Papers by Fawad Baig, PhD
Media, War & Conflict
A picture is worth than a thousand words. Political cartoons are an important genre in media cont... more A picture is worth than a thousand words. Political cartoons are an important genre in media content and can be used as a tool for propaganda in peace and war times. Permanent hostilities and rising media outlets in the region between India and Pakistan increased the importance of media to cool down hostilities. This study attempts to explore the role of political cartoons in escalated tensions between India and Pakistan, due to the Uri base and Pathankot terrorist attacks in 2016. Therefore, two daily newspapers – DAWN from Pakistan and Times of India from India – published from 1 July 2016 to 31 December 2016 were selected for frame analysis. Findings revealed that both newspapers published 82 cartoons relevant to the study, 29 in DAWN and 53 in Times of India. Analysis of the data reveals that five themes are present in the cartoon content: blame game, Kashmir conflict, role of international actors, peace efforts and dialogue, and water dispute. Blaming the other is dominant in t...
The Routledge Handbook of Religion, Gender and Society, 2021
Sindh University Research Journal, 2017
Hypermedia systems give freedom of navigation to users but majority of these systems provide same... more Hypermedia systems give freedom of navigation to users but majority of these systems provide same view to all of them which cause lack of interest. Adaptive hypermedia technologies resolve this problem through personalisation. Adaptive hypermedia systems adapt to the users’ preferences and previous knowledge regarding one particular domain by maintaining user model. In this way, adaptation improves human computer interaction and leads users towards more relevant information. In this paper, the structure of adaptive hypermedia system (AHS) comprising of domain model, user model and adaptation model is described. Then types of user model and different methods and techniques used to implement adaptation mechanism are critically and comparatively discussed. Some future prospects are also highlighted.
This study explores the effect of media exposure on child’s psychology according to parental perc... more This study explores the effect of media exposure on child’s psychology according to parental perceptions. Aggression and self-concept are selected as parameters of children psychology. The combined role of education and occupation of mothers as moderators in relationship between media exposure and children’s psychology are also analyzed. A survey was conducted with 400 parents of school going children aged between 6 to 12 years. The results show positive association of media exposure with psychology, self-concept and aggression among children according to their parents. Furthermore, the education of mother moderates the relation between media exposure and self-concept positively, while mother’s occupation does not moderate this relationship. The results also indicate that mother’s education negatively moderates the relationship between media exposure and aggression among children, however the occupation of mother positively moderates this relation. This study concludes that there is...
Asian Social Science, 2015
Pakistani TV news channels have greater viewership than any entertainment channel which shows the... more Pakistani TV news channels have greater viewership than any entertainment channel which shows the political interest of Pakistani citizenry. This study deals with the consumption of TV news channels and its effects on the political participation, political knowledge and civic engagement of youth. Data collected from respondents (N = 246) of six different universities in two urban cities Islamabad and Lahore, showed that social connectedness and civic engagement of youth influenced the political participation while political knowledge was not affected. TV news channels consumption exhibited positive correlation with the political participation, political knowledge and civic participation as well as likelihood to cast vote. Though, this study did not trace the cause and effect relationship of TV news channels consumption with political participation, political knowledge and civic engagement.
This article analyzes the response of social media users towards content of TV channels and polit... more This article analyzes the response of social media users towards content of TV channels and political elite in online environment. Such analysis becomes essentially significant for developing countries like Pakistan where political leadership is plagued with corruption, media is partisan and public is highly polarized on religious and political views. Partisanship of TV news channels of Pakistan was explored through videos shared on their official Facebook pages on the issue of Panama Papers. Political rhetoric of elite was analyzed for the use of key words, hashtags and persuasive appeal. Polarization among audiences was also determined through sentiment analysis of comments on these posts. Results indicate that both selected Fecebook pages of ARY and Geo news showed bias in favor of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) and Pakistan Muslim League - Nawaz(PML-N) respectively. Key words and hashtags count showed different patterns on pages of Imran Khan and PML-N but both pages frequently employed pathos to persuade audience and emotional appeal garnered more response from public than any other appeal. But public sentiment expressed on any post did not correspond to partisan bias and rhetorical appeal. Public seem more motivated to detest the opponent than defending their own party thus indicating high level of polarization. The notion that people turn to information in consonance with their own belief, was also negated as people seem to watch videos incongruent to their political beliefs.
Viewership of traditional television is declining and social media will be a big challenge for TV... more Viewership of traditional television is declining and social media will be a big challenge for TV channels certainly; therefore TV channels themselves have started using social media as promotional strategy and for audience engagement (Nielsen & Sambrook, 2016). So, it is very interesting to explore that how social media users respond to TV channels content in online environment. Previous research on TV news suggests that media audience prefers news content aligned with their own political leaning (Iyengar & Hahn, 2009). Strong evidence of selective exposure on social media has also been found, in fact social network of extremely homophilic nature has provided further options of selectivity (An, Quercia & Crowcroft, 2013). This online environment has heralded new "weak preference-based effects models" in the research of media effects (Cacciatore, Scheufele & Iyengar, 2016). Gentzkow and Shapiro (2006) suggested that rationale media organisations may start providing more biased information to gain market share on the basis of this selective exposure. Political alignment of media content can be both ideological and commercial. Commercialisation and profit making motivates newspapers to tailor their content according to the target audience that is aligned with a particular political party (Peake, 2007; Mancini, 2013). So, this article will explore the level of partisanship in the content of posts related to politics shared by Facebook pages of TV channels. Further it will attempt to figure out the level of polarization in people's comments on the same posts. For this purpose Facebook pages of two popular TV channels of Pakistan ARY News and Geo News are selected. These two rivals support two different parties, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) and Pakistan Muslim League - Nawaz (PML-N) respectively. Content analysis will be done of the most popular posts of these TV channels' pages regarding political issues to know their level of partisanship. Sentiment analysis of the comments on the same posts will be done to see negative or positive sentiments of people towards any particular party to determine the level of polarization among audiences.
India is the largest democracy of the world with a vibrant mediascape and there is a complicated ... more India is the largest democracy of the world with a vibrant mediascape and there is a complicated relationship between Indian media and political systems. Using the approach of comparative media analysis and available literature, this study analyses Indian media on the dimensions of media and political systems developed by Hallin and Mancini (2004) in their book Comparing Media Systems. Indian political system is characterized by "clientelism" and "polarized pluralism" thus yielding high "political parallelism" and "instrumentalisation" of media at the hands of political and corporate elites. Commercialization of media has ensued weak professionalism among journalists and media organizations. However, Indian media may have a promising future because of early development of democracy and minimum state intervention. Indian media carries the features of all three media models proposed by Hallin and Mancini. Though, analysis reveals that Indian media system is dominantly closer to Liberal model of North Atlantic countries.
Kashmir is a bone of contention and flash point between India and Pakistan. It is a domestic and ... more Kashmir is a bone of contention and flash point between India and Pakistan. It is a domestic and foreign policy matter for India on which Indian filmmakers have produced films as well. As Indian cinema has evolved into a gigantic and impactful industry, it is quite significant to know how Bollywood presented this longstanding issue to its huge audience. In this paper, transition in Indian perspective is explored through content analysis of total nine Bollywood films released from 1992 to 2015 in the post-1989 scenario of Kashmiris' resistance. In these selected films, portrayal of Kashmiri, Pakistani and Indian characters and treatment of Kashmir issue are studied. Results reveal that portrayal of characters is one dimensional and dominant with one positive or negative characteristic. But, a weak and irregular transition in Indian perspective about Kashmir issue is observed. In earlier films, resistance of Kashmiri people was merely depicted as terrorism but in later movies sufferings of Kashmiri people are also shown.
Pakistani TV news channels have greater viewership than any entertainment channel which shows the... more Pakistani TV news channels have greater viewership than any entertainment channel which shows the political
interest of Pakistani citizenry. This study deals with the consumption of TV news channels and its effects on the
political participation, political knowledge and civic engagement of youth. Data collected from respondents
(N = 246) of six different universities in two urban cities Islamabad and Lahore, showed that social
connectedness and civic engagement of youth influenced the political participation while political knowledge
was not affected. TV news channels consumption exhibited positive correlation with the political participation,
political knowledge and civic participation as well as likelihood to cast vote. Though, this study did not trace the
cause and effect relationship of TV news channels consumption with political participation, political knowledge
and civic engagement.
This research paper investigates the role of media towards foreign policy issues between Pakistan... more This research paper investigates the role of media towards foreign policy issues between Pakistan and Afghanistan. For this purpose, it examines the type of coverage Pak-Afghan relations get in Pakistani newspapers Dawn and The News International, Afghan newspaper Afghanistan Times and Afghan news website Kabul Press. Content analysis of news reports from years 2013 and 2014 is done in order to know the framing of Pak-Afghan relations. Results reveal that Pakistani newspapers give more favorable and positive coverage than Afghan news media which tends to be more critical of Pakistan. Thus it is evident that media of both countries seems to be aligned with the foreign policy of their governments.
E-learning has become more learners centred because of adaptation. It is very difficult process t... more E-learning has become more learners centred because of adaptation. It is very difficult process to develop adaptive educational hypermedia systems because of complex nature of adaptation mechanism. There are several authoring tools through which it becomes very easy for everybody to develop such kind of systems. COFALE is also used for this purpose. It is an open source adaptive learning content management system. In this paper, we have assessed its quality through evaluating its object oriented design in terms of complexity, cohesion and coupling along with its usability in terms of adaptation features.
Majority of the online educational systems provide same content to all the learners without consi... more Majority of the online educational systems provide same content to all the learners without considering their personal needs, goals and educational background. This makes the learning process more difficult and boring. Adaptive hypermedia can enhance the quality of these systems through personalisation or customisation. Adaptive hypermedia based educational system (AHES) builds learners’ profile as a learner model and then presents the content to them according to their preferences and previous educational record. Development of
AHES is a lengthy and difficult process because it involves implementation of adaptation along with development of communication tools and digital library etc. To make this process easy, different authoring tools or frameworks are
available like AHA!, InterBook, NetCoach and COFALE. In this paper, their analysis and comparison are described through which selection of a framework to develop better quality AHES becomes easy.
Knowledge based expert systems have been using in different fields of life like medicine, process... more Knowledge based expert systems have been using in different fields of life like medicine, process controlling etc. Similarly,these systems are also being used in agriculture field in which different tasks from irrigation to harvesting are included. Expert system assists people in the making of environmentally sound and economically viable farm management decisions. Expert system can also be used as a training tool in agriculture sector because of its structured way of deriving knowledge and its explanation facility. There are some core areas of agriculture for which such type of systems have been developed and these areas include Pest management, Weed controlling, Fertilization, Farm planning, Agricultural engineering, Crop production, Natural resources conservation, Disorder management, Site evaluation, Variety selection, Marketing and finance management.
Digital Library is an electronic information storage system to fulfill the
pedagogical requiremen... more Digital Library is an electronic information storage system to fulfill the
pedagogical requirements of distance learners in web based education of science, social science, linguistic or literature etc. The basic components of digital library are Educational Resources in Electronic Form, Metadata and Users’ profiles. Development of digital library includes following phases: Identification of Requirements and funding, Hiring of Better Human Resource, Hardware Installment, Development of Learning Modules, Storage of Components, Interface Development and Security Issues.
The purpose of this study is to discuss the teaching methods and their application in different b... more The purpose of this study is to discuss the teaching methods and their application in different branches of mathematics taught at secondary level in Pakistan. Teaching methods of mathematics include lecture, inductive, deductive, heuristic or discovery, analytic, synthetic, problem solving, laboratory and project methods. Teachers may adopt any method according to the specific unit of syllabus, available resources and number of students in a class. Different merits and demerits of teaching methods along with the relevance of each method to the appropriate branches of mathematics in Pakistani context are explained in this paper.
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Papers by Fawad Baig, PhD
interest of Pakistani citizenry. This study deals with the consumption of TV news channels and its effects on the
political participation, political knowledge and civic engagement of youth. Data collected from respondents
(N = 246) of six different universities in two urban cities Islamabad and Lahore, showed that social
connectedness and civic engagement of youth influenced the political participation while political knowledge
was not affected. TV news channels consumption exhibited positive correlation with the political participation,
political knowledge and civic participation as well as likelihood to cast vote. Though, this study did not trace the
cause and effect relationship of TV news channels consumption with political participation, political knowledge
and civic engagement.
AHES is a lengthy and difficult process because it involves implementation of adaptation along with development of communication tools and digital library etc. To make this process easy, different authoring tools or frameworks are
available like AHA!, InterBook, NetCoach and COFALE. In this paper, their analysis and comparison are described through which selection of a framework to develop better quality AHES becomes easy.
pedagogical requirements of distance learners in web based education of science, social science, linguistic or literature etc. The basic components of digital library are Educational Resources in Electronic Form, Metadata and Users’ profiles. Development of digital library includes following phases: Identification of Requirements and funding, Hiring of Better Human Resource, Hardware Installment, Development of Learning Modules, Storage of Components, Interface Development and Security Issues.
interest of Pakistani citizenry. This study deals with the consumption of TV news channels and its effects on the
political participation, political knowledge and civic engagement of youth. Data collected from respondents
(N = 246) of six different universities in two urban cities Islamabad and Lahore, showed that social
connectedness and civic engagement of youth influenced the political participation while political knowledge
was not affected. TV news channels consumption exhibited positive correlation with the political participation,
political knowledge and civic participation as well as likelihood to cast vote. Though, this study did not trace the
cause and effect relationship of TV news channels consumption with political participation, political knowledge
and civic engagement.
AHES is a lengthy and difficult process because it involves implementation of adaptation along with development of communication tools and digital library etc. To make this process easy, different authoring tools or frameworks are
available like AHA!, InterBook, NetCoach and COFALE. In this paper, their analysis and comparison are described through which selection of a framework to develop better quality AHES becomes easy.
pedagogical requirements of distance learners in web based education of science, social science, linguistic or literature etc. The basic components of digital library are Educational Resources in Electronic Form, Metadata and Users’ profiles. Development of digital library includes following phases: Identification of Requirements and funding, Hiring of Better Human Resource, Hardware Installment, Development of Learning Modules, Storage of Components, Interface Development and Security Issues.