British Biomedical Bulletin
The British Biomedical Bulletin (BBB) is an open access journal that provides rapid publication (quaterly) of articles in all areas of Medicine and Medical Sciences such as:
Clinical Medicine: Internal Medicine, Surgery, Clinical Cancer Research, Clinical Pharmacology, Dermatology, Gynaecology, Paediatrics, Neurology, Psychiatry, Otorhinolaryngology, Ophthalmology, Dentistry, Tropical Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Cardiovascular Research, Clinical Endocrinology, Clinical Pathophysiology, Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, Clinical Nutritional Research, Geriatrics and Sport Medicine
Basic Medical Sciences: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology, Cytology, Genetics, Embryology, Developmental Biology, Radiobiology, Experimental Microbiology, Biophysics, Structural Research, Neurophysiology and Brain Research, Cardiovascular Research, Endocrinology, Physiology, Medical Microbiology
Experimental Medicine: Experimental Cancer Research, Pathophysiology, Immunology, Immunopathology, Nutritional Research, Vitaminology and Ethology
Preventive Medicine: Congenital Disorders, Mental Disorders, Psychosomatic Diseases, Addictive Diseases, Accidents, Cancer, Cardiovascular Diseases, Metabolic Disorders, Infectious Diseases, Diseases of Bones and Joints, Oral Preventive Medicine, Respiratory Diseases, Methods of Epidemiology and Other Preventive Medicine
Social Medicine: Group Medicine, Social Paediatrics, Medico-Social Problems of the Youth, Medico-Social Problems of the Elderly, Rehabilitation, Human Ecology, Environmental Toxicology, Dietetics, Occupational Medicine, Pharmacology, Ergonomy, Health Education, Public Health and Health Services and Medical Statistics
Pharmaceutical Science:ÂÂÂÂ Analytical Toxicology, Biochemical Pharmacology, Chinese Medicine Resources,,Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Delivery System, Drug Information, Drug Metabolism, Ethnopharmacology, Health Informatics, Herbal Medicine, Immunopharmacology, Medical Informatics, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Molecular Pharmacology, Neuropsychopharmacology, Pharmaceutical Care, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacoepidemiology, Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacology and Neuroimaging, Pharmacotherapy, Pharmacy Informatic, Pharmacy Practice, Phytomedicine
The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published shortly after acceptance. All articles published in BBB are peer-reviewed.
Clinical Medicine: Internal Medicine, Surgery, Clinical Cancer Research, Clinical Pharmacology, Dermatology, Gynaecology, Paediatrics, Neurology, Psychiatry, Otorhinolaryngology, Ophthalmology, Dentistry, Tropical Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Cardiovascular Research, Clinical Endocrinology, Clinical Pathophysiology, Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, Clinical Nutritional Research, Geriatrics and Sport Medicine
Basic Medical Sciences: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology, Cytology, Genetics, Embryology, Developmental Biology, Radiobiology, Experimental Microbiology, Biophysics, Structural Research, Neurophysiology and Brain Research, Cardiovascular Research, Endocrinology, Physiology, Medical Microbiology
Experimental Medicine: Experimental Cancer Research, Pathophysiology, Immunology, Immunopathology, Nutritional Research, Vitaminology and Ethology
Preventive Medicine: Congenital Disorders, Mental Disorders, Psychosomatic Diseases, Addictive Diseases, Accidents, Cancer, Cardiovascular Diseases, Metabolic Disorders, Infectious Diseases, Diseases of Bones and Joints, Oral Preventive Medicine, Respiratory Diseases, Methods of Epidemiology and Other Preventive Medicine
Social Medicine: Group Medicine, Social Paediatrics, Medico-Social Problems of the Youth, Medico-Social Problems of the Elderly, Rehabilitation, Human Ecology, Environmental Toxicology, Dietetics, Occupational Medicine, Pharmacology, Ergonomy, Health Education, Public Health and Health Services and Medical Statistics
Pharmaceutical Science:ÂÂÂÂ Analytical Toxicology, Biochemical Pharmacology, Chinese Medicine Resources,,Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Delivery System, Drug Information, Drug Metabolism, Ethnopharmacology, Health Informatics, Herbal Medicine, Immunopharmacology, Medical Informatics, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Molecular Pharmacology, Neuropsychopharmacology, Pharmaceutical Care, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacoepidemiology, Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacology and Neuroimaging, Pharmacotherapy, Pharmacy Informatic, Pharmacy Practice, Phytomedicine
The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published shortly after acceptance. All articles published in BBB are peer-reviewed.
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Methods: This five-year study was conducted on 3780 individuals. Initially complete blood cell count, HPLC, Hb electrophoresis and HbA2measurement for thalassemia carrier identification. MCV≤80fL, MCH˂27pg and Hb-A2>3.5% were standard diagnostics β-thalassemia diagnosis. In cases with low MCV and MCH indices (MCV≤80 fl, MCH<27 pg) and Hb-A2< 3.5% and normal Hb-electrophoresis, α-thalassemia was considered in the list of differential diagnosis. Patients with abnormal hemoglobin varieties in hemoglobin electrophoresis were candidate for more precise analysis with HPLC. In cases with low MCV for exclusion of iron deficiency serum ferritin was also measured.
Results: Our results revealed that 1932 (51.11%) had normal electrophoretic pattern, 781 (20.66%) had β-thalassemia trait and 487 (12.84%) had β-thalassemia major or intermedia, 328 (8.67%) had normal electrophoresis along with iron deficiency and 142 (3.75%) had normal Hb -electrophoresis and normal iron status but low MCV and MCH indices. We also identified 11 (0.29%) with Alpha thalassemia variants Hb-H disease/alpha trait and 22 (o.58%) with sickle trait and 18(o.47%) with sickle disease and 9 (0.23%) HbS-Thalassemia double heterozygote and 5 (0.13%) with E- trait and 32 (0.84%) with Hb-D variant and 1 (0.026%) with heterozygote Hb-C variant and 5 (0.13%) with Hb-D Iran and 1 (0.026%) with Hb-J trait and 1 (0.026%) HbS/D double heterozygote, and 1 (0.026%) with Hb-D/J double heterozygote and 1 (0,026%) with Hb-constant spring/HB-H double heterozygote.
Conclusion: β-thalassemia is a common β-globin gene defect among Iranian and HPLC is a fast and reliable method in clinical laboratories especially in diagnosis of rare variant of hemoglobin and also as an important auxiliary tool for the diagnosis of thalassemia.
Patients requiring treatment with custom ocular prosthesis are those who have lost ocular structures through orbital evisceration or orbital enucleation which was necessary as a surgical intervention for a congenital defect, pathology or an accident.
Aim: The primary purpose of an ocular prosthesis is to maintain the volume of eye socket and create the illusion of a healthy eye and surrounding tissue.
Method: A custom ocular prosthesis is a good option when reconstruction by plastic surgery or the use of Osseo-integrated implants is not possible or not desired. Prosthetic rehabilitation of a patient with missing eye with custom made ocular prosthesis was described.
Result: Normal appearance of the anophthalmic eye was restored.
Conclusion: Patient’s esthetic appearance was improved and his self confidence was
Objective: Keeping in view the above background, comprehensive mathematical and statistical analysis of selected potential herbal drugs were evaluate and statistically signify their efficacy data in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The present study based on the statistical and mathematical studies of three selected plants. All the extract of all three plants were confirmed by various tools. All extract were found to be safe and useful in diabetes and its complication.
Result: This paper confirmed the possible mechanism of action of the phyto principles for their antidiabetic response with help of statistical and mathematical tools. These tools will provide the help with reference to safety, efficacy and toxicity data for the selected medicinal plants and the rationale behind their use as anti-diabetic drugs. This study will enhance their claim to be used as regular anti-diabetic drugs.
the gut wall, but also can be seen in other organs. Most
Neuroendocrine tumors are slow growing and indolent without
symptoms. Nevertheless, aggressive and metastatic disease (e.g.,
in the brain) does occur. Here we report a case of jejunal
neuroendocrine tumor with cystic metastasis in liver presented
with progressive right sided abdominal distension.
revolutionized the field of dentistry as well. These advancements
can be seen with the introduction and evolution of CAD/CAM
systems. The demand for such systems has grown dramatically
over the past decade and a large variety of different CAD/CAM
systems have been developed and marketed. The popularity of
these systems can be attributed to their efficiency of designing,
manufacturing and precision.
fields of dentistry is well known. This is a technology based
evolution with transition from two dimensional to three
dimensional imaging in the maxillofacial region. It is used in
planning dental implant treatment as it assesses the bone and the
hard dental tissue with respect to the quality and quantity. Hence,
appropriate diagnosis at initial stages is important factors in
determining the success of dental implants.This paper provides an
overview based on assessment of ridge morphology, available
bone quality and quantity and technology based guided implant
placement.
abnormal physiological and anatomical modifications of the
pancreas, subsequently pancreatic carcinoma, which is a major
cause of death in humans among other cancers worldwide, which
often has a poor prognosis, even when diagnosed early, and also
referred as “silent” disease, because symptoms are rarely present
in its early stages. Although; most pancreatic cancer is exocrine,
but may be endocrine also. The present review aims to compile
data on all the aspects of pancreatic cancer, including its
pathogenesis, diagnosis, symptoms and treatment. The attention
has also been made towards the recent approaches used in all these
procedures.
in newborns and children. Genetic factors contribute significantly
for stroke in young. We report a 2 year old female child with
Down’s syndrome with left sided hemiparesis. On investigating
MTHFR gene mutation (homozygous wild status at 677 and 1298
positions of MTHFR gene) and Protein S deficiency both were
detected in the child. As plasma homocysteine levels were normal,
so cause of stroke of being a protein S deficiency or MTHFR
gene, as an isolated risk factor for stroke or interplay both of
genetic factors was considered. Conclusion: This case marks the
importance of coexistence of one or more risk factor in the
occurrence of stroke in young and also identification of those risk
factors at the earliest may help in improving overall outcome.
transfusion medicine. Kidd antibodies are heterogeneous, as they
have a weak sociological nature and goes to undetectable levels,
so may miss routine serological tests. However, they can mount a
secondary amnestic reaction leading to delayed hemolytic
reaction, especially in frequently transfused individuals. We
report a case of thalassemia child with delayed hemolytic reaction
secondary to Kidd antibodies. Conclusion: screening for
Alloantibodies is of prime importance, especially in frequently
transfused individuals like thalassemic children.
developed for the determination of Atorvastatin in its pure form as
well as pharmaceutical dosage form using Methyl Orange reagent.
The method is based on the measurement of absorbance of
Atorvastatin in methanol at 410 nm. The Beer’s law is obeyed
over the linear range 50-300μg /ml of Atorvastatin. All the
variables were studied to optimize the reaction conditions. No
interference was observed in the presence of common
pharmaceutical excipients. The validity of the method was tested
by analyzing the drug in its pharmaceutical preparations. Good
recoveries were also obtained. Assay for the tablet preparation was
performed using UV-Visible spectrophotometric method and the
results were found to be within acceptable limits.
to transfer of executive or financial control of institutions owned
by the government to the private sector. The purpose of the present
study was to study the advantages and challenges of medical
outsourcing and, more specifically, outsourcing of medical records
and the employed information technology. The study was
conducted according to descriptive-comparative method on the
advantages and challenges of medical outsourcing and the
employed information technology in 2012-2013. The data were
gathered from information sources, articles, books, journals, and
reliable websites on technology development and the advantages
and challenges of medical outsourcing in the health area. Findings
indicated that factors such as cost decrease, improvement of
production process and productivity, quality increase, promotion
of customer’s satisfaction were included among the advantages of
outsourcing. But general medical outsourcing has undergone a
slower growth compared to other types of outsourcing. For low
income countries, a prerequisite for successful outsourcing was
indeed creation of an environment, in which private sector could
function effectively.
dentition, the maxillofacial skeleton and the relationship of
anatomic structures in 3D. CBCT represents a valuable resource in
dental practice because it allows the establishment of a precise
treatment plan by means of diagnostic imaging. In cases of
increased difficulty or intra operative complications, root
resorptions, perforations and root fracture it is prudent to consider
the use of CBCT with its diagnostic value and limited radiation
exposure. Analyzing the morphology of the root canals in human
dentition conclude that the 3D image provided by CBCT is a great
advancement as an auxiliary method to establish the endodontic
diagnosis.
spectrum of manifestations due to intrauterine rupture of amnion
range from simple soft tissue constrictive bands to amputation of
digits or more severely the whole limb due to dysplastic
vasculature. Therefore, we report a case with the objective of
accenting the subsistence of ABS in Tamilnadu as throwing light
on the prenatal diagnostic challenges and the socioeconomic
problems faced by families living with physical disabilities.
Early detection and prompt management is the key to improve
survival rate among the affected. 5 year survival rate for epithelial
ovarian cancer is reported to be directly related to surgical stage.
The majority of epithelial cancers has an exophytic growth on
ovarian surface that provide them a direct contact with peritoneal
cavity. Methods of detection of microscopic disease in ovarian
cancer are therefore of significant interest and may reduce the
mortality rate for this disease by enabling an earlier diagnosis of
primary recurrent ovarian cancer. Our study aimed at finding the
rate of positivism of malignant cells in ascitic or peritoneal
washing fluid, to observe correlation between cytologically
positive pelvic peritoneal washing and histological types of
ovarian tumor, and to correlate the cytological findings with the
FIGO staging of the tumor.
poor in rural India especially in the localities of backward,
marginalized tribal, and under-privileged communities due to
several apparent infrastructural lacune, constraints, limitations,
and excuses. Added to these adversaries, are the ample prevalence
of birth defects/genetic disorders among these poverty stricken
vulnerable communities. There were 705 scheduled tribes and
subtribes, and 75 Primitive Tribal Groups in India as per 2011
Census, which constituted about half of the indigenous people of
the world! A huge mass of dwindling people has virtually no
access to genetic services, available only to a few in big cities at
exorbitant cost, and utterly lacking in rural India. This
epidemiological review related to public health genetics,
highlights the genetic burden/magnitude of hemoglobinopathies
having glimpses of reproductive and child health, and
neonatal/infant mortality in afflicted couples in the three states of
India, namely, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and Odisha. With
over emphasis laid on bringing awareness and imparting
genetic/marriage counseling, carrier detection and establishment
of prenatal diagnostic facilities at least in the vicinity of at risk
communities. Cost of establishment of such infrastructural
facilities is still lower than the potential benefits to the people.
Therefore, it is high time to introduce the genetic services in the
existing health systems approach.
for treatment and this is mainly due to the potential blood brain
barrier. To have a successful delivery, the challenges of
anatomical and physiological aspects of those barriers need to be
addressed. Though a considerable efforts were made in convincing
those barriers, still designing a suitable delivery remains a major
challenge. This review lists various strategies for the drug delivery
to the brain. Sophisticated approaches like intracerebral delivery,
intranasal delivery, barrier disruptions, receptor mediated
transport, prodrugs, chemical drug delivery and many more were
discussed. Limitations of some strategies were also discussed.
Understanding the strategies along with the suitability of the
therapeutic agent to undergo those strategic modifications would
certainly promises the success of a brain drug delivery program.
This a review made here would help the researcher in
understanding the barrier and further modifying the therapeutic
agent for the suitable drug or delivery.
Methods: This five-year study was conducted on 3780 individuals. Initially complete blood cell count, HPLC, Hb electrophoresis and HbA2measurement for thalassemia carrier identification. MCV≤80fL, MCH˂27pg and Hb-A2>3.5% were standard diagnostics β-thalassemia diagnosis. In cases with low MCV and MCH indices (MCV≤80 fl, MCH<27 pg) and Hb-A2< 3.5% and normal Hb-electrophoresis, α-thalassemia was considered in the list of differential diagnosis. Patients with abnormal hemoglobin varieties in hemoglobin electrophoresis were candidate for more precise analysis with HPLC. In cases with low MCV for exclusion of iron deficiency serum ferritin was also measured.
Results: Our results revealed that 1932 (51.11%) had normal electrophoretic pattern, 781 (20.66%) had β-thalassemia trait and 487 (12.84%) had β-thalassemia major or intermedia, 328 (8.67%) had normal electrophoresis along with iron deficiency and 142 (3.75%) had normal Hb -electrophoresis and normal iron status but low MCV and MCH indices. We also identified 11 (0.29%) with Alpha thalassemia variants Hb-H disease/alpha trait and 22 (o.58%) with sickle trait and 18(o.47%) with sickle disease and 9 (0.23%) HbS-Thalassemia double heterozygote and 5 (0.13%) with E- trait and 32 (0.84%) with Hb-D variant and 1 (0.026%) with heterozygote Hb-C variant and 5 (0.13%) with Hb-D Iran and 1 (0.026%) with Hb-J trait and 1 (0.026%) HbS/D double heterozygote, and 1 (0.026%) with Hb-D/J double heterozygote and 1 (0,026%) with Hb-constant spring/HB-H double heterozygote.
Conclusion: β-thalassemia is a common β-globin gene defect among Iranian and HPLC is a fast and reliable method in clinical laboratories especially in diagnosis of rare variant of hemoglobin and also as an important auxiliary tool for the diagnosis of thalassemia.
Patients requiring treatment with custom ocular prosthesis are those who have lost ocular structures through orbital evisceration or orbital enucleation which was necessary as a surgical intervention for a congenital defect, pathology or an accident.
Aim: The primary purpose of an ocular prosthesis is to maintain the volume of eye socket and create the illusion of a healthy eye and surrounding tissue.
Method: A custom ocular prosthesis is a good option when reconstruction by plastic surgery or the use of Osseo-integrated implants is not possible or not desired. Prosthetic rehabilitation of a patient with missing eye with custom made ocular prosthesis was described.
Result: Normal appearance of the anophthalmic eye was restored.
Conclusion: Patient’s esthetic appearance was improved and his self confidence was
Objective: Keeping in view the above background, comprehensive mathematical and statistical analysis of selected potential herbal drugs were evaluate and statistically signify their efficacy data in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The present study based on the statistical and mathematical studies of three selected plants. All the extract of all three plants were confirmed by various tools. All extract were found to be safe and useful in diabetes and its complication.
Result: This paper confirmed the possible mechanism of action of the phyto principles for their antidiabetic response with help of statistical and mathematical tools. These tools will provide the help with reference to safety, efficacy and toxicity data for the selected medicinal plants and the rationale behind their use as anti-diabetic drugs. This study will enhance their claim to be used as regular anti-diabetic drugs.
the gut wall, but also can be seen in other organs. Most
Neuroendocrine tumors are slow growing and indolent without
symptoms. Nevertheless, aggressive and metastatic disease (e.g.,
in the brain) does occur. Here we report a case of jejunal
neuroendocrine tumor with cystic metastasis in liver presented
with progressive right sided abdominal distension.
revolutionized the field of dentistry as well. These advancements
can be seen with the introduction and evolution of CAD/CAM
systems. The demand for such systems has grown dramatically
over the past decade and a large variety of different CAD/CAM
systems have been developed and marketed. The popularity of
these systems can be attributed to their efficiency of designing,
manufacturing and precision.
fields of dentistry is well known. This is a technology based
evolution with transition from two dimensional to three
dimensional imaging in the maxillofacial region. It is used in
planning dental implant treatment as it assesses the bone and the
hard dental tissue with respect to the quality and quantity. Hence,
appropriate diagnosis at initial stages is important factors in
determining the success of dental implants.This paper provides an
overview based on assessment of ridge morphology, available
bone quality and quantity and technology based guided implant
placement.
abnormal physiological and anatomical modifications of the
pancreas, subsequently pancreatic carcinoma, which is a major
cause of death in humans among other cancers worldwide, which
often has a poor prognosis, even when diagnosed early, and also
referred as “silent” disease, because symptoms are rarely present
in its early stages. Although; most pancreatic cancer is exocrine,
but may be endocrine also. The present review aims to compile
data on all the aspects of pancreatic cancer, including its
pathogenesis, diagnosis, symptoms and treatment. The attention
has also been made towards the recent approaches used in all these
procedures.
in newborns and children. Genetic factors contribute significantly
for stroke in young. We report a 2 year old female child with
Down’s syndrome with left sided hemiparesis. On investigating
MTHFR gene mutation (homozygous wild status at 677 and 1298
positions of MTHFR gene) and Protein S deficiency both were
detected in the child. As plasma homocysteine levels were normal,
so cause of stroke of being a protein S deficiency or MTHFR
gene, as an isolated risk factor for stroke or interplay both of
genetic factors was considered. Conclusion: This case marks the
importance of coexistence of one or more risk factor in the
occurrence of stroke in young and also identification of those risk
factors at the earliest may help in improving overall outcome.
transfusion medicine. Kidd antibodies are heterogeneous, as they
have a weak sociological nature and goes to undetectable levels,
so may miss routine serological tests. However, they can mount a
secondary amnestic reaction leading to delayed hemolytic
reaction, especially in frequently transfused individuals. We
report a case of thalassemia child with delayed hemolytic reaction
secondary to Kidd antibodies. Conclusion: screening for
Alloantibodies is of prime importance, especially in frequently
transfused individuals like thalassemic children.
developed for the determination of Atorvastatin in its pure form as
well as pharmaceutical dosage form using Methyl Orange reagent.
The method is based on the measurement of absorbance of
Atorvastatin in methanol at 410 nm. The Beer’s law is obeyed
over the linear range 50-300μg /ml of Atorvastatin. All the
variables were studied to optimize the reaction conditions. No
interference was observed in the presence of common
pharmaceutical excipients. The validity of the method was tested
by analyzing the drug in its pharmaceutical preparations. Good
recoveries were also obtained. Assay for the tablet preparation was
performed using UV-Visible spectrophotometric method and the
results were found to be within acceptable limits.
to transfer of executive or financial control of institutions owned
by the government to the private sector. The purpose of the present
study was to study the advantages and challenges of medical
outsourcing and, more specifically, outsourcing of medical records
and the employed information technology. The study was
conducted according to descriptive-comparative method on the
advantages and challenges of medical outsourcing and the
employed information technology in 2012-2013. The data were
gathered from information sources, articles, books, journals, and
reliable websites on technology development and the advantages
and challenges of medical outsourcing in the health area. Findings
indicated that factors such as cost decrease, improvement of
production process and productivity, quality increase, promotion
of customer’s satisfaction were included among the advantages of
outsourcing. But general medical outsourcing has undergone a
slower growth compared to other types of outsourcing. For low
income countries, a prerequisite for successful outsourcing was
indeed creation of an environment, in which private sector could
function effectively.
dentition, the maxillofacial skeleton and the relationship of
anatomic structures in 3D. CBCT represents a valuable resource in
dental practice because it allows the establishment of a precise
treatment plan by means of diagnostic imaging. In cases of
increased difficulty or intra operative complications, root
resorptions, perforations and root fracture it is prudent to consider
the use of CBCT with its diagnostic value and limited radiation
exposure. Analyzing the morphology of the root canals in human
dentition conclude that the 3D image provided by CBCT is a great
advancement as an auxiliary method to establish the endodontic
diagnosis.
spectrum of manifestations due to intrauterine rupture of amnion
range from simple soft tissue constrictive bands to amputation of
digits or more severely the whole limb due to dysplastic
vasculature. Therefore, we report a case with the objective of
accenting the subsistence of ABS in Tamilnadu as throwing light
on the prenatal diagnostic challenges and the socioeconomic
problems faced by families living with physical disabilities.
Early detection and prompt management is the key to improve
survival rate among the affected. 5 year survival rate for epithelial
ovarian cancer is reported to be directly related to surgical stage.
The majority of epithelial cancers has an exophytic growth on
ovarian surface that provide them a direct contact with peritoneal
cavity. Methods of detection of microscopic disease in ovarian
cancer are therefore of significant interest and may reduce the
mortality rate for this disease by enabling an earlier diagnosis of
primary recurrent ovarian cancer. Our study aimed at finding the
rate of positivism of malignant cells in ascitic or peritoneal
washing fluid, to observe correlation between cytologically
positive pelvic peritoneal washing and histological types of
ovarian tumor, and to correlate the cytological findings with the
FIGO staging of the tumor.
poor in rural India especially in the localities of backward,
marginalized tribal, and under-privileged communities due to
several apparent infrastructural lacune, constraints, limitations,
and excuses. Added to these adversaries, are the ample prevalence
of birth defects/genetic disorders among these poverty stricken
vulnerable communities. There were 705 scheduled tribes and
subtribes, and 75 Primitive Tribal Groups in India as per 2011
Census, which constituted about half of the indigenous people of
the world! A huge mass of dwindling people has virtually no
access to genetic services, available only to a few in big cities at
exorbitant cost, and utterly lacking in rural India. This
epidemiological review related to public health genetics,
highlights the genetic burden/magnitude of hemoglobinopathies
having glimpses of reproductive and child health, and
neonatal/infant mortality in afflicted couples in the three states of
India, namely, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and Odisha. With
over emphasis laid on bringing awareness and imparting
genetic/marriage counseling, carrier detection and establishment
of prenatal diagnostic facilities at least in the vicinity of at risk
communities. Cost of establishment of such infrastructural
facilities is still lower than the potential benefits to the people.
Therefore, it is high time to introduce the genetic services in the
existing health systems approach.
for treatment and this is mainly due to the potential blood brain
barrier. To have a successful delivery, the challenges of
anatomical and physiological aspects of those barriers need to be
addressed. Though a considerable efforts were made in convincing
those barriers, still designing a suitable delivery remains a major
challenge. This review lists various strategies for the drug delivery
to the brain. Sophisticated approaches like intracerebral delivery,
intranasal delivery, barrier disruptions, receptor mediated
transport, prodrugs, chemical drug delivery and many more were
discussed. Limitations of some strategies were also discussed.
Understanding the strategies along with the suitability of the
therapeutic agent to undergo those strategic modifications would
certainly promises the success of a brain drug delivery program.
This a review made here would help the researcher in
understanding the barrier and further modifying the therapeutic
agent for the suitable drug or delivery.