The Springer series on demographic methods and population analysis, 2011
The third chapter puts forward the view that consumer demographics by its very nature is about pe... more The third chapter puts forward the view that consumer demographics by its very nature is about people, their characteristics and change rather than being concerned with individuals, as is the dominant notion in microeconomics. It introduces notions of stocks of people at points in time and flows that change the size and characteristics of population stocks over time. Accordingly, it introduces concepts and measures of population growth and its components: fertility, mortality and migration. It examines the life cycle and its relationship to fertility, mortality and population age. In this context, it introduces the concepts related to synthetic demographic measures related to fertility and life expectancy. It reviews the importance of demographic events as market triggers. It also introduces gendered attributes, ageing and product substitution during the life cycle, as well as cohort effects in consumer behaviour. It puts forward the notion that the demographic perspectives are concerned with population and market size, population growth and impact on purchasing power, the influence of the life cycle and age distribution on consumer income and preferences, ageing and product substitution, population cohorts and the influence of common experiences in the association with given products, sex characteristics and commodity preferences. Further, it reviews the development and nature of consumer market demographics in the United States.
In Pakistan, like many other developing countries of the world, age distributions availabe from t... more In Pakistan, like many other developing countries of the world, age distributions availabe from the decennial population censuses and sample surveys have shown substantial distortions and irregularities [2; 3; 4; 6, pp.64-75; 9, pp.638-658; 13; 14, pp.64-95]. Some of these distortions could be real and may have been the result of events such as the Bengal famine of 1943 and the post-Independence migration between India and Pakistan. Others could be due to the coverage and response problems encountered in the collection of age data. Among the coverage and response problems, two are of most importance: underenumeration of females and erroneous age-reporting. In countries like Pakistan, which have low literacy rates (19.2 per cent literates according to the 1961 Census of Pakistan), most of the people do not know their correct ages. As a result they tend to report their ages either in round numbers or instead ask the enumerators to write down whatever age they think proper. This pheno¬...
Using the Australian Bureau of Statistics data on internet shoppers, this study analyses several ... more Using the Australian Bureau of Statistics data on internet shoppers, this study analyses several factors which were considered influential in the online shopping behaviour of Australians in 1999 and 2000. The general approach was to assess the relationship between individual users' characteristics and their online buying activity. Our findings indicate that during 1999 about 5% of the adult population in Australia utilized the internet for shopping purposes. This increased to nearly 7% by 2000. Younger, more educated and affluent people living in metropolitan areas were more likely to shop over the internet. Males had a higher propensity to shop on the internet than females. The most common items purchased were books and magazines followed by computer software and hardware. It is estimated that Australians spent about $200 million on internet shopping during 1999, increasing to about 427 million by 2000. Based on the 1999-2000 growth rates, it is estimated that currently one-in-three Australians use the internet for shopping purposes and they spend close to $8 billion annually.
The main objective of this paper is to review the first 40 years’ experience of legalised abortio... more The main objective of this paper is to review the first 40 years’ experience of legalised abortion in South Australia and its demographic implications. Data sources included the official abortion statistics and demographic data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Standard demographic and statistical techniques of analysis were used. After an initial rise during the 1970s, abortion rates remained fairly constant for the next decade but have increased since 1990. The Pregnancy Advisory Centre was opened in 1992, to reduce waiting times and to cater for late abortions. Consequently this has resulted in an increase in abortions earlier in pregnancy and also an increase in late abortions. With the adoption of vacuum aspiration techniques and improved services, abortion is now a day only procedure, performed by specially trained GP (general practitioner) doctors. Morbidity and mortality have been greatly reduced. Concurrent sterilisation has also declined. The increase in abortion h...
The Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis, 2011
This chapter draws on generic propositions from the previous eleven chapters concerned with demog... more This chapter draws on generic propositions from the previous eleven chapters concerned with demographic factors and consumer behaviour. These deal with the importance of the demographic transition and household purchasing power in global markets. They also lead to the importance of income distribution and its inequality in consumption progression for given generic commodity groups. It shows the importance of the life cycle in examining consumer preferences in the light of changes in household income and life styles. It looks at age as a factor in market segmentation for given products and its effect on preference for some commodities. It gives insights into gendered preferences for given commodities of one-person households. It examines the implications of demographic bonuses and emerging markets for given commodities and demographic deficits and their constraints on some markets. Finally, it reviews the importance of demographic dynamics and future market challenges.
The Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis, 2011
The sixth chapter examines how consumption per capita tends to track income per capita across cou... more The sixth chapter examines how consumption per capita tends to track income per capita across countries and within individual countries with diverse income levels and cultures. It discusses the Life-Cycle Hypothesis concerned with the maximisation of consumption during the life-cycle. It also illustrates life-cycle hump-shaped trends. It raises conceptual and measurement issues including household-size equivalence measures. These issues include the question of cross-sectional findings and longitudinal trends and the use of pseudo panels. It examines issues related to consumption and savings in old age and differential mortality. It then reviews empirical findings related to household size, employment, work-related expenditures, durable and non-durable goods related to consumer behaviour. Finally, it assesses factors affecting consumer behaviour in retirement, a growing demographic trend, including credit/liquidity constraints, income and life expectancy uncertainty, bequest motives, leisure choices and unanticipated shocks.
This chapter is concerned with the testing of the accuracy of data and adjustments that might be ... more This chapter is concerned with the testing of the accuracy of data and adjustments that might be required. It examines potential sources and types of errors such as sampling and non-sampling errors that include topics related to response, coverage and other types of errors. Methods of testing the accuracy of census and other types of demographic data are examined. Further, it considers the use of sample surveys in testing the quality and coverage of census data. The chapter discusses various indices such as the Myers’ index of digital preferences and age-sex ratio scores. The adjustment and smoothing of data is illustrated using methods such as moving averages and using interpolation multipliers.
The Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis, 2011
The seventh chapter introduces the concept of two-stage budgeting in the household decision makin... more The seventh chapter introduces the concept of two-stage budgeting in the household decision making. It examines the diverse characteristics of seven countries with different cultures, population size, age distribution and levels of income per head of population. It then looks at similarities and differences in household allocation for different major groups of commodities. It reviews household allocations in the seven countries to bare essential such as food, housing, related domestic fuel and power. Other expenditure categories discussed includes alcoholic beverages and tobacco, household operation, furnishings and equipment, clothing and footwear, transport, medical and health services, education and recreation. It also provides an organising framework to look at household allocation to different types of commodities.
The Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis, 2011
This initial chapter introduces some of the issues that are dealt with in the book. It describes ... more This initial chapter introduces some of the issues that are dealt with in the book. It describes what the essence of markets is. Among other things, it shows that there are no markets without people and that markets reflect people’s behaviour according to their characteristics and varying purchasing power. It reviews choices that people have to make regarding consumption and saving and the use of credit. The concepts of propensities to consume and saving are introduced and illustrated. It discusses the influence of varying incomes and changing priorities for basic and progressive commodities. It also discusses the relationship between population and market size and the importance of the level of income to the range of products sought. It reviews market size, population and income per capita in terms of purchasing power parities of different currencies and the ability to progress from a narrow range of basic commodities to other products. It points to the roles of money and credit in the market. Further, it illustrates the association between income and people’s age and sex. It introduces market segmentation using people’s characteristics. Finally, it places the demographic dimension in the overall context of the development of market strategies.
Conclusions: OOP expenses account for almost a quarter (22%) of the total health care costs in Au... more Conclusions: OOP expenses account for almost a quarter (22%) of the total health care costs in Australia. The mean annual OOP expenditure was slightly higher for the older households compared with the younger households, despite the fact that the older households had significantly lower income and had greater access to health care cards, which were used to defray additional health care costs associated with age.
... in New South Wales, Australia Daminda P. Weerasinghe & Farhat Yusuf & Nichola... more ... in New South Wales, Australia Daminda P. Weerasinghe & Farhat Yusuf & Nicholas J. Parr ... F.Yusuf :NJ Parr Faculty of Business and Economics, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia J Public Health (2010) 18:209217 DOI 10.1007/s10389-009-0296-z ...
SummaryThis study examines data from 15,172 episodes of hospitalization pertaining to Aboriginal ... more SummaryThis study examines data from 15,172 episodes of hospitalization pertaining to Aboriginal Australians discharged from public and private hospitals in New South Wales during 1978. Morbidity patterns revealed provide quantitative evidence on a whole population basis for the often impressionistic statements of those dealing with limited areas or with specific diseases.Respiratory diseases are by far the most common and their occurrence seems to be out of proportion in relation to other diagnoses. Gastrointestinal and diarrhoeal diseases are important among young children, alcoholism among men, and diabetes among older people of both sexes. The most common surgical procedures involved abdomen, female genitals and ear, nose and throat.It was noted that for most disease categories Aborigines were more likely to be hospitalized than non-Aborigines, the major exception being neoplasms. On the other hand, Aborigines were significantly less likely to be hospitalized for surgical operat...
SummaryThis study examines data from 47,238 episodes of hospitalization in New South Wales, Austr... more SummaryThis study examines data from 47,238 episodes of hospitalization in New South Wales, Australia, pertaining to the patients suffering from mental disorders, i.e. those patients with a principal diagnosis coded from 290 to 315 inclusive, according to the 8th revision of the International Classification of Diseases.An overall prevalence of nine episodes of hospitalization due to mental disorders was found per 1000 population per annum. Major disease categories were neuroses and alcoholism (each accounting for 21% of the total episodes) followed by schizophrenia (16%) and affective psychosis (11%); there were substantial differences by age, sex, marital status and ethnic origin.
SummaryThis paper presents information on the incidence of hysterectomy and tubal ligation in Sou... more SummaryThis paper presents information on the incidence of hysterectomy and tubal ligation in South Australia in the period 1980–82, and on the age, marital status and ethnicity of women undergoing these procedures in public hospitals during the period. A typical woman undergoing one of these procedures was married or previously married and in her mid-40s for hysterectomy or mid-30s for tubal ligation. South Australian women had a lifetime chance of one in six of undergoing hysterectomy and of one in five of undergoing tubal ligation. The findings are consonant with the suggestion that increasing numbers of women are choosing forms of sterilization as means of contraception.
The Springer series on demographic methods and population analysis, 2011
The third chapter puts forward the view that consumer demographics by its very nature is about pe... more The third chapter puts forward the view that consumer demographics by its very nature is about people, their characteristics and change rather than being concerned with individuals, as is the dominant notion in microeconomics. It introduces notions of stocks of people at points in time and flows that change the size and characteristics of population stocks over time. Accordingly, it introduces concepts and measures of population growth and its components: fertility, mortality and migration. It examines the life cycle and its relationship to fertility, mortality and population age. In this context, it introduces the concepts related to synthetic demographic measures related to fertility and life expectancy. It reviews the importance of demographic events as market triggers. It also introduces gendered attributes, ageing and product substitution during the life cycle, as well as cohort effects in consumer behaviour. It puts forward the notion that the demographic perspectives are concerned with population and market size, population growth and impact on purchasing power, the influence of the life cycle and age distribution on consumer income and preferences, ageing and product substitution, population cohorts and the influence of common experiences in the association with given products, sex characteristics and commodity preferences. Further, it reviews the development and nature of consumer market demographics in the United States.
In Pakistan, like many other developing countries of the world, age distributions availabe from t... more In Pakistan, like many other developing countries of the world, age distributions availabe from the decennial population censuses and sample surveys have shown substantial distortions and irregularities [2; 3; 4; 6, pp.64-75; 9, pp.638-658; 13; 14, pp.64-95]. Some of these distortions could be real and may have been the result of events such as the Bengal famine of 1943 and the post-Independence migration between India and Pakistan. Others could be due to the coverage and response problems encountered in the collection of age data. Among the coverage and response problems, two are of most importance: underenumeration of females and erroneous age-reporting. In countries like Pakistan, which have low literacy rates (19.2 per cent literates according to the 1961 Census of Pakistan), most of the people do not know their correct ages. As a result they tend to report their ages either in round numbers or instead ask the enumerators to write down whatever age they think proper. This pheno¬...
Using the Australian Bureau of Statistics data on internet shoppers, this study analyses several ... more Using the Australian Bureau of Statistics data on internet shoppers, this study analyses several factors which were considered influential in the online shopping behaviour of Australians in 1999 and 2000. The general approach was to assess the relationship between individual users' characteristics and their online buying activity. Our findings indicate that during 1999 about 5% of the adult population in Australia utilized the internet for shopping purposes. This increased to nearly 7% by 2000. Younger, more educated and affluent people living in metropolitan areas were more likely to shop over the internet. Males had a higher propensity to shop on the internet than females. The most common items purchased were books and magazines followed by computer software and hardware. It is estimated that Australians spent about $200 million on internet shopping during 1999, increasing to about 427 million by 2000. Based on the 1999-2000 growth rates, it is estimated that currently one-in-three Australians use the internet for shopping purposes and they spend close to $8 billion annually.
The main objective of this paper is to review the first 40 years’ experience of legalised abortio... more The main objective of this paper is to review the first 40 years’ experience of legalised abortion in South Australia and its demographic implications. Data sources included the official abortion statistics and demographic data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Standard demographic and statistical techniques of analysis were used. After an initial rise during the 1970s, abortion rates remained fairly constant for the next decade but have increased since 1990. The Pregnancy Advisory Centre was opened in 1992, to reduce waiting times and to cater for late abortions. Consequently this has resulted in an increase in abortions earlier in pregnancy and also an increase in late abortions. With the adoption of vacuum aspiration techniques and improved services, abortion is now a day only procedure, performed by specially trained GP (general practitioner) doctors. Morbidity and mortality have been greatly reduced. Concurrent sterilisation has also declined. The increase in abortion h...
The Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis, 2011
This chapter draws on generic propositions from the previous eleven chapters concerned with demog... more This chapter draws on generic propositions from the previous eleven chapters concerned with demographic factors and consumer behaviour. These deal with the importance of the demographic transition and household purchasing power in global markets. They also lead to the importance of income distribution and its inequality in consumption progression for given generic commodity groups. It shows the importance of the life cycle in examining consumer preferences in the light of changes in household income and life styles. It looks at age as a factor in market segmentation for given products and its effect on preference for some commodities. It gives insights into gendered preferences for given commodities of one-person households. It examines the implications of demographic bonuses and emerging markets for given commodities and demographic deficits and their constraints on some markets. Finally, it reviews the importance of demographic dynamics and future market challenges.
The Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis, 2011
The sixth chapter examines how consumption per capita tends to track income per capita across cou... more The sixth chapter examines how consumption per capita tends to track income per capita across countries and within individual countries with diverse income levels and cultures. It discusses the Life-Cycle Hypothesis concerned with the maximisation of consumption during the life-cycle. It also illustrates life-cycle hump-shaped trends. It raises conceptual and measurement issues including household-size equivalence measures. These issues include the question of cross-sectional findings and longitudinal trends and the use of pseudo panels. It examines issues related to consumption and savings in old age and differential mortality. It then reviews empirical findings related to household size, employment, work-related expenditures, durable and non-durable goods related to consumer behaviour. Finally, it assesses factors affecting consumer behaviour in retirement, a growing demographic trend, including credit/liquidity constraints, income and life expectancy uncertainty, bequest motives, leisure choices and unanticipated shocks.
This chapter is concerned with the testing of the accuracy of data and adjustments that might be ... more This chapter is concerned with the testing of the accuracy of data and adjustments that might be required. It examines potential sources and types of errors such as sampling and non-sampling errors that include topics related to response, coverage and other types of errors. Methods of testing the accuracy of census and other types of demographic data are examined. Further, it considers the use of sample surveys in testing the quality and coverage of census data. The chapter discusses various indices such as the Myers’ index of digital preferences and age-sex ratio scores. The adjustment and smoothing of data is illustrated using methods such as moving averages and using interpolation multipliers.
The Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis, 2011
The seventh chapter introduces the concept of two-stage budgeting in the household decision makin... more The seventh chapter introduces the concept of two-stage budgeting in the household decision making. It examines the diverse characteristics of seven countries with different cultures, population size, age distribution and levels of income per head of population. It then looks at similarities and differences in household allocation for different major groups of commodities. It reviews household allocations in the seven countries to bare essential such as food, housing, related domestic fuel and power. Other expenditure categories discussed includes alcoholic beverages and tobacco, household operation, furnishings and equipment, clothing and footwear, transport, medical and health services, education and recreation. It also provides an organising framework to look at household allocation to different types of commodities.
The Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis, 2011
This initial chapter introduces some of the issues that are dealt with in the book. It describes ... more This initial chapter introduces some of the issues that are dealt with in the book. It describes what the essence of markets is. Among other things, it shows that there are no markets without people and that markets reflect people’s behaviour according to their characteristics and varying purchasing power. It reviews choices that people have to make regarding consumption and saving and the use of credit. The concepts of propensities to consume and saving are introduced and illustrated. It discusses the influence of varying incomes and changing priorities for basic and progressive commodities. It also discusses the relationship between population and market size and the importance of the level of income to the range of products sought. It reviews market size, population and income per capita in terms of purchasing power parities of different currencies and the ability to progress from a narrow range of basic commodities to other products. It points to the roles of money and credit in the market. Further, it illustrates the association between income and people’s age and sex. It introduces market segmentation using people’s characteristics. Finally, it places the demographic dimension in the overall context of the development of market strategies.
Conclusions: OOP expenses account for almost a quarter (22%) of the total health care costs in Au... more Conclusions: OOP expenses account for almost a quarter (22%) of the total health care costs in Australia. The mean annual OOP expenditure was slightly higher for the older households compared with the younger households, despite the fact that the older households had significantly lower income and had greater access to health care cards, which were used to defray additional health care costs associated with age.
... in New South Wales, Australia Daminda P. Weerasinghe & Farhat Yusuf & Nichola... more ... in New South Wales, Australia Daminda P. Weerasinghe & Farhat Yusuf & Nicholas J. Parr ... F.Yusuf :NJ Parr Faculty of Business and Economics, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia J Public Health (2010) 18:209217 DOI 10.1007/s10389-009-0296-z ...
SummaryThis study examines data from 15,172 episodes of hospitalization pertaining to Aboriginal ... more SummaryThis study examines data from 15,172 episodes of hospitalization pertaining to Aboriginal Australians discharged from public and private hospitals in New South Wales during 1978. Morbidity patterns revealed provide quantitative evidence on a whole population basis for the often impressionistic statements of those dealing with limited areas or with specific diseases.Respiratory diseases are by far the most common and their occurrence seems to be out of proportion in relation to other diagnoses. Gastrointestinal and diarrhoeal diseases are important among young children, alcoholism among men, and diabetes among older people of both sexes. The most common surgical procedures involved abdomen, female genitals and ear, nose and throat.It was noted that for most disease categories Aborigines were more likely to be hospitalized than non-Aborigines, the major exception being neoplasms. On the other hand, Aborigines were significantly less likely to be hospitalized for surgical operat...
SummaryThis study examines data from 47,238 episodes of hospitalization in New South Wales, Austr... more SummaryThis study examines data from 47,238 episodes of hospitalization in New South Wales, Australia, pertaining to the patients suffering from mental disorders, i.e. those patients with a principal diagnosis coded from 290 to 315 inclusive, according to the 8th revision of the International Classification of Diseases.An overall prevalence of nine episodes of hospitalization due to mental disorders was found per 1000 population per annum. Major disease categories were neuroses and alcoholism (each accounting for 21% of the total episodes) followed by schizophrenia (16%) and affective psychosis (11%); there were substantial differences by age, sex, marital status and ethnic origin.
SummaryThis paper presents information on the incidence of hysterectomy and tubal ligation in Sou... more SummaryThis paper presents information on the incidence of hysterectomy and tubal ligation in South Australia in the period 1980–82, and on the age, marital status and ethnicity of women undergoing these procedures in public hospitals during the period. A typical woman undergoing one of these procedures was married or previously married and in her mid-40s for hysterectomy or mid-30s for tubal ligation. South Australian women had a lifetime chance of one in six of undergoing hysterectomy and of one in five of undergoing tubal ligation. The findings are consonant with the suggestion that increasing numbers of women are choosing forms of sterilization as means of contraception.
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