Papers by Dr. Shyam S. Khinchi
International Journal of Current Engineering and Scientific Research, Volume V, Issue-V Part II, 2018
Present study of climate change effect of biodiversity is reviewed, and result and accessible stu... more Present study of climate change effect of biodiversity is reviewed, and result and accessible study of rational study groups, expected at recognizing key study problems in this field. In numerous regions of the world, biodiversity is being decreased by mankind through changes in arrive cover and utilize, contamination, attacks of fascinating species and conceivably environmental change. Surveying the effect of environmental change on biodiversity is troublesome, on the grounds that progressions happen gradually and impacts of environmental change associate with different anxiety factors effectively forced on the earth. Research issues distinguished by Dutch researchers can be gathered into: (i) spatial and fleeting conveyances of taxa; (ii) relocation and dispersal possibilities of taxa; (iii) hereditary assorted variety and practicality of population of species; (iv) physiological resilience of species; (v) unsettling influence of utilitarian communications amongst species; and (vi) biological system forms. Extra research ought to be done on coordinate impacts of nursery gasses, and on connections between impacts of environmental change and natural surroundings fracture. There are as yet many holes in our insight into impacts of environmental change on biodiversity. An interdisciplinary research program could concentrate just on one or few of the recognized research issues, and ought to produce include information for prescient models in light of environmental change situations.
Ambika Book Agency, Jaipur, 2020
As a matter of most of the expertise explain the relationship
between insecurity of food and day ... more As a matter of most of the expertise explain the relationship
between insecurity of food and day by day rapidly losing of biodiversity
and challenging approaches proposing statements on this serious
problem. Given a substantial and developing human population, the
constancy of far reaching lack of healthy sustenance, and the immediate
and huge dangers the growing agricultural structure postures to
biodiversity, the objectives of giving global food security and ensuring
biodiversity appear to be mismatched. Several research studies
demonstrates that the current rural framework as of now gives
adequate nourishment on an overall premise, yet in doing as such
systematically undermines the limit of agro-ecosystems to save
biodiversity. Be that as it may, the accessible confirmation accentuates
the reliance of biodiversity and agriculture, and the critical part eachplays in the support of the other. Apart from this, our audit bolsters
claim that the answers for the issues of far reaching nourishment frailty
and biodiversity misfortune require not be totally unrelated, and that
it might be conceivable to cultivate both utilizing fitting option
horticultural practices. Agriculture and biodiversity have frequently
been viewed as isolated concerns. Despite the fact that biodiversity
supports quite a bit of cutting edge farming, the improvement of
contemporary generation frameworks has brought about broad land
change and accompanying biodiversity misfortune. With a specific
end goal to encourage a steadily developing populace, creative and
worthy methods for incorporating biodiversity preservation and
nourishment generation should be recognized. Keeping up assorted
qualities inside agrarian frameworks is not a novel approach but rather
one rehearsed by numerous smallholder ranchers all inclusive, in a
wide range of ways. The healthful and work advantages of various
creation frameworks are one method for accomplishing sustenance
security. Such frameworks are likewise stronger to atmosphere
actuated occasions or different stuns. Woods speak to a critical vault
of sustenance and different assets that can assume a key part in
contributing towards nourishment security, particularly if coordinated
into complex frameworks that are overseen for various advantages.
VL Media Solutions, New Delhi-110059, India, 2015
Introduction
Wetland are an important ecological feature of any landscape
which function as the ... more Introduction
Wetland are an important ecological feature of any landscape
which function as the basic habitat of a variety of faunal species
like waterfowls, birds, mammals, fish and insects. They are also
the meeting ground of migratory birds and hence prove to be
interesting sites of speculation for naturalists as well as bird lovers
and photographers. The Deepor Beel in Assam, India that covers
over 10,000 acres of area, is one of the most significant wetland
areas of the world. Besides being the breeding ground of around
17 globally threatened bird species, the most fascinating aspect of
this wetland area is that it is a major ‘staging ground’ of migratory
flyways. Not only this, the Deepor Beel is also the refuge for
endangered species like the Asiatic elephant, the barking deer, the
Chinese porcupine and the Sambar, Similarly the Wular Lake of
Kashmir, once the largest lake in Asia, harbours migratory birds
within the Central Asian Flyway.
Wetland areas are also a source of livehood to the people who live
in the villages in their periphery and catchment areas. Fishing and
transportation are the two foremost contributions of these areas
to human settlements around them. They also provide fodder for
domestic cattle and aquatic seeds such as giant water lily.
VL Media Solutions, New Delhi-110059, India, 2015
Introduction
Covering a total area of 78, 523 sq km, Assam state is enriched
by many geographica... more Introduction
Covering a total area of 78, 523 sq km, Assam state is enriched
by many geographical features. It is to be found in the central
part of northeast India. It extends between the latitudes of 24°8’N
- 28°2’ N and longitudes of 89°42’E - 96°E. It is bordered by
the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur,
Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya, and West Bengal. Assam shares
its international borders with Bhutan and Bangladesh and China
surrounds the international contours of the state. Comprising of
valleys, hills and the perennial River of Brahmaputra, Assam
Geography presents a fact file of the locational traits of the state. It
is connected to the rest of the country through a narrow strip known
as Chicken’s Neck in West Bengal. It comprises the northern
Brahmaputra valley, the middle Karbi and Cachar hills and the
southern Barak valley. The presence of mighty Brahmaputra
River has transformed the land into a fertile zone where numerous
cash crops are grown today. Due to its geographical location and
climatic conditions, Assam is credited for having quality alluvial
soil. In fact, its economy highly depends on agriculture based
activities. Crude oil and natural gas are also found in the region.
Assam also has astonishing wealth in the form of dense tropical
forests, paddy fields and lush tea gardens. The Plains of Barak
hills and Brahmaputra valley are the two locations that have
prominence in the geography of Assam. Comprising of valleys,
hills and the perennial River of Brahmaputra, Assam Geography
presents a fact file of the locational traits of the state
VL Media Solutions, New Delhi-110059, India, 2015
ntroduction
Climate variability results in changes in long-term weather
conditions globally. Mo... more ntroduction
Climate variability results in changes in long-term weather
conditions globally. More explicitly, climate variability denotes
a significant statistical variation either in the average condition
of the climate or in its variability that continues for long periods,
typically decades or longer (Vijaya Venkata Raman et al., 2011).
The risks associated with increasing climate variability pose
technological and economic challenges to societies which are
dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Climate change
perse is not necessarily harmful; the problems arise from extreme
events that are difficult to predict. More erratic rainfall patterns
and unpredictable high temperature spells consequently reduce
crop productivity. A significant change in climate on a global
scale will impact vegetable cultivation and agriculture as a whole;
consequently affect the world’s food supply. Developing countries
in the tropics will be particularly vulnerable. Vulnerability of any
system to climate change is generally regarded as the degree
to which a system is susceptible and unable to survive with the
adverse impacts of climate change (Schneider et al., 2007 and
Schmidhuber et al., 2007).
VL Media Solutions, New Delhi-110059, India, 2015
Introduction
Northeast India is the eastern-most region of India connected
to East India via a n... more Introduction
Northeast India is the eastern-most region of India connected
to East India via a narrow corridor squeezed between Bhutan
and Bangladesh. It comprises the contiguous Seven Sister State
(Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram,
Nagaland and Tripura), plus the Himalayan state of Sikkim. These
states are grouped under the MDONER ministry of the Government
of India. Except for the Goalpara region of Assam, the rest were
late entrants to the British India, the Brahmaputra valley area of
Assam became a part of British India in 1824, and the hill regions
were incorporated even later. Sikkim was annexed to the Indian
union through a referendum in 1975 and was recognized as part
of Northeast India in the 1990s. The northeastern region (NER)
of India is generally considered to be a backward enclave of a
progressing economy and one of the most challenging regions of
the country in terms of huge potentials to growth opportunities.
The NE comprises of eight north-eastern states of India and
these states are officially under the umbrella of North Eastern
Council (NEC), constituted in 1971 as the acting agency for the
development of the eight states and also by the Central Ministry
of Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER) was set up
in September 2001 and the North Eastern Development Finance
Corporation Ltd (NEDFi) was incorporated on 9 August, 1995
Edited Book, 2016
Biodiversity, encompassing genetic diversity, species, populations,
communities and ecosystems, a... more Biodiversity, encompassing genetic diversity, species, populations,
communities and ecosystems, and landscapes and regions, provides
countless benefits to humans at all these scales. It is not just an
accumulation of species; instead, it is the existence of species in situ
with all of their complex ecological and evolutionary interactions. Despite
being in limelight for decades, still the concept as well as the essence of
biodiversity is a poorly understood but valuable natural resource, which
is being lost and in many regions having attained the status of extinction.
The present book is one among the many sincere efforts to bridge this
yawning gap by presenting a broad overview of biodiversity. This
overview is just not a documentation but also an interpretation of
intrinsic benefits that need to be perceived which is far important than
the economic underpinnings that the human mind tends to realize.
Oxford Book Company, Jaipur, 2016
Micro climate is the climate near the ground (below 2m), that is, the
climate in which plants and... more Micro climate is the climate near the ground (below 2m), that is, the
climate in which plants and animals live. It differs from macro climate,
which prevails above the first few meters over the ground, primarily in
the rate at which changes occur with elevation and with time. Whether
the surface is bare or vegetated, the greatest diurnal range in
temperature experienced at any level occurs there. Temperature changes
drastically in the first few ten of millimeters from the surface in to the
soil or into the air. Changes in humidity with elevation are greatest
near the surface. Very large quantities of energy are exchanged at the
surface in the processes of evaporation and condensation. Wind speed
decreases markedly as the surface is approached and its momentum is
transferred to it. Thus, it is the greatest range in environmental
conditions near the surface and the rate of these changes with time and
elevation that make the microclimate so different from the climate just
a few meters above, where atmospheric mixing processes are much more
active and the climate is both moderate and more stable.
Oxford Book company, Jaipur, 2016
The cultivated peanut or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.),
originated in South America, is now gro... more The cultivated peanut or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.),
originated in South America, is now grown throughout the tropical
regions of the world. Groundnut, an important oil and food crop, is
currently grown on approximately 42 million acres worldwide. It is the
third major oilseed of the world next to soybean and cotton
(FAO Food Outlook, 1990). India, China and the United States have
been the leading producers for over 25 years and grow about 70 per
cent of the world crop.
Book Chapter, 2016
Variation is the law of nature. It occurs everywhere and every
moment. The variations take place ... more Variation is the law of nature. It occurs everywhere and every
moment. The variations take place at micro levels. The variations may
be linear or cyclic. The variety and variability of organisms and
ecosystems is referred to as biological diversity. Thus, biodiversity is
the variety of the life in all its forms, level and combinations. It includes
species diversity, genetic diversity and ecosystem diversity. It also refers
to the ecological complexes in the living organisms occur occur, and the
ways in which they interact with each other and their environment or
the non-living entity. At present, biodiversity can be concluded as a
result of a series of turnovers in the rate of evolution and extinction
since the geological past
Indian Streams Research Journal, 2013
Artificial or Natural things all are related with environment also called environmental component... more Artificial or Natural things all are related with environment also called environmental components and these components are continually changing in line with the importance of an international investment. Stability between environment and development cannot reaches under the required effects of globalization. Day to day urbanization become utilize centers rather than production. Concentrating on additional incomes and savings carries about the distortion of the urban environment, it contributes irreparable injuries to environment. To avoid this adversity also authorized methods, it is mostly essential to intensification to people's attention. Education about the environment is very essential tool in these measures. It will help to change people's perspective regarding environment that it will help to people may think in positive way with environmental education. The people who could have a great knowledge or environment savvy can provide on the solution of environmental problems. In this study that tried deals with the environmental problems as a replication of globalization, environmental education happenings will be highlighted as a proposal for solution.
ANVESAK, UGC Care Group 1 Journal, 2021
The groundwater is the most significant sources of water used in many situations or for
differen... more The groundwater is the most significant sources of water used in many situations or for
different purposes. The market of the ground water is affected at local level. The modern man has
adopted improved tools to extract the ground water for irrigation and other purposes. The large scaled
farmers have taken the advantage whereas the small scaled farmer have to suffer and pay extra capitals.
The distribution of ground water is not equal in Haryana as well as in India. There are farmers explained
as tubewell owners and non tubewell owners. This factor affect a lot in the accessibility of ground water.
The present study is an attempt to study the reasons for participation and not participation in water
markets across different Groundwater Availability Regimes in Haryana.
Key Words: Ground water, Water Market, Participant and Non-Participant, Accessibility, Groundwater
Availability Regimes.
Au-Fait Journal , 2021
India is known for its agricultural background from ages. The country is also
known for its dif... more India is known for its agricultural background from ages. The country is also
known for its different geographical structures and regions. There are different means of
irrigation used in the country. In northern states like Haryana, tube-well is one of widely used
means of irrigation. It is considered as a more reliable and flexible source of irrigation. As a
consequence of it, the farmers are facing reduced access like problem especially those who
have less technological knowledge and instruments. There are variations in tube-well
decontamination costs across land size classes in different regimes of groundwater
availability. The annual cost per hectare of groundwater also provides insight into the
disproportionate cost of attracting groundwater. The different regimes in the present paper are
categorized in terms of LGAR (Low Groundwater Availability Regime), MGAR (Moderate
Groundwater Availability Regime) and HGAR (High Groundwater Availability Regime).
The present research paper is an attempt to Analysis of Economic Accessibility of
Groundwater in Different Regimes of Haryana.
Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 2023
This study investigates the dynamic trends in land utilization within Sawai Madhopur district (Ra... more This study investigates the dynamic trends in land utilization within Sawai Madhopur district (Rajasthan) INDIA over a five-year period from 2017 to 2022. Using statistical analysis of land use data across various categories, including forest area, nonagricultural land, barren land, and others, significant patterns and changes are identified. The findings reveal a notable increase in forest area, indicative of successful conservation efforts, alongside a steady rise in non-agricultural land use, reflecting ongoing urbanization and industrial development. Additionally, reductions in barren land signify effective land reclamation efforts, while stability in other categories suggests consistent land management practices. The implications of these findings for environmental sustainability, rural development, and policy formulation are discussed, along with avenues for future research and action. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of land utilization dynamics in Sawai Madhopur district and underscores the importance of sustainable land management practices for socioeconomic and environmental well-being.
Remarking An Analisation, 2022
Land is a key natural resource and predictor of socioeconomic condition of any country. It has ve... more Land is a key natural resource and predictor of socioeconomic condition of any country. It has very deep impact on the growth and development of a region. Land use is also correlated with demographic ecosystem of a region with a kind of cause-effect relationship. Land-use change is a process which transforms the natural landscape by direct human induced activities such a settlements, commercial and economic uses, forestry, agriculture etc. For an agrarian economy like India land use is crucial which invariably depends upon factors such as irrigation, fertilizer, HYV seeds, agricultural mechanization and sophisticated agricultural techniques. Ever increasing population and its demand, land resources are degrading due to its unmindful and over exploitation. In absence of proper land use planning there is soil degradation, declining groundwater level, increased environmental pollution, declining agricultural land which creates concern for food security, poverty and livelihood for the common mass. Rajasthan has diverse agro-climatic region where different types of crops are being grown. Agriculture continued to be the backbone of Rajasthan economy as it contribute 25.19% of Gross State Value Added (GSVA) of Rajasthan (INDIA) (2019-20). Sawai Madhopur District region has plain as well as undulating terrain; hence optimal utilization of the scarce land resources through proper area specific policy is imperative for the overall balanced regional development.
Au-Fait Journal , 2021
We need to explain with this research paper that the horticulture editing design systen1 is evolv... more We need to explain with this research paper that the horticulture editing design systen1 is evolving in India, just as Hisar (Haryana) is developing his pay standard year after year. They use a lot of manure and ground water, which isn't the best material for his cash crops. We discovered that in this research area, 90% of ranchers take basically two yields per year: paddy and wheat. According to the Water and Soil Department lab survey, the review zone is conveying the limit of various harvests such as agriculture, horticulture, cotton, rice, wheat. maize, corn, and sugar stick, among others. The future productivity and negative effect on our well-being are unknown to all ranchers in this region. As a result of this research paper, all ranchers should be aware that excessive use of weedicides, pesticides, and compost can alter the water structure, reducing soil ripeness. According to this reformist rancher's proclivity, their established land would be turned to desert land in the not-too-distant future.
Au-Fait Journal, 2021
The basic issues that plague Indian agribusincss at present are the information shortfall and fou... more The basic issues that plague Indian agribusincss at present are the information shortfall and foundation shortage, particularly in the country territories. Issucs identificd with water system foundation, market framework and transport framework add huge expense to ranchers' activities. Another issue is absence of conveyance componcnts. There are various plans expected to get advancement Agriculture. Makers in distant inside zones and those districts that are less coordinated with business sectors actually experience the ill effects of absence of admittance to proper administrations (credit, inputs, market, expansion and so forth) L00sening development in downpour took care of zones has likewise come about in broad rustic misery. Expanding de-guideline of exchange has added new difficulties to Indian ranchers, who are compelled to contend on quality and costs on a few items in the fare market, yet additionally in homegrown business sectors. In any case, firequently just the huge ranchers can coordinate their crcation to suit the request cycles and quality norms and little and peripheral ranchers are avoided with regards to these courses of action. Every one of these advancements have prompted the development of agreement cultivating courses of action the vast majority of them drove by agri-business organizations. Indian agribusiness is basically little homestead horticulture with most of ranchers claiming under 1 ha of land. Little and minimal ranchers currently comprise more than 80% of cultivating families in India.
International Journal of Geography, Geology and Environment, 2021
The evaluation of increase is generally utilized in monetary research to discover the fashion of ... more The evaluation of increase is generally utilized in monetary research to discover the fashion of a specific variable over a time frame and used for making coverage decisions. The increase with inside the region, manufacturing and yield of garlic in Haryana vis-Ã -vis India changed into expected the usage of the compound increase function. The cropping sample and reading of various districts in developing exceptional plants in Haryana are assessed the usage of 3 requirements measures, namely (i) area quotient, (ii) crop versatility index, and (iii) district versatility index over the length 1999-2000 to 2019-20. This suggests that the region and manufacturing increase developments in Haryana had been high-quality at the same time as in yield increase a fashion changed into negative. But in case of India, the region, manufacturing and productiveness developments are high-quality.
International Journal of Geography, Geology and Environment, 2021
India is the country of agriculture. At present time more than 50% population is agriculture depe... more India is the country of agriculture. At present time more than 50% population is agriculture dependent and 15% contribution of agriculture in Gross Domestic Production. After independence India was struggling with food security. But in the 1960 Green Revolution took place in India. It changed the agronomic technology and land use pattern. In this context, the work is an attempt to analyze the changing village land use and cropping pattern in an agriculturally developed district of Hisar in Haryana under impact of Green Revolution. Data for the paper has collected from secondary sources like H.A.U. Hisar and international agency of agricultural development as well as from Patwari Records, Revenue Records etc. and randomly selected 35 villages. A few crops are effecting by the Green Revolution.
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Papers by Dr. Shyam S. Khinchi
between insecurity of food and day by day rapidly losing of biodiversity
and challenging approaches proposing statements on this serious
problem. Given a substantial and developing human population, the
constancy of far reaching lack of healthy sustenance, and the immediate
and huge dangers the growing agricultural structure postures to
biodiversity, the objectives of giving global food security and ensuring
biodiversity appear to be mismatched. Several research studies
demonstrates that the current rural framework as of now gives
adequate nourishment on an overall premise, yet in doing as such
systematically undermines the limit of agro-ecosystems to save
biodiversity. Be that as it may, the accessible confirmation accentuates
the reliance of biodiversity and agriculture, and the critical part eachplays in the support of the other. Apart from this, our audit bolsters
claim that the answers for the issues of far reaching nourishment frailty
and biodiversity misfortune require not be totally unrelated, and that
it might be conceivable to cultivate both utilizing fitting option
horticultural practices. Agriculture and biodiversity have frequently
been viewed as isolated concerns. Despite the fact that biodiversity
supports quite a bit of cutting edge farming, the improvement of
contemporary generation frameworks has brought about broad land
change and accompanying biodiversity misfortune. With a specific
end goal to encourage a steadily developing populace, creative and
worthy methods for incorporating biodiversity preservation and
nourishment generation should be recognized. Keeping up assorted
qualities inside agrarian frameworks is not a novel approach but rather
one rehearsed by numerous smallholder ranchers all inclusive, in a
wide range of ways. The healthful and work advantages of various
creation frameworks are one method for accomplishing sustenance
security. Such frameworks are likewise stronger to atmosphere
actuated occasions or different stuns. Woods speak to a critical vault
of sustenance and different assets that can assume a key part in
contributing towards nourishment security, particularly if coordinated
into complex frameworks that are overseen for various advantages.
Wetland are an important ecological feature of any landscape
which function as the basic habitat of a variety of faunal species
like waterfowls, birds, mammals, fish and insects. They are also
the meeting ground of migratory birds and hence prove to be
interesting sites of speculation for naturalists as well as bird lovers
and photographers. The Deepor Beel in Assam, India that covers
over 10,000 acres of area, is one of the most significant wetland
areas of the world. Besides being the breeding ground of around
17 globally threatened bird species, the most fascinating aspect of
this wetland area is that it is a major ‘staging ground’ of migratory
flyways. Not only this, the Deepor Beel is also the refuge for
endangered species like the Asiatic elephant, the barking deer, the
Chinese porcupine and the Sambar, Similarly the Wular Lake of
Kashmir, once the largest lake in Asia, harbours migratory birds
within the Central Asian Flyway.
Wetland areas are also a source of livehood to the people who live
in the villages in their periphery and catchment areas. Fishing and
transportation are the two foremost contributions of these areas
to human settlements around them. They also provide fodder for
domestic cattle and aquatic seeds such as giant water lily.
Covering a total area of 78, 523 sq km, Assam state is enriched
by many geographical features. It is to be found in the central
part of northeast India. It extends between the latitudes of 24°8’N
- 28°2’ N and longitudes of 89°42’E - 96°E. It is bordered by
the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur,
Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya, and West Bengal. Assam shares
its international borders with Bhutan and Bangladesh and China
surrounds the international contours of the state. Comprising of
valleys, hills and the perennial River of Brahmaputra, Assam
Geography presents a fact file of the locational traits of the state. It
is connected to the rest of the country through a narrow strip known
as Chicken’s Neck in West Bengal. It comprises the northern
Brahmaputra valley, the middle Karbi and Cachar hills and the
southern Barak valley. The presence of mighty Brahmaputra
River has transformed the land into a fertile zone where numerous
cash crops are grown today. Due to its geographical location and
climatic conditions, Assam is credited for having quality alluvial
soil. In fact, its economy highly depends on agriculture based
activities. Crude oil and natural gas are also found in the region.
Assam also has astonishing wealth in the form of dense tropical
forests, paddy fields and lush tea gardens. The Plains of Barak
hills and Brahmaputra valley are the two locations that have
prominence in the geography of Assam. Comprising of valleys,
hills and the perennial River of Brahmaputra, Assam Geography
presents a fact file of the locational traits of the state
Climate variability results in changes in long-term weather
conditions globally. More explicitly, climate variability denotes
a significant statistical variation either in the average condition
of the climate or in its variability that continues for long periods,
typically decades or longer (Vijaya Venkata Raman et al., 2011).
The risks associated with increasing climate variability pose
technological and economic challenges to societies which are
dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Climate change
perse is not necessarily harmful; the problems arise from extreme
events that are difficult to predict. More erratic rainfall patterns
and unpredictable high temperature spells consequently reduce
crop productivity. A significant change in climate on a global
scale will impact vegetable cultivation and agriculture as a whole;
consequently affect the world’s food supply. Developing countries
in the tropics will be particularly vulnerable. Vulnerability of any
system to climate change is generally regarded as the degree
to which a system is susceptible and unable to survive with the
adverse impacts of climate change (Schneider et al., 2007 and
Schmidhuber et al., 2007).
Northeast India is the eastern-most region of India connected
to East India via a narrow corridor squeezed between Bhutan
and Bangladesh. It comprises the contiguous Seven Sister State
(Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram,
Nagaland and Tripura), plus the Himalayan state of Sikkim. These
states are grouped under the MDONER ministry of the Government
of India. Except for the Goalpara region of Assam, the rest were
late entrants to the British India, the Brahmaputra valley area of
Assam became a part of British India in 1824, and the hill regions
were incorporated even later. Sikkim was annexed to the Indian
union through a referendum in 1975 and was recognized as part
of Northeast India in the 1990s. The northeastern region (NER)
of India is generally considered to be a backward enclave of a
progressing economy and one of the most challenging regions of
the country in terms of huge potentials to growth opportunities.
The NE comprises of eight north-eastern states of India and
these states are officially under the umbrella of North Eastern
Council (NEC), constituted in 1971 as the acting agency for the
development of the eight states and also by the Central Ministry
of Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER) was set up
in September 2001 and the North Eastern Development Finance
Corporation Ltd (NEDFi) was incorporated on 9 August, 1995
communities and ecosystems, and landscapes and regions, provides
countless benefits to humans at all these scales. It is not just an
accumulation of species; instead, it is the existence of species in situ
with all of their complex ecological and evolutionary interactions. Despite
being in limelight for decades, still the concept as well as the essence of
biodiversity is a poorly understood but valuable natural resource, which
is being lost and in many regions having attained the status of extinction.
The present book is one among the many sincere efforts to bridge this
yawning gap by presenting a broad overview of biodiversity. This
overview is just not a documentation but also an interpretation of
intrinsic benefits that need to be perceived which is far important than
the economic underpinnings that the human mind tends to realize.
climate in which plants and animals live. It differs from macro climate,
which prevails above the first few meters over the ground, primarily in
the rate at which changes occur with elevation and with time. Whether
the surface is bare or vegetated, the greatest diurnal range in
temperature experienced at any level occurs there. Temperature changes
drastically in the first few ten of millimeters from the surface in to the
soil or into the air. Changes in humidity with elevation are greatest
near the surface. Very large quantities of energy are exchanged at the
surface in the processes of evaporation and condensation. Wind speed
decreases markedly as the surface is approached and its momentum is
transferred to it. Thus, it is the greatest range in environmental
conditions near the surface and the rate of these changes with time and
elevation that make the microclimate so different from the climate just
a few meters above, where atmospheric mixing processes are much more
active and the climate is both moderate and more stable.
originated in South America, is now grown throughout the tropical
regions of the world. Groundnut, an important oil and food crop, is
currently grown on approximately 42 million acres worldwide. It is the
third major oilseed of the world next to soybean and cotton
(FAO Food Outlook, 1990). India, China and the United States have
been the leading producers for over 25 years and grow about 70 per
cent of the world crop.
moment. The variations take place at micro levels. The variations may
be linear or cyclic. The variety and variability of organisms and
ecosystems is referred to as biological diversity. Thus, biodiversity is
the variety of the life in all its forms, level and combinations. It includes
species diversity, genetic diversity and ecosystem diversity. It also refers
to the ecological complexes in the living organisms occur occur, and the
ways in which they interact with each other and their environment or
the non-living entity. At present, biodiversity can be concluded as a
result of a series of turnovers in the rate of evolution and extinction
since the geological past
different purposes. The market of the ground water is affected at local level. The modern man has
adopted improved tools to extract the ground water for irrigation and other purposes. The large scaled
farmers have taken the advantage whereas the small scaled farmer have to suffer and pay extra capitals.
The distribution of ground water is not equal in Haryana as well as in India. There are farmers explained
as tubewell owners and non tubewell owners. This factor affect a lot in the accessibility of ground water.
The present study is an attempt to study the reasons for participation and not participation in water
markets across different Groundwater Availability Regimes in Haryana.
Key Words: Ground water, Water Market, Participant and Non-Participant, Accessibility, Groundwater
Availability Regimes.
known for its different geographical structures and regions. There are different means of
irrigation used in the country. In northern states like Haryana, tube-well is one of widely used
means of irrigation. It is considered as a more reliable and flexible source of irrigation. As a
consequence of it, the farmers are facing reduced access like problem especially those who
have less technological knowledge and instruments. There are variations in tube-well
decontamination costs across land size classes in different regimes of groundwater
availability. The annual cost per hectare of groundwater also provides insight into the
disproportionate cost of attracting groundwater. The different regimes in the present paper are
categorized in terms of LGAR (Low Groundwater Availability Regime), MGAR (Moderate
Groundwater Availability Regime) and HGAR (High Groundwater Availability Regime).
The present research paper is an attempt to Analysis of Economic Accessibility of
Groundwater in Different Regimes of Haryana.
between insecurity of food and day by day rapidly losing of biodiversity
and challenging approaches proposing statements on this serious
problem. Given a substantial and developing human population, the
constancy of far reaching lack of healthy sustenance, and the immediate
and huge dangers the growing agricultural structure postures to
biodiversity, the objectives of giving global food security and ensuring
biodiversity appear to be mismatched. Several research studies
demonstrates that the current rural framework as of now gives
adequate nourishment on an overall premise, yet in doing as such
systematically undermines the limit of agro-ecosystems to save
biodiversity. Be that as it may, the accessible confirmation accentuates
the reliance of biodiversity and agriculture, and the critical part eachplays in the support of the other. Apart from this, our audit bolsters
claim that the answers for the issues of far reaching nourishment frailty
and biodiversity misfortune require not be totally unrelated, and that
it might be conceivable to cultivate both utilizing fitting option
horticultural practices. Agriculture and biodiversity have frequently
been viewed as isolated concerns. Despite the fact that biodiversity
supports quite a bit of cutting edge farming, the improvement of
contemporary generation frameworks has brought about broad land
change and accompanying biodiversity misfortune. With a specific
end goal to encourage a steadily developing populace, creative and
worthy methods for incorporating biodiversity preservation and
nourishment generation should be recognized. Keeping up assorted
qualities inside agrarian frameworks is not a novel approach but rather
one rehearsed by numerous smallholder ranchers all inclusive, in a
wide range of ways. The healthful and work advantages of various
creation frameworks are one method for accomplishing sustenance
security. Such frameworks are likewise stronger to atmosphere
actuated occasions or different stuns. Woods speak to a critical vault
of sustenance and different assets that can assume a key part in
contributing towards nourishment security, particularly if coordinated
into complex frameworks that are overseen for various advantages.
Wetland are an important ecological feature of any landscape
which function as the basic habitat of a variety of faunal species
like waterfowls, birds, mammals, fish and insects. They are also
the meeting ground of migratory birds and hence prove to be
interesting sites of speculation for naturalists as well as bird lovers
and photographers. The Deepor Beel in Assam, India that covers
over 10,000 acres of area, is one of the most significant wetland
areas of the world. Besides being the breeding ground of around
17 globally threatened bird species, the most fascinating aspect of
this wetland area is that it is a major ‘staging ground’ of migratory
flyways. Not only this, the Deepor Beel is also the refuge for
endangered species like the Asiatic elephant, the barking deer, the
Chinese porcupine and the Sambar, Similarly the Wular Lake of
Kashmir, once the largest lake in Asia, harbours migratory birds
within the Central Asian Flyway.
Wetland areas are also a source of livehood to the people who live
in the villages in their periphery and catchment areas. Fishing and
transportation are the two foremost contributions of these areas
to human settlements around them. They also provide fodder for
domestic cattle and aquatic seeds such as giant water lily.
Covering a total area of 78, 523 sq km, Assam state is enriched
by many geographical features. It is to be found in the central
part of northeast India. It extends between the latitudes of 24°8’N
- 28°2’ N and longitudes of 89°42’E - 96°E. It is bordered by
the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur,
Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya, and West Bengal. Assam shares
its international borders with Bhutan and Bangladesh and China
surrounds the international contours of the state. Comprising of
valleys, hills and the perennial River of Brahmaputra, Assam
Geography presents a fact file of the locational traits of the state. It
is connected to the rest of the country through a narrow strip known
as Chicken’s Neck in West Bengal. It comprises the northern
Brahmaputra valley, the middle Karbi and Cachar hills and the
southern Barak valley. The presence of mighty Brahmaputra
River has transformed the land into a fertile zone where numerous
cash crops are grown today. Due to its geographical location and
climatic conditions, Assam is credited for having quality alluvial
soil. In fact, its economy highly depends on agriculture based
activities. Crude oil and natural gas are also found in the region.
Assam also has astonishing wealth in the form of dense tropical
forests, paddy fields and lush tea gardens. The Plains of Barak
hills and Brahmaputra valley are the two locations that have
prominence in the geography of Assam. Comprising of valleys,
hills and the perennial River of Brahmaputra, Assam Geography
presents a fact file of the locational traits of the state
Climate variability results in changes in long-term weather
conditions globally. More explicitly, climate variability denotes
a significant statistical variation either in the average condition
of the climate or in its variability that continues for long periods,
typically decades or longer (Vijaya Venkata Raman et al., 2011).
The risks associated with increasing climate variability pose
technological and economic challenges to societies which are
dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Climate change
perse is not necessarily harmful; the problems arise from extreme
events that are difficult to predict. More erratic rainfall patterns
and unpredictable high temperature spells consequently reduce
crop productivity. A significant change in climate on a global
scale will impact vegetable cultivation and agriculture as a whole;
consequently affect the world’s food supply. Developing countries
in the tropics will be particularly vulnerable. Vulnerability of any
system to climate change is generally regarded as the degree
to which a system is susceptible and unable to survive with the
adverse impacts of climate change (Schneider et al., 2007 and
Schmidhuber et al., 2007).
Northeast India is the eastern-most region of India connected
to East India via a narrow corridor squeezed between Bhutan
and Bangladesh. It comprises the contiguous Seven Sister State
(Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram,
Nagaland and Tripura), plus the Himalayan state of Sikkim. These
states are grouped under the MDONER ministry of the Government
of India. Except for the Goalpara region of Assam, the rest were
late entrants to the British India, the Brahmaputra valley area of
Assam became a part of British India in 1824, and the hill regions
were incorporated even later. Sikkim was annexed to the Indian
union through a referendum in 1975 and was recognized as part
of Northeast India in the 1990s. The northeastern region (NER)
of India is generally considered to be a backward enclave of a
progressing economy and one of the most challenging regions of
the country in terms of huge potentials to growth opportunities.
The NE comprises of eight north-eastern states of India and
these states are officially under the umbrella of North Eastern
Council (NEC), constituted in 1971 as the acting agency for the
development of the eight states and also by the Central Ministry
of Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER) was set up
in September 2001 and the North Eastern Development Finance
Corporation Ltd (NEDFi) was incorporated on 9 August, 1995
communities and ecosystems, and landscapes and regions, provides
countless benefits to humans at all these scales. It is not just an
accumulation of species; instead, it is the existence of species in situ
with all of their complex ecological and evolutionary interactions. Despite
being in limelight for decades, still the concept as well as the essence of
biodiversity is a poorly understood but valuable natural resource, which
is being lost and in many regions having attained the status of extinction.
The present book is one among the many sincere efforts to bridge this
yawning gap by presenting a broad overview of biodiversity. This
overview is just not a documentation but also an interpretation of
intrinsic benefits that need to be perceived which is far important than
the economic underpinnings that the human mind tends to realize.
climate in which plants and animals live. It differs from macro climate,
which prevails above the first few meters over the ground, primarily in
the rate at which changes occur with elevation and with time. Whether
the surface is bare or vegetated, the greatest diurnal range in
temperature experienced at any level occurs there. Temperature changes
drastically in the first few ten of millimeters from the surface in to the
soil or into the air. Changes in humidity with elevation are greatest
near the surface. Very large quantities of energy are exchanged at the
surface in the processes of evaporation and condensation. Wind speed
decreases markedly as the surface is approached and its momentum is
transferred to it. Thus, it is the greatest range in environmental
conditions near the surface and the rate of these changes with time and
elevation that make the microclimate so different from the climate just
a few meters above, where atmospheric mixing processes are much more
active and the climate is both moderate and more stable.
originated in South America, is now grown throughout the tropical
regions of the world. Groundnut, an important oil and food crop, is
currently grown on approximately 42 million acres worldwide. It is the
third major oilseed of the world next to soybean and cotton
(FAO Food Outlook, 1990). India, China and the United States have
been the leading producers for over 25 years and grow about 70 per
cent of the world crop.
moment. The variations take place at micro levels. The variations may
be linear or cyclic. The variety and variability of organisms and
ecosystems is referred to as biological diversity. Thus, biodiversity is
the variety of the life in all its forms, level and combinations. It includes
species diversity, genetic diversity and ecosystem diversity. It also refers
to the ecological complexes in the living organisms occur occur, and the
ways in which they interact with each other and their environment or
the non-living entity. At present, biodiversity can be concluded as a
result of a series of turnovers in the rate of evolution and extinction
since the geological past
different purposes. The market of the ground water is affected at local level. The modern man has
adopted improved tools to extract the ground water for irrigation and other purposes. The large scaled
farmers have taken the advantage whereas the small scaled farmer have to suffer and pay extra capitals.
The distribution of ground water is not equal in Haryana as well as in India. There are farmers explained
as tubewell owners and non tubewell owners. This factor affect a lot in the accessibility of ground water.
The present study is an attempt to study the reasons for participation and not participation in water
markets across different Groundwater Availability Regimes in Haryana.
Key Words: Ground water, Water Market, Participant and Non-Participant, Accessibility, Groundwater
Availability Regimes.
known for its different geographical structures and regions. There are different means of
irrigation used in the country. In northern states like Haryana, tube-well is one of widely used
means of irrigation. It is considered as a more reliable and flexible source of irrigation. As a
consequence of it, the farmers are facing reduced access like problem especially those who
have less technological knowledge and instruments. There are variations in tube-well
decontamination costs across land size classes in different regimes of groundwater
availability. The annual cost per hectare of groundwater also provides insight into the
disproportionate cost of attracting groundwater. The different regimes in the present paper are
categorized in terms of LGAR (Low Groundwater Availability Regime), MGAR (Moderate
Groundwater Availability Regime) and HGAR (High Groundwater Availability Regime).
The present research paper is an attempt to Analysis of Economic Accessibility of
Groundwater in Different Regimes of Haryana.
ecosystem, society, economy has been witnessing the focus of the
contemporary researches carried out by the scholars throughout
the globe. The biodiversity in ecosystem is also facing a severe
modification as well as a relentless decaying of varying magnitude
due to this climatic variability at spatial and temporal references;
and it has been making the biodiversity management process more
complicated to address the effort of synergy between the issues
of biodiversity conservation under the threat of global climate
change and streamlining the utilization of biosphere-resources for
the benefit of mankind.
The present volume targets to assemble the local response
pattern of biodiversity to the climate change, their associate
impacts on ambient socio-economic-politico-cultural processes
and the modern spectrum of biodiversity management targeting
an accelerated human development within its covers. Different
chapters of the books are written by authors, excerpting their
observations through original research works from different
part of the south-east Asia. Moreover, the authors from different
disciplines have enriched the book with their unique standpoints
of analysis that explore the contemporary updated methodological
dimensions in the study of biodiversity and allied area of
researches
photography. Aircraft and satellites are the most popular
and pervasive platforms used for remote sensing
observations. Topographical mapping, environmental
research, engineering, mineral and oil exploration, and
many more fields find use for aerial photography, which is
a subset of remote sensing. Aerial photography relied on
balloons & kites in the beginning, but with the creation of
airplanes in 1903, they have become the standard method.
Air and space-borne photography serves the purpose of
capturing diverse views of Earth, allowing observers to
witness the planet's flora, resources, and landscapes. These
images, obtained through various methods such as remote
sensing and aerial photography, depict landscapes from
above. A systematic overlapping flying pattern at a specific
height is employed in aerial photography, utilizing
satellites, balloons, helicopters, or aircraft to generate
photographic pictures. The primary objective of this
approach is map creation.