Plant evolution, nutritional genomics, and mineral nutrition have been well documented but no stu... more Plant evolution, nutritional genomics, and mineral nutrition have been well documented but no studies have focused on the molecular adaptation of crop metabolism to wide variations of mineral ion composition and concentration. Diversification of peanut species from primary centers of domestication in South America depended on metabolic adaptation to the mineral ion conditions of the newer habitats. Understanding the diversification molecular biology of peanut metabolic pathways will permit the synthesis of the best mineral ion combinations for doubling CO 2 assimilation. Valencia and Virginia cultivars belong to different subspecies of the tetraploid Arachis hypogaea. They were planted in the absence and presence of up to 99 mM (equivalent to 166 moles per hectare) of different mineral ions. Molecular properties of the primary metabolic pathways were studied by Northern analyses using Valencia glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)-synthesized RNAs as probes for Virginia mRNA and GDH-synthesized RNAs. Messenger RNAs are silenced by homologous RNAs synthesized by GDH. Peanut cellulose was analyzed by gravimetry; and fatty acids by HPLC. Complementary DNA probes made from Valencia GDH-synthesized RNAs hybridized perfectly to Virginia mRNAs and GDH-synthesized RNAs. Wide variations in mineral ion compositions and concentrations induced the GDHs of Valencia and Virginia to synthesize RNAs that differentially down-regulated the mRNAs encoding phosphate translocator, granule-bound starch synthase, phosphoglucomutase, glucosyltransferase, acetyl CoA carboxylase, nitrate reductase, and NADH-glutamate synthase so that the percent weights of oil (41.53 ± 8.75) and cellulose (30.29 ± 3.12) were similar in the control and mineral-treated peanuts. Therefore, RNA sequences that defined the molecular adaptation of mRNAs encoding the enzymes of primary metabolism were the same in the varietal types of A. hypogaea, in agreement with genetic data suggesting that tetraploid Arachis evolved relatively recently from the wild diploid ancestral species. Another molecular adaptation was to phosphate with or without K + ion, and it prevented the silencing by GDH-synthesized RNAs of the mRNA encoding phosphate translocator resulting to doubling of cellulosic biomass yield (41323 kg/ha) compared with the N + P + K + S-treated positive control peanut (19428 kg/ha). Molecular adaptation of primary metabolic pathways at the mRNA level to 2 4 SO ion with or without 4 NH ion did not increase cellulosic biomass yields (27057 kg/ha) compared with negative control peanut because the mRNAs encoding granule-bound starch synthase, and NADH-glutamate synthase were not silenced by GDH-synthesized RNA in the N + S, , and N + P + K + S-treated peanuts. These results could contribute towards further modeling at the mRNA level for improved mineral nutrient management of peanut production for fuel, fiber, feed, and food. 2 4 SO
Plant evolution, nutritional genomics, and mineral nutrition have been well documented but no stu... more Plant evolution, nutritional genomics, and mineral nutrition have been well documented but no studies have focused on the molecular adaptation of crop metabolism to wide variations of mineral ion composition and concentration. Diversification of peanut species from primary centers of domestication in South America depended on metabolic adaptation to the mineral ion conditions of the newer habitats. Understanding the diversification molecular biology of peanut metabolic pathways will permit the synthesis of the best mineral ion combinations for doubling CO 2 assimilation. Valencia and Virginia cultivars belong to different subspecies of the tetraploid Arachis hypogaea. They were planted in the absence and presence of up to 99 mM (equivalent to 166 moles per hectare) of different mineral ions. Molecular properties of the primary metabolic pathways were studied by Northern analyses using Valencia glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)-synthesized RNAs as probes for Virginia mRNA and GDH-synthesized RNAs. Messenger RNAs are silenced by homologous RNAs synthesized by GDH. Peanut cellulose was analyzed by gravimetry; and fatty acids by HPLC. Complementary DNA probes made from Valencia GDH-synthesized RNAs hybridized perfectly to Virginia mRNAs and GDH-synthesized RNAs. Wide variations in mineral ion compositions and concentrations induced the GDHs of Valencia and Virginia to synthesize RNAs that differentially down-regulated the mRNAs encoding phosphate translocator, granule-bound starch synthase, phosphoglucomutase, glucosyltransferase, acetyl CoA carboxylase, nitrate reductase, and NADH-glutamate synthase so that the percent weights of oil (41.53 ± 8.75) and cellulose (30.29 ± 3.12) were similar in the control and mineral-treated peanuts. Therefore, RNA sequences that defined the molecular adaptation of mRNAs encoding the enzymes of primary metabolism were the same in the varietal types of A. hypogaea, in agreement with genetic data suggesting that tetraploid Arachis evolved relatively recently from the wild diploid ancestral species. Another molecular adaptation was to phosphate with or without K + ion, and it prevented the silencing by GDH-synthesized RNAs of the mRNA encoding phosphate translocator resulting to doubling of cellulosic biomass yield (41323 kg/ha) compared with the N + P + K + S-treated positive control peanut (19428 kg/ha). Molecular adaptation of primary metabolic pathways at the mRNA level to 2 4 SO ion with or without 4 NH ion did not increase cellulosic biomass yields (27057 kg/ha) compared with negative control peanut because the mRNAs encoding granule-bound starch synthase, and NADH-glutamate synthase were not silenced by GDH-synthesized RNA in the N + S, , and N + P + K + S-treated peanuts. These results could contribute towards further modeling at the mRNA level for improved mineral nutrient management of peanut production for fuel, fiber, feed, and food. 2 4 SO
Hunger and food insecurity can be minimized by doubling crop yield without increasing cultivated ... more Hunger and food insecurity can be minimized by doubling crop yield without increasing cultivated land area and fertilizer applied. Since plant breeding has not genetically doubled photosynthesis per unit leaf area, an approach for doubling crop yield would be through a biotechnology that reprograms metabolic pathways in favor of photosynthesis. The anchor of this biotechnology is glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) including the RNAs it synthesizes. Peanut was treated with stoichiometric combinations of mineral salt solutions to synchronize the GDH subunit polypeptides. Matured seeds were analyzed for fats by HPLC; the RNA biosynthetic activity of GDH, and mRNAs encoding yield-specific enzymes by Northern hybridization. In the PK-treated peanut, the GDH-synthesized RNAs silenced the mRNAs encoding granule-bound starch synthase, phosphoglucomutase (glycolysis), glucosyltransferase (cellulose biosynthesis), and nitrate reductase leaving unaffected the mRNAs encoding acetylcoenzyme A carboxylase (fatty acid biosynthesis), phosphate translocator, and NADH-glutamate synthase resulting to double seed (4342 kg/ha), cellulose (1829 kg/ha), and fat (1381 kg/ha) yields compared with the controls. Down-regulation of phosphate translocator and acetylcoenzyme A carboxylase caused decreased pod yields. GDH-synthesized RNAs that were homologous to yield-specific mRNAs shared extensive plus/plus and plus/minus sequence similarities, and they reprogrammed metabolism by permuting the partially down-regulated, not down-regulated, and down-regulated yield-specific pathways. Control peanut produced 70, NPKS-treated produced 420, NS-treated produced 1680, and PK-treated produced 280 probable rearrangements of the pathways. Therefore, down-regulation of metabolic reactions followed by permutation of yield-related pathways, and redistribution of metabolite load to molecularly connected pathways controls crop yield. Operating as efficient bioreactor, peanut can be maximized to 10,000 kg pod/ha, more than enough vegetable oil for nine billion people.
written by: Juan Anciso, Molly Giesbrecht, Mengmeng Gu, Joe Masabni, Monte Nesbitt, Kevin Ong, Ma... more written by: Juan Anciso, Molly Giesbrecht, Mengmeng Gu, Joe Masabni, Monte Nesbitt, Kevin Ong, Marco Palma, Pat Porter, Larry Stein, Erfan Vafaie, Russ Wallace, Daniel Leskovar, Genhua Niu, Alma Solis-Perez Youping Sun, and myself.
Plant evolution, nutritional genomics, and mineral nutrition have been well documented but no stu... more Plant evolution, nutritional genomics, and mineral nutrition have been well documented but no studies have focused on the molecular adaptation of crop metabolism to wide variations of mineral ion composition and concentration. Diversification of peanut species from primary centers of domestication in South America depended on metabolic adaptation to the mineral ion conditions of the newer habitats. Understanding the diversification molecular biology of peanut metabolic pathways will permit the synthesis of the best mineral ion combinations for doubling CO 2 assimilation. Valencia and Virginia cultivars belong to different subspecies of the tetraploid Arachis hypogaea. They were planted in the absence and presence of up to 99 mM (equivalent to 166 moles per hectare) of different mineral ions. Molecular properties of the primary metabolic pathways were studied by Northern analyses using Valencia glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)-synthesized RNAs as probes for Virginia mRNA and GDH-synthesized RNAs. Messenger RNAs are silenced by homologous RNAs synthesized by GDH. Peanut cellulose was analyzed by gravimetry; and fatty acids by HPLC. Complementary DNA probes made from Valencia GDH-synthesized RNAs hybridized perfectly to Virginia mRNAs and GDH-synthesized RNAs. Wide variations in mineral ion compositions and concentrations induced the GDHs of Valencia and Virginia to synthesize RNAs that differentially down-regulated the mRNAs encoding phosphate translocator, granule-bound starch synthase, phosphoglucomutase, glucosyltransferase, acetyl CoA carboxylase, nitrate reductase, and NADH-glutamate synthase so that the percent weights of oil (41.53 ± 8.75) and cellulose (30.29 ± 3.12) were similar in the control and mineral-treated peanuts. Therefore, RNA sequences that defined the molecular adaptation of mRNAs encoding the enzymes of primary metabolism were the same in the varietal types of A. hypogaea, in agreement with genetic data suggesting that tetraploid Arachis evolved relatively recently from the wild diploid ancestral species. Another molecular adaptation was to phosphate with or without K + ion, and it prevented the silencing by GDH-synthesized RNAs of the mRNA encoding phosphate translocator resulting to doubling of cellulosic biomass yield (41323 kg/ha) compared with the N + P + K + S-treated positive control peanut (19428 kg/ha). Molecular adaptation of primary metabolic pathways at the mRNA level to 2 4 SO ion with or without 4 NH ion did not increase cellulosic biomass yields (27057 kg/ha) compared with negative control peanut because the mRNAs encoding granule-bound starch synthase, and NADH-glutamate synthase were not silenced by GDH-synthesized RNA in the N + S, , and N + P + K + S-treated peanuts. These results could contribute towards further modeling at the mRNA level for improved mineral nutrient management of peanut production for fuel, fiber, feed, and food. 2 4 SO
Plant evolution, nutritional genomics, and mineral nutrition have been well documented but no stu... more Plant evolution, nutritional genomics, and mineral nutrition have been well documented but no studies have focused on the molecular adaptation of crop metabolism to wide variations of mineral ion composition and concentration. Diversification of peanut species from primary centers of domestication in South America depended on metabolic adaptation to the mineral ion conditions of the newer habitats. Understanding the diversification molecular biology of peanut metabolic pathways will permit the synthesis of the best mineral ion combinations for doubling CO 2 assimilation. Valencia and Virginia cultivars belong to different subspecies of the tetraploid Arachis hypogaea. They were planted in the absence and presence of up to 99 mM (equivalent to 166 moles per hectare) of different mineral ions. Molecular properties of the primary metabolic pathways were studied by Northern analyses using Valencia glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)-synthesized RNAs as probes for Virginia mRNA and GDH-synthesized RNAs. Messenger RNAs are silenced by homologous RNAs synthesized by GDH. Peanut cellulose was analyzed by gravimetry; and fatty acids by HPLC. Complementary DNA probes made from Valencia GDH-synthesized RNAs hybridized perfectly to Virginia mRNAs and GDH-synthesized RNAs. Wide variations in mineral ion compositions and concentrations induced the GDHs of Valencia and Virginia to synthesize RNAs that differentially down-regulated the mRNAs encoding phosphate translocator, granule-bound starch synthase, phosphoglucomutase, glucosyltransferase, acetyl CoA carboxylase, nitrate reductase, and NADH-glutamate synthase so that the percent weights of oil (41.53 ± 8.75) and cellulose (30.29 ± 3.12) were similar in the control and mineral-treated peanuts. Therefore, RNA sequences that defined the molecular adaptation of mRNAs encoding the enzymes of primary metabolism were the same in the varietal types of A. hypogaea, in agreement with genetic data suggesting that tetraploid Arachis evolved relatively recently from the wild diploid ancestral species. Another molecular adaptation was to phosphate with or without K + ion, and it prevented the silencing by GDH-synthesized RNAs of the mRNA encoding phosphate translocator resulting to doubling of cellulosic biomass yield (41323 kg/ha) compared with the N + P + K + S-treated positive control peanut (19428 kg/ha). Molecular adaptation of primary metabolic pathways at the mRNA level to 2 4 SO ion with or without 4 NH ion did not increase cellulosic biomass yields (27057 kg/ha) compared with negative control peanut because the mRNAs encoding granule-bound starch synthase, and NADH-glutamate synthase were not silenced by GDH-synthesized RNA in the N + S, , and N + P + K + S-treated peanuts. These results could contribute towards further modeling at the mRNA level for improved mineral nutrient management of peanut production for fuel, fiber, feed, and food. 2 4 SO
Hunger and food insecurity can be minimized by doubling crop yield without increasing cultivated ... more Hunger and food insecurity can be minimized by doubling crop yield without increasing cultivated land area and fertilizer applied. Since plant breeding has not genetically doubled photosynthesis per unit leaf area, an approach for doubling crop yield would be through a biotechnology that reprograms metabolic pathways in favor of photosynthesis. The anchor of this biotechnology is glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) including the RNAs it synthesizes. Peanut was treated with stoichiometric combinations of mineral salt solutions to synchronize the GDH subunit polypeptides. Matured seeds were analyzed for fats by HPLC; the RNA biosynthetic activity of GDH, and mRNAs encoding yield-specific enzymes by Northern hybridization. In the PK-treated peanut, the GDH-synthesized RNAs silenced the mRNAs encoding granule-bound starch synthase, phosphoglucomutase (glycolysis), glucosyltransferase (cellulose biosynthesis), and nitrate reductase leaving unaffected the mRNAs encoding acetylcoenzyme A carboxylase (fatty acid biosynthesis), phosphate translocator, and NADH-glutamate synthase resulting to double seed (4342 kg/ha), cellulose (1829 kg/ha), and fat (1381 kg/ha) yields compared with the controls. Down-regulation of phosphate translocator and acetylcoenzyme A carboxylase caused decreased pod yields. GDH-synthesized RNAs that were homologous to yield-specific mRNAs shared extensive plus/plus and plus/minus sequence similarities, and they reprogrammed metabolism by permuting the partially down-regulated, not down-regulated, and down-regulated yield-specific pathways. Control peanut produced 70, NPKS-treated produced 420, NS-treated produced 1680, and PK-treated produced 280 probable rearrangements of the pathways. Therefore, down-regulation of metabolic reactions followed by permutation of yield-related pathways, and redistribution of metabolite load to molecularly connected pathways controls crop yield. Operating as efficient bioreactor, peanut can be maximized to 10,000 kg pod/ha, more than enough vegetable oil for nine billion people.
written by: Juan Anciso, Molly Giesbrecht, Mengmeng Gu, Joe Masabni, Monte Nesbitt, Kevin Ong, Ma... more written by: Juan Anciso, Molly Giesbrecht, Mengmeng Gu, Joe Masabni, Monte Nesbitt, Kevin Ong, Marco Palma, Pat Porter, Larry Stein, Erfan Vafaie, Russ Wallace, Daniel Leskovar, Genhua Niu, Alma Solis-Perez Youping Sun, and myself.
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