Racial and ethnic discrimination

Prolongeant ses travaux sur la répression, Vanessa Codaccioni analyse et dénonce les ressorts de « la société de vigilance ». Surveillance massive, appel à la délation, légitimation de la répression : une nouvelle servitude volontaire est insidieusement imposée aux citoyens qui deviennent des acteurs incontournables de cette dynamique sécuritaire.

Prolongeant ses travaux sur la répression, Vanessa Codaccioni analyse et dénonce les ressorts de « la société de vigilance ». Surveillance massive, appel à la délation, légitimation de la répression : une nouvelle servitude volontaire est insidieusement imposée aux citoyens qui deviennent des acteurs incontournables de cette dynamique sécuritaire.

Chicha (2009) constate un « trou noir » dans la littérature en ce qui a trait au processus qui engendre une plus forte déqualification à l’endroit des immigrantes universitaires. Ce « trou noir » est considéré comme problématique. D’une part, le gouvernement québécois tente de mettre en place des politiques d’immigration qui recrutent des immigrants ayant un capital humain élevé dans l’espoir qu’ils s’insèrent facilement sur marché de l’emploi. D’autre part, la présence plus marquée de déqualification de ce bassin de main d’œuvre démontre un écart entre la volonté politique et la situation réelle en emploi de ces immigrants. Il semble donc exister un problème de discrimination systémique lorsqu’il est question de déqualification des travailleuses immigrantes. Par souci d’équité et dans l’espoir d’avoir une meilleure compréhension du processus menant à la déqualification des immigrantes les objectifs de cette thèse sont de 1- mieux saisir le concept de discrimination en emploi et 2- mettre en place des mesures mieux adaptées pour s’attaquer à cette discrimination.

Pour expliquer ce « trou noir », nous considérons que l’approche systémique est pertinente à cause de sa une vision holistique. Nous avons rencontré 52 immigrantes universitaires qui ont partagé leur parcours professionnel pré et post-migratoire. Les thématiques abordées touchaient à de nombreux sujets telles que leur formation, leur expérience professionnelle, leur stratégie d’unité familiale immigrante, leurs démarches concernant tant le processus de reconnaissance de leurs diplômes étrangers que leur insertion sur le marché de l’emploi, le climat de travail, etc.

Les résultats de cette recherche indiquent que la discrimination en emploi est toujours présente sur le marché de l’emploi au Québec. De plus, l’origine ethnique, tel que la couleur de la peau, affecte les attitudes, comportements et propos des acteurs du milieu du travail à l’endroit des immigrantes universitaires. L’application des typologies de Van Laer et Janssens (2011) et de Bonilla-Silva (2006) contribue à l’identification des attitudes, des comportements et des propos pouvant être considérés comme étant du racisme subtil.

L’un des avancements de cette thèse est l’amélioration du cadre d’analyse systémique afin de mieux comprendre les difficultés à l’emploi des immigrantes universitaires. Les différentes théories empruntées de la psychologie sociale telles que les théories de similarité attraction, de catégorisation sociale et de qualité d’échanges entre subordonné et supérieur (Roberson et Block, 2001) permettent de peaufiner ce cadre d’analyse systémique, puisqu’il permet de mieux saisir les relations, parfois complexes, qui peuvent s’établir entre les différents acteurs et résulter en de la discrimination flagrante ou subtile.

A sequel to the groundbreaking volume Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Western and Eastern Constructions, the present volume examines in depth interactions between Western racial constructions of East Asians and local constructions of race and their outcomes in modern times. Focusing on China, Japan and the two Koreas, it also analyzes the close ties between race, racism and nationalism, as well as the links race has had with gender and lineage in the region. Written by some of the field's leading authorities, this insightful and engaging 23-chapter volume offers a sweeping overview and analysis of racial constructions and racism in modern and contemporary East Asia that is unsurpassed in previous scholarship.


TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Illustrations and Tables
Conventions
Preface

1. Introduction: The Synthesis of Foreign and Indigenous Constructions of Race in Modern East Asia and Its Actual Operation, Rotem Kowner and Walter Demel
I. Antecedents: A Detailed Examination of Early Western Racial Constructions of East Asians
II. Interactions: The Fusion of European and Asian Constructions of Race
III. Nationalism: Interactions between Race and Ethnic Nationalism in East Asia
IV. Gender and Lineage: The Impact of Domestic and Foreign Racial Constructions

PART I: ANTECEDENTS
2. East Asians in the Linnaean Taxonomy: Sources and Implications of a Racial Image, Rotem Kowner and Christina Skott
The Linnaean Revolution and View of Humankind
Sources of Linnaeus’ Racial Perspective on East Asians
The Essence of Asia: Swedish Views of China
Swedish Reports and Linnaeus’ Revision of His Human Taxonomy
Linnaeus’ Legacy and the Unfolding Racial View of East Asians
3. Constructing Racial Theories on East Asians as a Transnational “Western” Enterprise, 1750-1850, Walter Demel
The Founding Fathers of Racial Theories: Linnaeus, Buffon, Kant and Camper
The Second Generation: Multiple Directions
4. The ‘Races’ of East Asia in Nineteenth-Century European Encyclopaedias, Georg Lehner
Classifying the Peoples of Asia
The Encyclopedias' Main Sources for Remarks on the “Races” of East Asia
Chinese, Japanese and Koreans: Descriptions of East Asian peoples
Stereotypes of East Asians in General Knowledge
Visual Representations of Race in Works of General Knowledge
Concluding Remarks
5. The Racial Image of the Japanese in the Western Press Published in Japan, 1861-1881, Olavi K. Fält
Background
The Oldest People on Earth
The Shining Japanese Race
Weak and Inferior Race
Praising the Endeavors of a Poor Race
Conclusion

PART II: INTERACTIONS
6. The Propagation of Racial Thought in Nineteenth-Century China, Daniel Barth
The Background: Imperial China and the “Other”
Stage I (1846-1851): Marques and Wei Yuan
Stage II (1851-1855): Hobson and Muirhead
Stage III (1855-1872): The Self-Strengthening Movement
Stage IV (1872-1892): John Fryer and the Chinese Scientific and Industrial Magazine
Conclusion: Chinese Intellectuals, Social Darwinism and Race
7. Learning from the South: Japan's Racial Construction of Southern Chinese, 1895-1941, Huei-Ying Kuo
The South Seas as Japan’s Backyard, 1895-1914
Japan's Expansion into the Southern Chinese Networks, 1914-1928
Chinese Anti-Japanese Nationalism and Japanese Discourses on South Seas Chinese, 1928-1936
Southern Chinese as Non-Han Races, 1936-1941
Conclusions
8. “The Great Question of the World Today”: Britain, the Dominions, East Asian Immigration and the Threat of Race War, 1905-11, Antony Best
Immigration and “the Awakening of Asia”
The Prophets of Race War
Critics of White Solidarity
Finessing the Racial Divide
Conclusions
9. “Uplifting the Weak and Degenerated Races of East Asia”: American and Indigenous Views of Sport and Body in Early Twentieth-Century East Asia, Stefan Hübner
Sportive Citizenship Training in the Philippines
Chinese Cooperation and Acceptance of American-Style Modernization
Japanese Resistance and its Defeat by American Style Modernization
Conclusion
10. Racism under Negotiation: The Japanese Race in the Nazi-German Perspective, Gerhard Krebs
Early Nazi Views on the Japanese Racial Position
Becoming More Aryan
The Problem with the Japanese in the Nazi Worldview
Continuing Mutual Mistrust
The End
11. Discourses of Race and Racism in Modern Korea, 1890s-1945 , Vladimir Tikhonov
Race and Its Uncertainties
The Emergence of Race Theories in Modern Korea: One of the Logics of the “Civilized World”
“Race” and “Ethnic Nation” in Colonial Korea, 1910-1945
Conclusion: Race as a Path to Modernist Self-assertion?
12. The United States Arrives: Racialization and Racism in Post-1945 South Korea, Nadia Y. Kim
Contextual Background: America Marches In and Mass Mediates
The American Military, Whiteness, and Imperialist Racial Formation
American Mass Media, White Heroes, and Counter-Hegemony
Blackness and Imperialist Racial Formation
Racism and Invisibility in Korean “America”
Concluding Remarks
13. A Post-Communist Coexistence in Northeast Asia? Mutual Racial Attitudes among Russians and Indigenous Peoples of Siberia, David Lewis
Discrimination against Siberian Peoples as an Outcome of Racial Prejudice
The Origin and Legacy of Russian Attitudes to Asians
Racial Attitudes among Indigenous Siberian Peoples
The Communist Model of Racial Modus Vivendi
The Impact of Prolonged Racism on Indigenous Siberian Peoples
Marriage as an Anti-Racist Means in a Multi-Racial Society

PART III: NATIONALISM
14. Nationalism and Internationalism: Sino-American Racial Perceptions of the Korean War, Lü Xun
Descendants of the Mongolian Hordes: American Perceptions of the Chinese
The Ambitious Wolf: Chinese Perceptions of Americans
The Mirrored Self: A Nation-State in the Making
15. Gangtai Patriotic Songs and Racialized Chinese Nationalism, Yinghong Cheng
Gangtai Patriotic Songs: A “Colored” Political Genre of Pop Music
A Tacit Collaboration between the Party-State and Capitalist Cultural Producers in Hong Kong and Taiwan
The Interaction between Gangtai Patriotic Songs and Chinese Popular Nationalism
Analyses
Concluding Remarks
16. Japanese as Both a “Race” and a “Non-Race”: The Politics of Jinshu and Minzoku and the Depoliticization of Japaneseness, Yuko Kawai
The Historical Trajectories of Jinshu and Minzoku
Being a “Race” and a “Non-Race” in Present-day Japan: An Empirical Study
Conclusions and Implications
17. Ethnic Nationalism in Postwar Japan: Nihonjinron and Its Racial Facets, Rotem Kowner and Harumi Befu
Premises of Nihonjinron
Nihonjinron as a Manifestation of Japanese Nationalism
Nihonjinron and Its Concern with Origin, Blood and Racial Hierarchy
The Impact of Race-Related Tenets on Everyday Life
Functions of Ethnic Nationalism in Contemporary Japan
Concluding Remarks
18. Ethnic Nationalism and Internationalism in the North Korean Worldview, Tatiana Gabroussenko
The Soviet Discourse of the Outside World: Conditional Internationalism
The North Korean Worldview in the “Soviet Era”: Echoing the Soviet Paradigm
Mono-Ethnicity as a Special Korean Virtue: The Evolution of the North Korean World Vision under the Influence of Juche
North Korean Propaganda about Foreigners from Inclusive and Alienating Perspectives
Conclusion

PART IV: GENDER AND LINEAGE
19. In the Name of the Master: Race, Nationalism and Masculinity in Chinese Martial Arts Cinema, Kai-man Chang
From Anti-imperialist Nationalism to Cultural Nationalism
Masculinities That Matter
Conclusion
20. Sexualized Racism, Gender and Nationalism: The Case of Japan’s Sexual Enslavement of Korean “Comfort Women”, Bang-soon Yoon
Korean “Comfort Women”: Drawn in as Substitutes
The Nature of Victimization
Colonial Policies and the Mobilization of Korean Women
Treatment of Korean “Comfort Women”
Lives under Sexual Slavery
Nationalism, Gender and Sexual Violence
Conclusion
21. “The Guilt Feeling That You Exist”: War, Racism and Indisch-Japanese Identity Formation, Aya Ezawa
Power, Discourse, and “Mixed Blood”
The Indisch and the Dutch East Indies
The Indisch Community under Japanese Occupation
Indisch-Japanese Relationships
Indisch-Japanese Descendants
Conclusion
22. ‘The “Amerasian” Knot: Transpacific Crossings of “GI Babies” from Korea to the United States, W. Taejin Hwang
“An Act of Both Humanity and Patriotism”: The Amerasian Immigration Act of 1982
“Confucius’ Outcasts”: The Korean Amerasian “Plight”
Inter-country Adoption of Korean “GI Babies”
Living as a “Mixed-Blood Child” (Honhyeola) in Cold War Korea
“Half-American Also is American”: Towards Migration
Conclusion and Postscript

PART V: CONCLUSIONS
23. The Essence and Mechanisms of Race and Racism in Modern East Asia, Rotem Kowner and Walter Demel
The East Asian Contribution to the Study of Race and Racism
East Asia’s Role within the Rise of Racial Theory and the Resulting Hybridity
Sources and Manifestations of Racism
The Close Links between Racism and Nationalism
The Role of Gender and Lineage in Constructions of Race and Racism
East Asia and the Future of Race and Racism
Contributors
Bibliography
Index

A chronology of all measures introduced by the National Socialist municipal administration and other perpetrator agencies against the Berlin Jews. The day by day chronicle, based on many hitherto unknown sources, provides the reader with a detailed and graphic picture of how the exclusion of the Jews from all spheres of public life unfolded over time and who was responsible for it. The introduction discusses the overlooked importance of local institutions for the radicalization of the persecution in the capital of the Third Reich, yet also touches upon the reactions and resistance of the Jews.

El objetivo principal de este documento es doble: en primer lugar, hacer un análisis de la situación de pobreza que enfrenta la población afrodescendiente en Cali, la ciudad con mayor concentración de la población afrodescendiente en Colombia; en segundo lugar, estudiar si la condición étnica-racial importa en los resultados socioeconómicos en esta ciudad. Se utiliza la Encuesta de Empleo y Condiciones de Vida realizada en 2012. Los procedimientos involucran el cálculo de la pobreza de acuerdo con la metodología monetaria y multidimensional, además de la estimación de ecuaciones mincerianas. Los resultados muestran que la población afrodescendiente exhibe una mayor incidencia en la pobreza ya sea monetaria o multidimensional, y en esta última con mayores privaciones en las variables asociadas a la educación; no obstante, en el modelo minceriano la condición étnica-racial sigue siendo importante en los diferenciales de ingreso. Esto significa que los peores resultados en términos de bienestar para los afrodescendientes no se explican meramente por sus menores dotaciones en educación sino también por la discriminación por condición étnica-racial en la ciudad.

This paper explores the role of emotions driven by sports as political drivers. To do so, I study whether the nationality compositions, player performance, and geographic distribution of the fan base of Premier League teams on the eve of the Brexit referendum. I find that increases in the relative performance of foreign players in the 2015-16 season produces economic and statistically significant increases in the Remain vote share by approximately 1 percentage point at the district level. I do not find evidence that the relative number of foreign players explains cross-district differences in voting. I also find that expectations are important and that the effects on voter preferences seem to display persistence over time. I confirm that these results are causal by implementing a series of falsification and robustness checks. This set of results implies that voter's priors about immigrants change not by considering exposure to foreign players (an extensive margin effect) but rather by considering their relative performance (an intensive margin effect).

Recent mock-jury research often has found no cvidence that White jurors are more likely to convict and impose harsher sentences on Black compared to White defendants. Drawing on social dominance theory (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999), this paper argues that this apparent null effect reflects that different racial biases shown by White jurors varying in social dominance orientation (SDO) cancel cach other out. A mock-jury study (n = 70) found no main effect for defendant race, hut evidence for a crossover interaction with high SDO individuals showing an anti-Black bias and with low SDO individuals showing a pro-Black bias in their guilty judgments and sentence recommendations. The discussion argues race is still a critical factor in Whitc jurors' decision making.

Convocation Address at Bethel University, August 29, 2016 about recent troubles in Minnesota, particularly the shooting of Philando Castille, and our responsibility as followers of the Gospel. There is an audio link also available. After you click the link, it's the first one in the queue; fast-forward to 15:00:  https://itunes.apple.com/us/itunes-u/2016-2017-chapel-college-arts/id1148681753?mt=10

Color de piel y clase social" and "Skin Color and Social Class" are respectively the Spanish and English versions of the article "Preconceito racial de marca e preconceito racial de origem-sugestão para um quadro de referência para a interpretação do material sobre relações raciais no Brasil", Anais do XXI Congresso Internacional de Americanistas [Annals of the 21st International Congress of Americanists], held in São Paulo, in August 1954, volume I, p. 409-434. This article was republished by the author in the book "Tanto preto quanto branco: estudos de relações raciais" (São Paulo: T.A Queiroz, 1985) [Both Black and White: studies in racial relations] and more recently by the magazine Tempo Social (vol.19 n.1, June 2007). The comparison between the different dynamics and characteristics of the racial situations in Brazil and the United States presented is the result of two important research experiences. The study referring to the Brazilian racial situation-"Relatório das relações raciais no município de Itapetininga" [Report on Racial Relations in the Municipality of Itapetinginga"-was published in 1955, as an integral part of the UNESCO Racial Relations Project and was republished in 1998 by EDUSP/SP as "Preconceito de Marca:as relações raciais em Itapetininga" [Brand Prejudice: Racial Relations in Itapetininga]. The study referring to the U.S. racial situation was not independently systematized and was realized from 1945-1947, while Oracy Nogueira conducted his doctoral studies, under the guidance of Everett Hughes, at the University of Chicago. In addition to the academic debates and the contact with the U.S. literature about racial relations, during this time Nogueira frequented black neighborhoods, black clubs and associations and institutions that fought racial discrimination. This rich experience is reported in detail in the Introduction to the book "Tanto preto quanto branco" (Nogueira, 1985) and much of this documentary material can be found in the Fundo Oracy Nogueira (IFCS/UFRJ. www.lauracavalcanti.com.br).

Despite the racial inequality in the Irish labour market, race is still not centred in the discourse. This article examines the skin colour based racism in the labour market particularly targeted against Blacks. It exposes the colour-coded hierarchy which attributes differentials in outcome to some form of deficit among marginalised groups. The article argues that a migrant deficit approach is counterproductive and should be discouraged as it perpetuates racial stereotypes and presupposes that labour markets are meritocratic socioeconomic environments.

This research is based on 243 interviews conducted in various workplaces and with a wide variety of individuals in modern-day South Africa. The research analysis unearthed a number of themes within the diversity discipline, however, for the purposes of this chapter we had to pick one theme for discussion. This chapter therefore focuses on the negative psychological effects which foreign employees experience in post-Apartheid and democratic South Africa. The dominant diversity discourse has been concerned mainly from a political and policy standpoint (Liff, 1996; Dandeker and Mason, 2001). However, an evolving workplace discourse is emerging, informed by a critical post-structuralist tradition which challenges the static demographic characteristics of individuals and the positive, empowering view of individuals with different capacities – in fact, it has focused our attention on how diversity operates in organisations (Zanoni and Janssens, 2004), economic efficiency (Litvin, 2002), the nature of professions (ibid.) and broader institutional settings (de los Reyes, 2000). These discourses, it would appear, serve mainly to control less-powerful employees, such as immigrant and foreign workers, through focusing on fixed, essential group characteristics. Unfortunately, they overlook the material structure within which such discourse occurs, rendering the system static to ensuing changes in its environment.

Across Latin America, online and digitally mediated racist speech directed at Afro-descendant youth has intensified existing racial stigma and contributed to the marginalization of minority groups in both online and offline contexts. Racist speech is not a new phenomenon in the region. However, such speech is often amplified through digital media platforms, including social media, and some claim its increasing prevalence may be contributing to the normalization of racism.

While racist speech online is prominent in both Brazil and Colombia, studies focused on Latin America are extremely limited and have addressed the overarching theme of online hate speech. Through interviews with leaders of civil society organizations (CSOs) and a review of existing literature, this study discusses efforts and interventions that CSOs have employed to counter racial stigma faced by the collective population of Afro-descendant youth in an attempt to understand and examine signs of impact related to hate speech in Brazil and Colombia, distinct from existing overarching studies of online hate speech.

Informed by in-depth conversations with practitioners working in the field, and working closely with collaborating institutions that directly serve Afro-descendent youth, the case study presents an over- view of the environment and context within which Afro-descendent youth impacted by racist speech exist. The interviews illustrate that most CSOs view digital racism as an extension of historical racial inequality. This case study documents the efforts of CSOs in the region who are helping to support the actions of young Afro-descendants to occupy roles historically denied to them, thereby deconstruct- ing negative perceptions and re-claiming representations of their identities and realities.

“Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire.” —William Butler Yeats (1889)

Welcome to our course, “Race and Ethnicity”!  These are not, needless to say, normal circumstances. This is the first time in four decades of teaching that I am doing so “online.”  It may be a new experience for you as well.  There are bound to be glitches (not to mention Murphy’s Law) as we adapt to the new conditions and challenges... but I have no doubt that we will overcome them together.  Our course, which begins on March 31, 2020, is being held in the context of the historic crisis we are all engulfed in, a once-in-a-century global pandemic that is not only bordering on a public health apocalypse but shaking all aspects of our lives and of our worlds (interpersonal, educational, occupational, financial, economic, political, residential, medical, social, cultural, psychological, familial)—requiring adaptations to rapidly changing and unpredictable circumstances.  (Like this online course, for instance!)  It is precisely in such moments of crisis—which shake our taken for granted notions and routines to their foundation, revealing the artifices of our social constructions of “reality” (including what we construct as “race” and “ethnicity”)—that a sociological imagination flourishes.  A folk saying has it that “when life gives you lemons, make lemonade.”  I look forward to making sociological lemonade with you this quarter.  The pandemic will not hit everyone alike, but will be patterned along hard lines of social and economic inequality and disadvantage—including race and ethnicity and immigration status.  Not everyone can “stay at home.”  Harsh realities are being exposed anew by this public health catastrophe... including the fact that SYSTEMIC RACISM IS A PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE... along with possibilities to reshape the structure of our societies in the calamitous aftermath. (But as Frederick Douglass famously said long ago: “Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and it never will.”)

We will read 1 book during our 11-week course: Race in America, by Matthew Desmond and Mustafa Emirbayer.
This is one of the very best textbooks on the subject that I have seen. The book is made up of 11 chapters, each about 40 pages (including many images, maps and graphics); you’ll be reading a chapter a week on average. 
The first 2 chapters spell out key concepts and address the historical invention and institutionalization of “race.” The next 8 core chapters (#3-10) focus on separate (but interconnected) fields of social life: political, economic, residential, legal, educational, aesthetic, associational, and intimate spheres (family, self, identity).  The last one, chapter 11, looks to the future: “Toward Racial Democracy.” In addition to the text, you will read a few supplementary readings, listed in the syllabus and course agenda.  In tandem with the course readings, over the next ten weeks I will regularly email you selected articles, reports, and analyses seeking to connect what you are studying to the breaking news of the day; while we cannot know now what may come in the coming months, we can be pretty certain that the issues addressed by our course will be at the heart of the historic crisis (or crises) that will engulf us.  By the end of the class you will have effectively a “curated” set of such accompanying relevant readings.

Tuesday March 31 is the start of our class.  Saturday April 4 marks the anniversary of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.  As I do every year at that time, as well as on the anniversary of his birth on January 15, I send my students an annual message of remembrance.  Please take time to read and reflect on it.

The goal of this class is to broaden your intellectual horizons; to study stress, not to cause it; to invite you to a memorable sociological adventure amid a global crisis that you and I will still be talking about many years from now.  And remember: Our course will end in June, but not our role and responsibility as members of the polis, as citizens as well as sociologists confronted by historic crises.  The critically informed citizen—whose voice is heard, who acts and votes and remains civically engaged—is racism’s worst enemy.  Becoming a critically informed citizen, ending racial domination and making a more just world is a lifetime commitment that never ends.  Silence is not an option at this (potential) turning point in the history of American democracy and racial justice, even amid a once-in-a-century pandemic.  Know that history.  Voice that history.  Read-think-write... and act.

"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere... Justice too long delayed is justice denied." —Martin Luther King, Jr.,  Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963)

Este artículo pone de relieve el carácter histórico estructural del racismo en las sociedades latinoamericanas y como su "naturalización" afecta las posibilidades de que personas y comunidades de pueblos indígenas y afrodescendientes puedan ejercer plenamente el derecho a la educación, con especial atención a la Educación Superior. El análisis enfatiza que este problema no solo afecta la calidad de la Educación Superior, sino también el ejercicio efectivo de derechos humanos establecidos en las normativas internacionales en la materia, y que forman parte de las constituciones nacionales y leyes de los países de la región y que los Estados tienen el deber de asegurar. Puntualiza, además que la incidencia de este problema ha sido reconocida por la 3ra. Conferencia Regional de Educación Superior de América Latina y el Caribe (CRES 2018), cuya declaración final incluyó recomendaciones respecto del papel que deberían jugar las instituciones de educación superior en la erradicación del racismo al interior de sus comunidades y en la sociedad en general. Con el fin de contribuir a hacer posible la puesta en práctica de estas recomendaciones propone contextualizar la idea de "racismo

These poems, composed in Somali and in English, provide a poetic reflection of the recently emerged debate on the theme of Caddaan Studies which means "White Studies". The criticism and counter-criticism contained in the debate dug so deep into life nerve of Somali Studies that over a thousand people participated. The poems, under the title "Inaugurating Caddaan Studies" were composed with a critical observation of the debate.

Islamophobic sentiments in the Western world have gained scientific attention, particularly after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. However, the effects of religious stigma on Muslim minorities’ identity formation have rarely been studied. Using structural equation modeling, this cross-sectional study examined direct and indirect effects of different forms of religious stigma on the national affiliation of 210 Norwegian-Pakistani and 216 German-Turkish Muslims. Furthermore, the study examined the mediator role of religious identity. Our results suggest that being a Muslim in Norway is more reconcilable with affiliating with the nation than being a Muslim in Germany. However, across the samples, the results indicated that various forms of religious stigma affected Muslims’ national identity and engagement in the public and private sphere in distinct ways. These effects were both positive and negative, differed between the two samples, and in Germany, were mediated by the participants’ religious identity. The findings indicated that the ways in which religious stigma influences Muslims’ national affiliation is context and culture bound.

Purpose Terminologies such as 'integrated marketing' and 'market segmentation' may be common parlance in contemporary marketing literature, but in postwar America they had distinct racial orientations mediated by a history of segregation. This paper examines the resonant discourses in the construction of the Negro market in postwar America and observes that the field of marketing provides a historiography where Negro marketing was constructed as dilemmatic and through a duality of the Black market impacting the well-established White market. A survey of marketing literature from the 1950s to the 1970s reflects a discursive turn from scepticism and caution in approaching the Negro market to evoking the ethical discourse and advocating equal rights for the Black consumer. Design/methodology/approach A review of articles on the topic reveals that research occurred in other academic fields beyond the remit of marketing and these different disciplines approached the issue of the Negro market from different research orientations and fields of enquiry. This paper focuses on academic literature that was published in marketing and business journals which were concerned with marketing to the Black community. The journals reviewed in this paper

A call for papers is now open for the forthcoming issue of JCA. Please submit your manuscript to jca@academicstudiespress.com. The deadline for submissions is November 15, 2019. All submissions are subjected to a blind peer review process. Your submission should comply with the authors’ guidelines, which may be found at https://www.academicstudiespress.com/s/InstructionsforJCAAuthors.pdf

This paper deals with Bourdieu’s relations of power (linguistic market) and Fanon’s Zone of Being and non-Being. The article is based on recent ethnographic sociolinguistic research in Andalusia, south of Spain. In this paper, I explore ways in which the decapitalisation of Andalusian speakers is part of a global hierarchisation of inferiorization. In this way, the language is a marker. A group’s devalued variety of language in the linguistic market is explained as ideology of domination with historical basis. Therefore, it is not a product of features of the no-legitimate language.

L'objet de cet article est de montrer le rôle des conflits associatifs dans les logiques d'engagement électoral dans les cités d'habitat social. À partir d'une enquête sociohistorique dans une ville anciennement communiste, il s'agit d'étudier comment les relations conflictuelles avec les élus (et plus largement l'administration municipale) contribuent à la politisation des responsables d'associations s'occupant de l'encadrement de la jeunesse des cités. Les contentieux concernent principalement l'attribution de subventions et de locaux, et l'absence de reconnaissance du travail des éducateurs investis dans l'animation associative. Les interactions avec la municipalité et les élus structurent la vision des militants associatifs et sont souvent à l'origine de leur mobilisation électorale. Ces « petits refus », pour reprendre le terme des enquêtés sont à l'origine de conflits qui peuvent mener à un engagement électoral local allant de la simple défiance de l'autorité municipale à l'opposition au sein d'autres listes. L'article s'appuie sur des monographies d'associations (proposant des activités sportives, artistiques et culturelles en direction de la jeunesse des quartiers) créées au cours des années 1980 et 1990, ainsi que sur les archives électorales des élections municipales en 1995 et 2001. Il mobilise également les témoignages des dirigeants associatifs comme des élus communistes. Alors que les militants de la gauche municipale considèrent les problèmes avec ces associations et leurs dirigeants comme mineurs et infrapolitiques, ces derniers participent pourtant activement à la politisation des acteurs associatifs, qui font souvent figure de porte-parole. Il s'agira d'envisager d'abord la politisation des acteurs associatifs à travers les conflits avec la municipalité puis les logiques d'engagement électoral dans une visée contestataire.

English
Small Rejections” Associative Conflicts with the City Council and Electoral Commitment in Underprivileged Neighborhoods

This article shows how conflicts between community associations and local power lead to electoral commitment in underprivileged neighborhoods. This work is based on historic and ethnographic investigations in a former communist city. Through the studies of three community associations, created between the 1980s and the 1990s and involved in sport and theater activities, the author identifies different difficulties that voluntary leaders have experienced. Some of these leaders explained their commitment in local elections, during the 2000s, is due to the lack of grants and premises for their association or the absence of recognition of volunteer work in the poor neighborhoods. The role of ‟small rejections” is central to understand their electoral commitment. In particular, because of the councilors did not detect these problems as political even if they strongly contribute in the process of politicization of volunteers. Firstly, this article deals with the perception of social injustice and discrimination experienced by the voluntary leaders, it then analyses their electoral mobilization.

Abstract
All kinds of conflicts, war and in particular the effects of the Second World War prompted the international community to develop standards that will protect the future of humanity from the disastrous effects of the dissemination of ideology based on the idea of the superiority of man over
man. One of the problems of today, not only in Europe but also in the world is discrimination based on age not only in the values around which are organized into society, expressed in the standards of constitutional and legal provisions, but also has a specific socio-economic impact. Discrimination based on age mostly affects older people. Phenomenon related to the elderly is often associated with the term “ageismu” which means discrimination based on belonging to a particular age group. Another problem is the problem of discrimination against people of unemployment and migration in order to search.It should be noted that one of the problems today in the integration of immigrants into the societies of the Member States of the European Union are cultural factors. Another problem people migrating for work is the separation from family, and thus very often leads to the breakdown of marriages. In terms of the relationship between human between immigrants and local communities lived for years and representing a majority believe there is a group of people of their own superiority against immigrants, whom they consider less intelligent or uncivilized. If immigrants are inferior to their discrimination is justified as part of the struggle for socially desirable goods such as jobs.
Extra-legal discrimination against immigrants in the EU Member States is widespread. As a result, immigrants occupy the holes of the social ladder, and do not feel full members of society. This situation poses a serious threat in the EU, as Member States will need in the future, tens of millions of immigrants in order to secure economic growth. Keep in mind that the public in the Member States of the EU are continuously getting old and many countries it is now a serious problem such as eg in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, etc.

This article explores the views of 906 football fans (96% of whom selfidentified as White), collected via an online survey from May-June 2019, regarding the impact of the leading equality and inclusion organization, Kick It Out, in delivering initiatives to challenge the multifaceted expressions of racism by some White English football fans. Whilst fans recognize the importance of raising awareness of racial discrimination, nearly three quarters of White fans do not engage with any Kick It Out initiatives. In the face of new challenges, including the largely unregulated space of social media, and a socio-political climate that has facilitated the resurgence of overtly expressed bigoted, colour and cultural-based racisms, the article stresses that the English football authorities must support the work of anti-racism organizations to increase their potency amongst White fans if racial discrimination is to be more effectively challenged in the future.

This paper presents evidence on the existence of customer racial discrimination in professional basketball from recent prices for the trading cards of former players in the National Basketball Association. Data were collected on the 258 active roster players in the NBA during the 1976-77 season, 133 of whom had cards issued that year. Maximum-likelihood estimation of a card-price equation is carried out, accounting both for the nonrandom selection of the players for whom cards exist and for left-censoring of the dependent variable. Overall, the empirical results suggest the absence of customer racial discrimination in the pricing of basketball trading cards. However, there is some evidence that the e ect of career length on trading-card prices is lower for whites than for blacks, and that the card-price premium for players who subsequently coached in the NBA is lower for blacks than for whites. 0003-6846 Ó 1999 Routledge

Youths under 18 years get trapped into the Juvenile Justice System after being suspected of committing a delinquent or criminal act. The United States tops in Juvenile arrests in the world. States like West Virginia, Alaska, Oregon, South Dakota, and Wyoming have the highest number of juveniles. However, an estimated 2.1 million youths under 18 years were arrested in the United States during a single year. This paper aims to address the current racial differences that exist within the criminal justice system. By addressing challenges like youths of color are more likely to be committed than white youths into the juvenile system will assist in curbing racial disparity. Statistics reveal that 42% of youths in the placement holdings are black youths, even though black youths make up for 16% of youths all over the United States. In California alone, African American juveniles take 27.5% while whites take up 15%. Even though the system's laws contain no racial bias, research shows that discrimination can occur where the system allows criminal justice officials discretion in handling offenders. Black youths take up for 15% of the total number of youths in the USA get they have the highest juvenile detentions of 42%, but it is difficult to deny these records since there is evidence like arrest and imprisonment records to back up this claim. The racial disparities exist from targeting the blacks, arrest, sentencing, imprisonment, and release. These actions promote discrimination among the black youths, and black youths are likely to get significant sentencing compared to whites for the same crimes committed. Different states in the United States have different racial disparities, California and Texas, blacks serve long sentences, unlike the whites. There are various causes of racial disparities like; some black residences are known for crime, and they have huge offence rates, unequal access to resources, judicial decisions, and racial prejudice. After the research, it was evident that racial disparity exists, and it can only be corrected by looking at the root cause of the problem widely, which is discrimination. Race plays a significant role when it comes to juvenile detentions. Youths of color are four times more probable to be detained, unlike white youths. The research designed a method of tracking racial disparities via a hypothetical juvenile jurisdiction criminal justice system. The paper will extensively dive into juvenile population characteristics, juvenile justice system structure, law enforcement, juvenile crime, juveniles in court, juveniles on probation by the state, juveniles in the correction by the state and foreign nations, and an analysis of all the findings. The extensive research will be able to answer all the questions to the problem of racial disparity.

Originally published in the Kyung Hee University Law School Journal (제44권 제3호), December 30, 2009; available here with the permission of Kyung Hee University.

The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (“ICERD”) promises to provide effective remedies against xenophobia and discrimination on the basis of foreign nationality in Korea. The treaty has been under-utilized and its legal status and proper role is largely unknown or misunderstood. Few appreciate the broad definition of “racial discrimination” under the ICERD and the implications for non-citizens. Even fewer are aware of the special relationship Korea maintains with the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (“CERD”) because of its recognition of the competence of the CERD to receive complaints and make recommendations under the optional Article 14 procedure. This article examines several real life contemporary scenarios under the ICERD analysis and contrasts results with other jurisdictions. In doing so this article hopes to encourage further study and utilization of the recommendations, observations and jurisprudence of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in deciding what equality will mean for the increasing number of foreigners who live in Korea.

En France comme dans de nombreux pays, le terme de discrimination s’est répandu dans l’espace public pour désigner une série d’atteintes illégitimes à l’égalité. Le renforcement du cadre juridique anti-discriminatoire depuis le début des années 2000, la mise en place – certes très limitée – d’un cadre institutionnel visant à rendre ce droit effectif (cf. la création de la Halde en 2005) et la mobilisation croissante d’acteurs divers autour du problème des discriminations attestent la montée en puissance de la catégorie de discrimination. Parallèlement, le terme s’est diffusé dans les sciences sociales, où il s’est trouvé approprié par des juristes, sociologues, politistes, économistes ou psychologues. Si la discrimination est une notion plurielle, construite au croisement des différents espaces où elle est mobilisée, elle reste fortement marquée par ses origines juridiques.

Ce dossier propose d’explorer les enjeux des usages de la notion de discrimination en sociologie, en accordant une attention particulière à ses rapports avec le droit. En adoptant comme point de départ une définition juridique de la discrimination, il s’agit de prendre au sérieux, d’un point de vue sociologique, les conséquences de cet ancrage initial. La définition par le droit tient en effet un statut particulier puisqu’en s’appuyant sur l’appareil étatique elle détient un pouvoir performatif particulier. Les articles qui composent ce dossier interrogent, de manière réflexive, les apports d’une articulation entre approches juridiques et sociologiques de la discrimination ; ils abordent en outre la catégorie juridique de la discrimination comme fait social en explorant, dans la perspective d’une sociologie du droit, ses usages concrets par des acteurs sociaux divers (militants, bureaucrates, sociologues, salariés, etc.). Ils posent ainsi la question de l’effectivité de ce droit, comprise comme l’étude de sa « validité concrète », mais aussi comme une interrogation sur la manière dont les acteurs se positionnent face à ce qu’ils considèrent comme un écart entre normes juridiques et normes sociales – et donc sur la façon dont ils se mettent eux-mêmes au service de l’effectivité de la règle de non-discrimination.


CONTENT

Editorial
Collectif

La discrimination, de la qualification juridique à l'outil sociologique
Laure Bereni et Vincent-Arnaud Chappe

Illégitimer des distinctions en droit: Stratégies politiques et enjeux épistémologiques
Juliette Rennes

De la mobilisation du droit à la réalisation du droit: Les actions de l'association catalane « Familles Lesbiennes et Gays »
Marta Roca i Escoda

En quête d'une introuvable action antidiscriminatoire: Une sociologie de ce qui fait défaut
Joan Stavo-Debauge

Le cadrage juridique, une ressource politique? La création de la HALDE comme solution au problème de l'effectivité des normes anti-discrimination (1998-2005)
Vincent-Arnaud Chappe

Victimes dans l'ombre de la loi: Une critique du modèle de la protection juridique
Kristin Bumiller (texte traduit de l'anglais par L. Bereni, V.-A. Chappe, S. Lacalmontie et F. Corson)

There is a wide consensus that the modern concept of race originated in Europe, and, by the same token, that in modern times this continent and its overseas offshoots had seen more than their fair share of extreme forms of racism. It is no wonder, then, that Western scholarship has focused on the racial attitudes towards and the impact of these attitudes on groups residing within these geographical domains. Notable among these are Black Africans in North America and Jews in Europe, and, to a lesser extent, also Amerindians and gypsies in these two continents, respectively. And yet, what is often forgotten is that in many cases European race theories targeted humanity in general, and that this broad scope also includes other groups, many of whom are virtually missing from the scholarship on race. Moreover, despite their cardinal role in this regard, Europeans have not been the sole producers of racial theories or the sole promulgators of racist agendas in modern times, and certainly not since the latter half of the nineteenth century. East Asia, as we have demonstrated in our earlier volume, Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Western and Eastern Constructions (2013), is a pertinent and timely case study for a broader analysis of the way in which the concept of race has developed and expanded and of the way in which the mechanism of racism operates. More specifically, we assert that a careful study of the Western (European and North American) racial views of East Asians alongside the racial theories that emerged in modern East Asia are of exceptional scholarly interest. Such a study is likely to shed light not only on the rise of the concept of race and on the spread of racism in modern times, but also on the turbulent interregional relations between the West and East Asia during the last two centuries as well as on the recent tensions and internal relations between China, Japan, and the two Koreas. In our previous volume, we did this by juxtaposing the constructions of race in these two regions. This structure helped us to present the origins, continuity and developmental similarities within and between the West and East Asia. In the present volume, we seek to go one step further by focusing on topics we dealt with sketchily in the

Woman's Theology - Black Women's Awakening is a chapter in the book Perspectives on Black Theology. Black Women have long been disenfranchised in our American society. Realizing the program format of Feminist nor the objectives of Black Theology adequately address the needs of Black women, Black women scholars created a organizational format that better served the needs of Black women in American Society. The contributions and value of Black women have long been ignored. Defining the roles of black women in American society was done by white society without giving consideration to the value of Black Women. This chapter of the book "Perspectives on Black Theology" gives insight into the foundation of Womanist Theology, Black women's interest to self-define and recommends strategies for Womanist to achieve the goals they seek to accomplish.

Zero-tolerance school discipline policies that are supposedly race-neutral disproportionately target Black, Native American and Latino students, especially those with disabilities. This enforcement often comes in the form of discipline meted out by School Resource Officers (SROs), or police officers tasked to handle matters of discipline in public schools. South Carolina's Department of Education issued a series of stakeholder-led recommendations in 2016 to mitigate this problem; however, they have not been officially adopted as regulations, making them formally unenforceable within individual schools. This report argues that South Carolina should adopt the proposed regulations set forth in the Department of Education's report to ensure the safety of all students, particularly those from vulnerable populations. In addition, South Carolina should also implement both internal and external oversight programs to monitor individual schools' compliance with state regulations.

Studies indicate that African American men report more personal experiences with discrimination than do African American women. According to the subordinate male target hypothesis, this gender difference reflects an underlying reality in which African American men are the primary targets of anti-Black discrimination. From the perspective of intersectionality theory, African American women and men experience racial discrimination differently; and therefore greater reports of discrimination among African American men might be a result of measurement bias that favors the experiences of African American men vis-à-vis African American women. To assess these perspectives, the authors analyze data from the 1995 Detroit Area Study and the 2001–2003 National Survey of American Life. The authors use multiplegroup confirmatory factor analytic models with latent means and categorical outcomes to observe the degree to which gender bias in measurement accounts for disparities in perceived discrimination among African American women and men. The results show that gender bias in the measures most often used to assess unfair treatment in social surveys is responsible for the gender gap in certain kinds of perceived discrimination among African Americans. Measures of everyday discrimination are mostly gender balanced, but measurement bias is responsible for a large portion of the gap in perceptions of major life discrimination and the entire gap when major life discrimination is attributed to race. The results highlight the importance of intersectionality theory for assessing discrimination, and the authors argue that revisions in the measurement of perceived discrimination are required to better reflect the experiences of African American women.