict, using measures derived from face‐negotiation theory. Samples varied in the extent to which they were perceived as characterised by the cultural logics of dignity, honour, or face. It was hypothesised that the emphasis on harmony within face cultures would reduce the relevance of need for approval from others to face‐negotiation concerns. Respondents rated their need for approval from others and how much they sought to preserve their own face and the face of the other party during the conflict. Need for approval was associated with concerns for both self‐face and other‐face. However, as predicted, the association between need for approval from others and concern for self‐face was weaker where face logic was prevalent. Favourable conflict outcome was pos...
Perspectives on Human Development, Family, and Culture, 2009
&... more "The aim of the research reported in this chapter was to investigate the relationship to self-esteem of child-rearing practices of mothers and fathers in three generations of urban middle class Turkish families. A second aim was to investigate similarities and differences between mothers and fathers with regard to several dimensions in their parenting practices with sons and daughters – in other words, to examine the role of both sex of parent and sex of child in parenting practices."
Five questions regarding the nature of the moral sense, the origin of conscience, the development... more Five questions regarding the nature of the moral sense, the origin of conscience, the development of morality, variability in the moral sense, and the relation of morality to behavior are examined from the point of view of four theoretical approaches (psychoanalytic theory, social learning theory, cognitive-developmental theory, and evolutionary psychology). In addition, some concepts and findings from outside the four approaches are also touched upon. The moral sense is shown to be complex, comprising cognitions, feelings, and behaviors. The theoretical approaches disagree regarding the issues of whether conscience directly reflects social teaching, or is constructed by the developing individual. They also disagree on whether moral development is incremental or stagewise. Explanations of individual, gender, and cultural differences in morality differ across the four approaches. None of the approaches explains the relation of behavior to morality; rather, application of social psychological theories is suggested. More recent developments are briefly reviewed, supporting the view that the evolutionary approach and its extensions have become dominant in the field in recent years. Focus on social relations rather than individuals, emphasis on emotions rather than reason or action, pluralist views of the bases of morality, and functions of morality in group competition are highlighted as aspects of the newer approaches.
Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 2008
The link between audience characteristics and persuasion has been examined in extant research but... more The link between audience characteristics and persuasion has been examined in extant research but there has not been a focus on message variables. In the present study message sidedness effects are explored in relation to the link between self-esteem and persuasibility. Results indicated that self-esteem does not have a simple, direct effect on persuasibility. Rather, relational and personal bases of self-esteem provide better explanations for the complex relationship between self-esteem and persuasibility. Relational bases of self-esteem, but not general self-esteem, showed a main effect on attitude change. In addition, the two types of bases of self esteem showed an interaction with message sidedness in their effect on persuasibility. Message sidedness, bases of self-esteem, and gender interactions are also explored in explaining susceptibility to persuasion attempts.
It is also possible that your web browser is not configured or not able to display style sheets. ... more It is also possible that your web browser is not configured or not able to display style sheets. In this case, although the visual presentation will be degraded, the site should continue to be functional. We recommend using the latest version of Microsoft or Mozilla web browser to ...
To prepare a basis for a new model of morality, theories in the psychology of morality are review... more To prepare a basis for a new model of morality, theories in the psychology of morality are reviewed, comparing those put forward before and after the emergence of evolutionary psychology in the last quarter of the 20th century. Concepts of embodied sociality and reciprocal ...
This paper advances a theory of stereotypes of powerless groups in terms of the psychological fun... more This paper advances a theory of stereotypes of powerless groups in terms of the psychological functions served by the stereotypes. In a coercive power relationship certain behavioral constraints are imposed on the powerless group. Members of the powerful group observe the resulting behavior and make inferences about the character of the powerless group. These observations and inferences fulfill a knowledge function by providing information and interpretations about a part of the environment. However, because of the structure of the power relationship, the powerful group is dependent on the powerless group and violates its own justice norms. These potential threats to self-esteem are defended against by attributing the behavior of the powerless group to its inherent nature and not to its powerless position. These observations and attributions are legitimated as part of a larger system of explanation, and members of the powerful group accept them, not only to satisfy the knowledge and...
The study has a double purpose: to introduce a clarifying theoretical framework for the study of ... more The study has a double purpose: to introduce a clarifying theoretical framework for the study of justice norms, and to test the theory cross-culturally. It is proposed that the structure of an interaction situation determines the form of the justice norms which will be applied, such that reciprocity will be the governing norm in direct exchanges and equity will be the governing norm in mediated interactions. The hypotheses were tested in male and female high school students, in four 2 × 2 factorial designs, two each for a Turkish sample (N = 68) and an American sample (N = 69), with differentiation of inputs and outcomes as the independent variables. The hypotheses were in the main supported. Turkish and American responses were similar in the direct interaction conditions, although differences were observed in the mediated interaction conditions.
Despite the importance of the concept of cultural display rules in explaining cultural difference... more Despite the importance of the concept of cultural display rules in explaining cultural differences in emotional expression and despite the fact that it has been more than 30 years since this concept was coined, there is yet to be a study that surveys display rules across a wide range of cultures. This article reports such a study. More than 5,000 respondents in 32 countries completed the Display Rule Assessment Inventory. The authors examined five hypotheses concerning the relationship between display rules and individualism-collectivism (IC). The findings indicated the existence of several universal effects, including greater expression toward in-groups versus out-groups, and an overall regulation effect. Individualistic and collectivistic cultures differed on overall expressivity endorsement and in norms concerning specific emotions in in-group and out-group situations.
This study extends the investigation of the effects of war exposure beyond those previously docum... more This study extends the investigation of the effects of war exposure beyond those previously documented (e.g., increased stress and aggression and various types of psychopathology) to include moral reasoning. Three groups from two cultures with different levels of exposure to the 1998-1999 war in Kosovo were compared using Rest's Defining Issues Test. Possible effects of attachment style alone and in interaction with war exposure were also investigated. The results showed that exposure to war has (a) a very strong negative effect on moral reasoning with (b) no moderation by attachment style. However, the evidence suggests that war exposure may change the individual's attachment style from secure to insecure by inducing a more negative model of the other.
With the aim of making both cross-cultural and within-Turkey comparisons of young adults’ percept... more With the aim of making both cross-cultural and within-Turkey comparisons of young adults’ perceptions of their parents’ child-rearing practices with regard to acceptance, psychological control and firm control, the Children’s Report of Parent Behavior Inventory (CRPBI-30; Schludermann and Schludermann, 1988) was administered to 271 U.S. and 921 Turkish university students. Turkish respondents, from 3 distinct geographical areas of Turkey (Metropolitan, West and Central-East Anatolia), also completed a measure of horizontal and vertical collectivism. Acceptance scores were similar across cultures, while parents in Turkey were rated higher on psychological control and U.S. parents were rated higher on firm control. Acceptance was negatively related to both types of control scores in both cultures. Regional differences within Turkish culture were found in the impact of factors such as sex of parent, sex of child, educational level of parents, and level of vertical collectivism in predicting parental acceptance and control scores.
The extent to which culture moderates the effects of need for approval from others on a person... more The extent to which culture moderates the effects of need for approval from others on a person's handling of interpersonal conflict was investigated. Students from 24 nations rated how they handled a recent interpersonal conflict, using measures derived from face‐negotiation theory. Samples varied in the extent to which they were perceived as characterised by the cultural logics of dignity, honour, or face. It was hypothesised that the emphasis on harmony within face cultures would reduce the relevance of need for approval from others to face‐negotiation concerns. Respondents rated their need for approval from others and how much they sought to preserve their own face and the face of the other party during the conflict. Need for approval was associated with concerns for both self‐face and other‐face. However, as predicted, the association between need for approval from others and concern for self‐face was weaker where face logic was prevalent. Favourable conflict outcome was pos...
Perspectives on Human Development, Family, and Culture, 2009
&... more "The aim of the research reported in this chapter was to investigate the relationship to self-esteem of child-rearing practices of mothers and fathers in three generations of urban middle class Turkish families. A second aim was to investigate similarities and differences between mothers and fathers with regard to several dimensions in their parenting practices with sons and daughters – in other words, to examine the role of both sex of parent and sex of child in parenting practices."
Five questions regarding the nature of the moral sense, the origin of conscience, the development... more Five questions regarding the nature of the moral sense, the origin of conscience, the development of morality, variability in the moral sense, and the relation of morality to behavior are examined from the point of view of four theoretical approaches (psychoanalytic theory, social learning theory, cognitive-developmental theory, and evolutionary psychology). In addition, some concepts and findings from outside the four approaches are also touched upon. The moral sense is shown to be complex, comprising cognitions, feelings, and behaviors. The theoretical approaches disagree regarding the issues of whether conscience directly reflects social teaching, or is constructed by the developing individual. They also disagree on whether moral development is incremental or stagewise. Explanations of individual, gender, and cultural differences in morality differ across the four approaches. None of the approaches explains the relation of behavior to morality; rather, application of social psychological theories is suggested. More recent developments are briefly reviewed, supporting the view that the evolutionary approach and its extensions have become dominant in the field in recent years. Focus on social relations rather than individuals, emphasis on emotions rather than reason or action, pluralist views of the bases of morality, and functions of morality in group competition are highlighted as aspects of the newer approaches.
Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 2008
The link between audience characteristics and persuasion has been examined in extant research but... more The link between audience characteristics and persuasion has been examined in extant research but there has not been a focus on message variables. In the present study message sidedness effects are explored in relation to the link between self-esteem and persuasibility. Results indicated that self-esteem does not have a simple, direct effect on persuasibility. Rather, relational and personal bases of self-esteem provide better explanations for the complex relationship between self-esteem and persuasibility. Relational bases of self-esteem, but not general self-esteem, showed a main effect on attitude change. In addition, the two types of bases of self esteem showed an interaction with message sidedness in their effect on persuasibility. Message sidedness, bases of self-esteem, and gender interactions are also explored in explaining susceptibility to persuasion attempts.
It is also possible that your web browser is not configured or not able to display style sheets. ... more It is also possible that your web browser is not configured or not able to display style sheets. In this case, although the visual presentation will be degraded, the site should continue to be functional. We recommend using the latest version of Microsoft or Mozilla web browser to ...
To prepare a basis for a new model of morality, theories in the psychology of morality are review... more To prepare a basis for a new model of morality, theories in the psychology of morality are reviewed, comparing those put forward before and after the emergence of evolutionary psychology in the last quarter of the 20th century. Concepts of embodied sociality and reciprocal ...
This paper advances a theory of stereotypes of powerless groups in terms of the psychological fun... more This paper advances a theory of stereotypes of powerless groups in terms of the psychological functions served by the stereotypes. In a coercive power relationship certain behavioral constraints are imposed on the powerless group. Members of the powerful group observe the resulting behavior and make inferences about the character of the powerless group. These observations and inferences fulfill a knowledge function by providing information and interpretations about a part of the environment. However, because of the structure of the power relationship, the powerful group is dependent on the powerless group and violates its own justice norms. These potential threats to self-esteem are defended against by attributing the behavior of the powerless group to its inherent nature and not to its powerless position. These observations and attributions are legitimated as part of a larger system of explanation, and members of the powerful group accept them, not only to satisfy the knowledge and...
The study has a double purpose: to introduce a clarifying theoretical framework for the study of ... more The study has a double purpose: to introduce a clarifying theoretical framework for the study of justice norms, and to test the theory cross-culturally. It is proposed that the structure of an interaction situation determines the form of the justice norms which will be applied, such that reciprocity will be the governing norm in direct exchanges and equity will be the governing norm in mediated interactions. The hypotheses were tested in male and female high school students, in four 2 × 2 factorial designs, two each for a Turkish sample (N = 68) and an American sample (N = 69), with differentiation of inputs and outcomes as the independent variables. The hypotheses were in the main supported. Turkish and American responses were similar in the direct interaction conditions, although differences were observed in the mediated interaction conditions.
Despite the importance of the concept of cultural display rules in explaining cultural difference... more Despite the importance of the concept of cultural display rules in explaining cultural differences in emotional expression and despite the fact that it has been more than 30 years since this concept was coined, there is yet to be a study that surveys display rules across a wide range of cultures. This article reports such a study. More than 5,000 respondents in 32 countries completed the Display Rule Assessment Inventory. The authors examined five hypotheses concerning the relationship between display rules and individualism-collectivism (IC). The findings indicated the existence of several universal effects, including greater expression toward in-groups versus out-groups, and an overall regulation effect. Individualistic and collectivistic cultures differed on overall expressivity endorsement and in norms concerning specific emotions in in-group and out-group situations.
This study extends the investigation of the effects of war exposure beyond those previously docum... more This study extends the investigation of the effects of war exposure beyond those previously documented (e.g., increased stress and aggression and various types of psychopathology) to include moral reasoning. Three groups from two cultures with different levels of exposure to the 1998-1999 war in Kosovo were compared using Rest's Defining Issues Test. Possible effects of attachment style alone and in interaction with war exposure were also investigated. The results showed that exposure to war has (a) a very strong negative effect on moral reasoning with (b) no moderation by attachment style. However, the evidence suggests that war exposure may change the individual's attachment style from secure to insecure by inducing a more negative model of the other.
Uploads
Papers by Diane Sunar