Determinants

This paper explores and compares the determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in South and Southeast Asia over 21 periods ranging from 1996 to 2016. Using panel data regression with random effects and fixed effects models, the study finds that market size, labour productivity and infrastructure of the host country exercise a significant influence upon FDI inflows of both regions. Trade openness, inflation rate, natural resource endowment and the unemployment rate are more important in South Asia, while the exchange rate, control of corruption and political stability are more important in Southeast Asia for foreign investors. It appears that foreign investors hold different perceptions of investment attributes while deciding investment location into these two regions. The results imply that in seeking to become a potential destination of FDI, policies for both regions should be devised towards market growth, political stability, and the development of the quality of infrastructure, human capital and labour productivity.Sound macroeconomic stability with a flexible and stable exchange rate system is also needed to attract FDI.

Low body mass index (BMI) is a well-documented risk factor for future fracture. The aim of this study was to quantify this effect and to explore the association of BMI with fracture risk in relation to age, gender and bone mineral density (BMD) from an international perspective using worldwide data. We studied individual participant data from almost 60,000 men and women from 12 prospective population-based cohorts comprising Rotterdam, EVOS/EPOS, CaMos, Rochester, Sheffield, Dubbo, EPIDOS, OFELY, Kuopio, Hiroshima, and two cohorts from Gothenburg, with a total follow-up of over 250,000 person years. The effects of BMI, BMD, age and gender on the risk of any fracture, any osteoporotic fracture, and hip fracture alone was examined using a Poisson regression model in each cohort separately. The results of the different studies were then merged. Without information on BMD, the age-adjusted risk for any type of fracture increased significantly with lower BMI. Overall, the risk ratio (RR) per unit higher BMI was 0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97-0.99) for any fracture, 0.97 (95% CI, 0.96-0.98) for osteoporotic fracture and 0.93 (95% CI, 0.91-0.94) for hip fracture (all p <0.001). The RR per unit change in BMI was very similar in men and women (p >0.30). After adjusting for BMD, these RR became 1 for any fracture or osteoporotic fracture and 0.98 for hip fracture (significant in women). not linearly distributed across values for BMI. Instead, the contribution to fracture risk was much more marked at low values of BMI than at values above the median. This nonlinear relation of risk with BMI was most evident for hip fracture risk. When compared with a BMI of 25 kg/m 2 , a BMI of 20 kg/m 2 was associated with a nearly twofold increase in risk ratio (RR=1.95; 95% CI, 1.71-2.22) for hip fracture. In contrast, a BMI of 30 kg/ m 2 , when compared with a BMI of 25 kg/m 2 , was associated with only a 17% reduction in hip fracture risk (RR=0.83; 95% CI, 0.69-0.99). We conclude that low BMI confers a risk of substantial importance for all fractures that is largely independent of age and sex, but dependent on BMD. The significance of BMI as a risk factor varies according to the level of BMI. Its validation on an international basis permits the use of this risk factor in case-finding strategies.

This study aims to analyze the adoption of agricultural contracts in Northeastern Benin, precisely in the communes of Tchaourou and N&#39;Dali. The data collection was conducted on a sample of 144 producers (including 72 adopting farmers and 72 non-adopters) from the questionnaire. The information obtained was analyzed from the STATA 13 software. The analysis of the determinants of the adoption of agricultural contracts was based on a binary logistic regression model. Thus, the adoption of agricultural contracts by cashew producers is determined by variables such as: the age of the producer, the number of schooling years, the size of the household, the agreement on the quantity of nuts to be delivered under contract, the appreciation of the solidarity guarantee and the assessment of the risks presented by agricultural contracts. These determinants have a positive influence on the adoption of agricultural contracts by cashew producers, with the exception of the producer&#39;s assessm...

Background: Identifying environmental factors that can influence physical activity is a public health priority. We examined associations of perceived environmental attributes with walking for four different purposes: general neighborhood walking, walking for exercise, walking for pleasure, and walking to get to and from places.

This article describes the development and validation of a self-report questionnaire to measure the determinants of speeding behaviour in road traffic, based on the theory of planned behaviour. A provisional questionnaire measuring self-reported speeding behaviour as well as its determinants as predicted by the TPB model (attitudes towards speeding and towards respecting speed limits, social norms, perceived behavioural control, and intentions) was completed by 116 drivers. Separate principal component analyses on the items measuring attitudes, social norms and perceived control resulted in two component solutions, explaining between 46.5% and 57.5% of the variance, for each determinant. After Promax rotation, these solutions were used to construct eight scales comprising 2-7 items each, measuring negative and positive attitude towards speeding, negative and positive attitude towards respecting speed limits, explicit and implicit social norm, and perceived internal and external control, respectively. Internal consistencies ranged from .51 to .82. Scale scores accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in intention and self-reported behaviour. Intentions were most strongly predicted by explicit social norms and negative attitude towards respecting speed limits. Self-reported speeding was predicted by intention and perceived internal control. In contrast, actual speeding behaviour was not significantly predicted by intentions and perceived control. The study demonstrates the validity of the theory of planned behaviour to predict self-reported speeding behaviour and provides a valid and reliable measure of the cognitive concepts featured in this model, but suggests that actual speeding behaviour can only partially be predicted from these concepts.

The problem of political activity and political culture of youth in general, and student's youth in particular, have
gained an importance recently. Lack of interest in the existing political processes in Kazakhstan and in the world
among the younger generation became the norm. Recent numerous monitoring and researches show that the
youth of Kazakhstan takes a passive position concerning process of elections. In this research it was made an
attempt to reveal the determinants of political culture of the Kazakhstan student's youth. In article there
presented and analyzed the results of the sociological polls concerning the main indicators of social and
demographic situation, social well-being of youth. Research showed that the world economic crisis attracts
social stratification of society which seriously influences an electoral activity of the Kazakhstan student's youth.
Exactly, the difficulties in the solution of social and economic problems for youth in modern Kazakhstan are
becoming the most important indicators of its relation to policy and participation in electoral process. The
current stage of development of the Kazakhstan society is characterized by deep changes in all spheres of life.
Processes of reforming took the forms of essential transformational changes, having thoroughly transformed the
economic, political, social, civil relations, political system of the state. Problems of youth came to the forefront, The refore the human capital is a basis. Here legal bases and traditions are necessary. Therefore we need to solve fundamental basic problems from the economic point of view.

Keywords: Kazakhstan student youth, young people, political activity, determinants of youth political culture

Selection and peer review under responsibility of Zehra Ozcinar, Ataturk Teacher Training Academy. Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between R&D expenditures, patent applications, openness and high technology product export. For this purpose, using panel FMOLS and panel DOLS methods, we examined BRICT countries over the period of 2001-2011. According to the results, in the long run, R&D expenditures and openness have positive impacts on high technolgy product export. However, the coefficient of patent applications is not significant. In the light of these findings obtained from the analysis, we present some policy recommendations in the conclusion.

Introduction: Menopause is a complex physiological, self-perceived health condition caused by the reduction and termination of ovarian function, a process that results in a range of both psychological and physiological symptoms. The aim of this literature review was to synthesize the results of published studies on factors associated with menopausal symptoms in women during the transition to menopause and the postmenopausal period.
Methods: This systematic review was carried out according to the PRISMA statement. Primary studies published between 2007 and 2017 were identified through the following databases: PUBMED, SCOPUS, and CINAHL. In total, 3301 studies were identified and 279 were screened in full text. Of these, 54 studies were included for quality assessment using checklists from the Norwegian Institute for Public Health. A total of 22 studies were ultimately selected for inclusion in the results. These were thematically reviewed.
Results: A wide range of determinants was sorted as socio-demographic predictors, reproductive factors, clinical characteristics, behavioral, and lifestyle characteristics, and their association with the following outcomes was examined: The prevalence and severity of menopausal symptoms; sexual functioning; health indicators and health behaviors; health-related quality of life; physical performance; cognitive changes and attitudes; and the prevalence and age of natural menopause.
Conclusions: The current state of knowledge regarding menopause indicates that a wide array of instruments and variables have been employed and assessed to further understanding about menopause related symptoms. This systematic review provides information on factors that should be considered in the treatment of menopause-related changes that may be bothersome for menopausal women.

Physical attributes of local environments may influence walking. We used a modified version of the Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale to compare residents' perceptions of the attributes of two neighbourhoods that differed on measures derived from Geographic Information System databases. Residents of the high-walkable neighbourhood rated relevant attributes of residential density, land-use mix (access and diversity) and street connectivity, consistently higher than did residents of the low-walkable neighbourhood. Traffic safety and safety from crime attributes did not differ. Perceived neighbourhood environment characteristics had moderate to high test-retest reliabilities. Neighbourhood environment attribute ratings may be used in population surveys and other studies. r

This study was proposed to explore the determinants of consumer preferences in Addis Ababa restaurants. Using consumer behavior literatures and theories it was hypothesized that disposable income, price, quality, hygiene practices, friendliness of restaurant staff, safety of food and range or menu variety are important determinants of consumer choice for restaurants. Primary data were generated from 265 customers of 55 restaurants randomly selected with the use of questionnaire of which 258 of the questionnaire ended usable. The non parametric hypothesis testing statistical tool, chi –square tests, and measures of variation were used for statistical analysis purposes. The anticipation of the researcher was that the hypothesis testing results would be significant in parallel with the hypothesized facts. The findings of the research suggest that income has insignificant impact up on quality price trade of among consumers of different income categories. Other hypothesis associated with...

A sustainable pattern of participation health behavior; social support. in physical activity is important in the maintenance of health and prevention of disease. College students are Recent research and consensus statements from the Methods. We assessed self-reported physical activity Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the and other characteristics in a sample of 2,729 male and American College of Sports Medicine have emphasized female students (median age was 20 years) recruited the importance of regular, sustained physical activity from representative courses and year levels at four in reducing the risk of coronary heart disease, some Australian College campuses. They were categorized forms of cancer, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellias sufficiently or insufficiently active, using estimates tus, and osteoporosis [1,. Physical inactivity, as a modof energy expenditure (kcal/week) derived from selfifiable risk factor for a number of diseases, has become reported physical activity. Personal factors (selfa key public health concern. efficacy, job status, enjoyment), social factors (social Population data suggest that physical activity levels support from family/friends), and environmental facfall significantly during the period between adolescence tors (awareness of facilities, gym membership) were and adulthood [3]. Although there have been few longialso assessed. tudinal studies that have demonstrated decreases in Results. Forty-seven percent of females and 32% of leisure-time physical activity during this transitional males were insufficiently active. For females, the sigphase of life, it is apparent from cross-sectional studies nificant independent predictors of being insufficiently that this decrease is a real phenomenon. For example, active were lower social support from family and rates of leisure-time physical inactivity among Austrafriends, lower enjoyment of activity, and not working. For males, predictors were lower social support from lians in the 20-to 29-year age group are twice as high family and friends, lower enjoyment of activity, and as in those aged less than 20 years [4]. Other studies being older.

A social rules perspective was employed to identify the elements of socially appropriate responses to unfair criticism in the workplace. Women generally endorsed for themselves response strategies based on stronger obligation and softer rights components, while men endorsed responses based on stronger personal rights expression and weaker obligation components. In support of the utility of a social rules approach to operationalizing context-specific expectations, behavioral responses based on gender and status-specific rules were evaluated as more effective on task, relationship, and self-respect dimensions than were rights-only, rights-plus-empathy, or submissive strategies. Results are discussed in terms of the development of a context-specific model of interpersonal competence and implications for interpersonal skills and assertion training.

With the increasing standardization of nursing education in Europe under the Bologna Process Declaration (1999), there is a growing interest in defining a common concept of academic success and/or failure, measuring associated factors and comparing differences and similarities between different countries. While there is literature available on these issues from other countries, the phenomenon has not been studied in Italy. The aim of this study was to define the factors associated with academic success or failure in an Italian cohort of nursing students on a bachelor's degree course. A retrospective multicenter study design was adopted. All students enrolling in the academic year 2004-05 on two different bachelor's courses in the north of Italy were interviewed. Only 81 of the 117 students considered (69.2%) concluded their course in three years. Multivariate analysis identified two factors determining academic success/failure: good results in the entry examination for the bachelor's degree in nursing sciences were associated with academic success (OR 4.217, IC 95% 1.501-11.84), while family commitments, e.g. caring for children or elderly people were associated with academic failure (OR 0.120, IC 95% 0.03-0.471). Academic failure has a strong impact on students, their families, the teaching faculties and the community, and its prevention is a challenge in the countries with a shortage of nurses.

The objective of this paper is to ascertain whether Islamic banks do in fact manage profit distributions and if so, what factors are associated with the extent of profit distribution management. The results suggest that most Islamic banks manage profit distributions, with the extent of profit distribution directly related to religiosity, financial development, asset composition, and existence of discretionary reserves, while it is inversely related to market familiarity with Islamic banking, market concentration, depositor funding reliance and the age of the Islamic bank.

Malgré ses vertus thérapeutiques et qualités organoleptiques, le fonio (Digitaria exilis Stapf.) est une céréale négligée au Bénin. Il joue cependant, un rôle important dans l'alimentation des populations du Nord-ouest du Bénin en général et de la Commune de Boukombé en particulier. Sa production a considérablement diminué ces dernières années. L'objectif de cette étude est d'analyser la rentabilité de la culture dans le cadre de la promotion de sa production. Quatre vingt dix (90) producteurs ont été choisis au hasard et enquêtés dans trois (03) villages de la Commune de Boukombé. Les données sur les caractéristiques sociodémographiques, les prix, les quantités des inputs et outputs utilisés dans la production du fonio ont été collectées à l'aide d'un questionnaire. L'analyse du taux de rentabilité interne et du ratio bénéfice-coûts indique que la production du fonio est économiquement rentable pour plus de 75 % des producteurs, malgré le peu d'attention qui lui est accordée et les contraintes de la culture. Dans le cadre de la sécurité alimentaire et de la diversification des cultures, une politique de promotion du fonio est nécessaire afin de favoriser son développement et permettre aux populations de bénéficier des multiples vertus et avantages économiques.

The banking industry is exceedingly cutthroat competitive, with banks not only challenging among each other; but also with non-banks and other financial organizations. Most banks’ merchandise developments are uncomplicated to duplicate and when banks provide nearly similar services, they can only differentiate themselves on the basis of price, security in transactions, convenience, image, quality of services etc. Therefore, customer retention is potentially an effective tool that banks can use to gain a strategic advantage and survive in today’s ever-increasing banking competitive environment. In this study, the determinants of customer retention has been measured and found the most important determinants from the employees and customers’ perspectives. For this study total 500 customers and 200 employees from public and private banks were chosen. Through analyzing the mean, rank was assigned on the basis of the highest loadings.

Part I of this paper on Sir Thomas Muir, deals with his life in Scotland and at the Cape of Good Hope. In 1892, Thomas Muir, mathematician and educator, became the third Superintendent General of Education in the Cape Colony under British rule. He will be remembered as one of the greatest organisers and reformers in the history of Cape education. Muir found relief from his arduous administrative duties by his investigations in the field of mathematics, and, in particular, of algebra. Most of his more than 320 papers were on determinants and allied subjects. His magnum opus was a five-volume work: The Theory of Determinants in the Historical Order of Development (London, 1890(London, -1930. Muir's publications will be covered in Part II of this paper. However, a treatment of the contents of Muir's papers and his vast contribution to the theory of determinants, fall beyond the scope of this paper.

Working capital management is determined endogenously by firm –specific variables such as size, age, profitability, market share (power), sales growth, operating risk and operating cash flow. On the other hand, it is determined exogenously by macroeconomic factors such as GDP, interest rate and tax rate. The ultimate goal of working capital management is to achieve an optimal level of liquidity and profitability contingent upon availability of cash, inventory and other current assets. Optimal level of working capital maximizes the firm’s value, hence a trade-off between liquidity and profitability. A manager who invests heavily on working capital decreases the firm’s profitability and imposes opportunity cost of funds. In the light of the foregoing, the paper attempts a discourse on the determinants of working capital management. To achieve this onerous task, we identify and analyze opinions, comments, suggestions and conclusions of various researchers and scholars alike in this cri...

In this paper, employing the general Doolittle factorization, an efficient algorithm is developed to find the inverse of a general pentadiagonal matrix which is suitable for implementation using computer algebra systems software such as Matlab and Maple. Examples are given to illustrate the efficiency of the algorithm.

Though there has been increased advocacy for screening for Intimate partner violence (IPV) in healthcare over the past decades, data from developed country context suggest that only one in ten healthcare providers routinely screen for this phenomena suggesting barriers. Knowledge on the screening activity, with regard to IPV, and related barriers among healthcare providers in Sub-Saharan Africa is lacking.

Youth Unemployment is one of the most critical issues at global level. It represents the underutilization of scarce and precious resources, that would be important for nations' socioeconomic development. This study deals with identifying the main factors responsible for youth unemployment and constraints they face in self-employment in Ethiopia. It is based on the cross sectional data collected by Central Statistical Agency (CSA) in 2015. From all regions of the country, a total of 16,984 samples are considered for analysis. Using descriptive and cross tabulation analysis, the study shows that youth unemployment is highly related with regional location, sex, marital status and education. The analysis also shows youths' dream to create their own job is constrained highly by shortage of finance and lack of work place. The government and others stakeholders need to consider the above determinants and challenges for future intervention.

DISCLAIMER: The views expressed in this Research Report are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the Social Policy and Development Centre (SPDC). Research Reports describe research in progress by author (s) and are published to elicit comments ...

Healthcare systems and particularly tertiary hospitals are the centre of patient care delivery and represent an organizational hub of the bigger healthcare provider network. One of the most important objectives of any health system is patient satisfaction, yet there is considerable difficulty in the measurement of satisfaction and gauge the responsiveness of healthcare systems. Patient satisfaction is influenced not only by clinical factors but also non-clinical factors and outcomes which are usually ignored by healthcare providers and administrators in developing countries. Extensive research revealed that, there have not been studies that have looked at how patient satisfaction is influenced differentially by clinical factors (core services) and non-clinical factors (health system) and outcomes in Ghana. Also, the objects of the studies carried out in Ghana have been outpatients’ service experience and no study has focused on adding inpatients’ service experience in measuring the level of service quality delivered by tertiary hospitals. The purpose of this article is to propose that both clinical factors and non-clinical factors influence the satisfaction of patients who utilize the outpatient and inpatient departments of tertiary hospitals in Ghana hence healthcare providers and administrators should consider not only clinical factors as determinants of patient satisfaction but also non-clinical factors.
Keywords: Satisfaction, Determinants, Inpatient, Outpatient, clinical, non-clinical.

Youth Unemployment is one of the most critical issues at global level. It represents the underutilization of scarce and precious resources, that would be important for nations’ socio-economic development. This study deals with identifying the main factors responsible for youth unemployment and constraints they face in self-employment in Ethiopia. It is based on the cross sectional data collected by Central Statistical Agency (CSA) in 2015. From all regions of the country, a total of 16,984 samples are considered for analysis. Using descriptive and cross tabulation analysis, the study shows that youth unemployment is highly related with regional location, sex, marital status and education. The analysis also shows youths’ dream to create their own job is constrained highly by shortage of finance and lack of work place. The government and others stakeholders need to consider the above determinants and challenges for future intervention.

This paper aims to identify Key determinants for successful Project Implementation in the state of West Bengal with special focus in the Durgapur Industrial area. The research is motivated by the fact that of late there has been limited success in Project Implementation in West Bengal which had earlier been very successful in large scale project Implementation. Project related Professionals of the region were deliberated and interviewed. An objective realization instrument developed using 47 factors identified in the research as possible drivers in Project implementation based on Likert's seven point scale of ranking. Weighted scores of respondents who have been involved in project implementation in the area to the factors were analysed using Factor Analysis, while the effects of the quantified weight of the critical factors were analysed using regression tool. Result of the analysis clearly identifies the Key determinant among all factors which are essential for successful Project Implementation. The 47 factors are further grouped into few segments like Human, Resource, and Infrastructure etc. So through this research segment priority is also determined for the area and project manager based on priority can devote their time and energy to ensure that the Project is successfully completed. The customisation of Project planning and Project design has been the key determinant for successful project implementation

""Abstract.
You are about to start an important journey.
Recently, nations depend more in cyber networks to bring national prosperities, and provide government with various services. But these networks intrude, destruct and attack our property, privacy, economy, social life in a way which is harmful.
This paper presents important issues on the what, when, where, who, which and how are the Liabilities of Intellectual Property in the Cyber Space, the reaction of competition laws on intellectual property disputes in the cyberspace, and Competent Authority in solving the disputes. The paper consists of four parts in Romanic Numbers.
The attempt here is simply to familiarize the reader with a careful understanding of the term Liability, history, and types of Liability and how these have been affected in the Information Age.
In Part II, one has to know the concept of Intellectual Property; this will include meaning, background, types and their Liability in Information Age.
Part III will explain on Uncompetitive Behaviours, especially on Competition Liability and Competent Authority dealing with various competition disputes involving Intellectual Property in Information Age.
And finally the Personal Assessment basically in Tanzanian Laws in respect to intellectual property and competition in Information Age (Part IV).
""

In this study, we examined the relationship between transformational/transactional leadership perceptions and organizational identification and further explored the moderating role of individual difference variables, such as separateness-connectedness self-schema, and positive and negative affectivity. Data from 502 services employees indicated significant positive effects of transformational and transactional leadership perceptions on organizational identification. Regarding the moderating role of individual differences, our data showed that the positive relationship of transformational leadership and organizational identification was stronger for individuals of low positive affectivity as well as for employees of high negative affectivity. In addition, results indicated that transactional leadership had a stronger positive effect on organizational identification for individuals characterized by a connected self-schema. D

Le présent article ouvre la série de contributions du dossier portant sur la langue, l&#39;un des principaux domaines de réflexion de Pierre Vernet. Il traite la question de l&#39;agglutination entre un déterminant et un nom formant groupe nominal, laquelle agglutination renvoie à un phénomène courant en créole haïtien. Dans un premier temps, l&#39;auteur présente quelques observables dans ce domaine, à la suite de quoi il s&#39;intéresse aux manifestations phonologiques et aux traits sémantiques de ce type de manifestation verbale. Renauld Govain tente, à cette occasion, de fournir un classement des caractéristiques qu&#39;il en a relevées à travers différents corpus.

A ‘circumstance,’ in the meaning relevant to this work, carries two senses: (1) a situation totalized and (2) the conditions of the situation that enable us, in many cases, to render a wise decision and select or pick the right choice. In a situation totalized, the choosing agent is placed in a situational bind, and all the intervening factors of the situation point to a choice he or she may not like but has to do: ‘Under the circumstance, I have no choice but to leave you.’ Here the agent feels compelled in the sense that the alternatives are painful or unacceptable. In normal situations, the choosing agent feels free to make a choice between or among alternatives. He weighs the pros and cons, merits and demerits, pluses and minuses of each option and render a ‘free’ decision or make a ‘free’ choice. In this study, the main burden lies in trying to uncover or clarify in what sense the choice made is said to be ‘free.’ What is the role of situational conditions in the act of choosing? This work should be of interest not only to philosophers, social scientists, and lawyers, but to everyone since they make decisions and choices everyday.

The central question this thesis project explores concerns the relationship between childhood poverty and access to education. An ethnographic study is conducted by way of structured interviews with subjects exposed to childhood poverty in a district each of Andhra Pradesh (AP) and Tamil Nadu (TN), to map the determinants of access to primary education in these two south Indian states. An extensive literature review is conducted to arrive at determinants of access in the multidimensional context of childhood poverty. On this twin basis, a conceptual framework is evolved to sort these determinants into six overlapping categories, to aid analysis of the causal linkage between childhood poverty and lack of access to education. Determinants of access are also distinguished by type as primary and secondary, and the determinants captured through primary research are categorized to demonstrate how the framework functions. It is observed that education can be a way out of poverty, and two contrasting institutional approaches are discussed, namely the large-scale top-down Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan in Thanjavur district of TN and the grassroots localized Rishi Valley Rural Education Centre in Chittoor district of AP. The role of these institutions in resolving the barriers of access to education is explained in relation to the determinants arrived at earlier. The incidence of determinants of access that are not strongly linked with childhood poverty and are difficult to address through educational institutions and policy is noted. It is hoped that the conceptual framework developed along with the determinants of access to education identified, will aid insight into those determinants that are linked with childhood poverty, thereby informing policy and praxis how best to enable primary education for all.

This study investigated the strategic planning as determinant of administrative effectiveness in universities in Enugu State. Two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. This study adopted a descriptive survey design. The population comprised 121 administrative heads (Deans, Head Technology. A sample of 65 administrative heads was drawn using simple random sampling technique, which represented 53.7% of the population under study. The instrument used for data collection was questionnaire tagged 'strategic planning as determinant of administrative effectiveness questionnaire (SPDAEQ)' developed by the researcher. Cronbach alpha method was used to determine the reliability of the instrument, which yielded an index of 0.81. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while t-test was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 significant level. The findings revealed among others that, the ways strategic planning contributes to university growth in Enugu State include: helping in the development of university institutions to a high standard, promoting institutional growth for enhanced productivity, helping in the production of middle level manpower for economic growth of the society, ensuring productive teaching/learning outcomes for global competitiveness, maintaining quality in school programmes for high level productivity, and promoting good management of educational resources for sustainability. Based on the findings, the researcher recommended that, university managers and administrators should develop appropriate strategic planning principles to promote quality administrative effectiveness of universities in Nigeria. Introduction Strategy could be seen as the determination of the basic long term goals and objectives of an educational institution and adoption of the courses of action as well as the allocation of resources necessary for carrying out these goals. It is a unified, comprehensive, and integrated plan designed to ensure that the basic goals of the institution are achieved for quality output. It could be seen as the set of managerial decisions and actions that determines the long run performance of an educational institution that includes environmental scanning (both external and internal), strategy formulation, strategy implementation, evaluation and control. A strategic plan is a document used to communicate with the organization and its goals, the actions needed to achieve those goals and all of the other critical elements developed during the planning exercise. The strategic plan in universities is intended to guide the higher educational leaders in their decision-making to move forward for immediate and future achievements (Nwabueze, 2016). Nwabueze (2016) sees strategic

The present paper investigates the geographical patterns of socio-economic causes of rural out-migration among the states and union territories of India. The study is based on secondary sources of data, collected from census of India publications (2001), New Delhi. The boundary of a state/union territory has been considered as the smallest unit of study. The overall analysis of the study reveals that majority of the rural migrants (62.49 percent) migrated from the rural areas to other states and UTs of the country due to social factors. It is also found that work/employment accounted for 35.88 percent and migration for business 1.9 percent of the total rural out-migration in the country. The study also depicts that there is a wide range of variation in the spatial patterns of rural out-migration for different reasons. The high rate of rural out-migration for employment is witnessed from the central-eastern states and low from the north-eastern states, while, the high rate of rural out-migrants who moved with their households have recorded from the northern states and low from the eastern states of the country. However, western and north-western parts of India reported the high rate of rural out-migration for marriage, whereas, north-eastern states have witnessed the highest percentage of rural out-migration for education purpose.

This study was proposed to explore the determinants of consumer preferences in Addis Ababa restaurants. Using consumer behavior literatures and theories it was hypothesized that disposable income, price, quality, hygiene practices, friendliness of restaurant staff, safety of food and range or menu variety are important determinants of consumer choice for restaurants. Primary data were generated from 265 customers of 55 restaurants randomly selected with the use of questionnaire of which 258 of the questionnaire ended usable. The non parametric hypothesis testing statistical tool, chi –square tests, and measures of variation were used for statistical analysis purposes. The anticipation of the researcher was that the hypothesis testing results would be significant in parallel with the hypothesized facts. The findings of the research suggest that income has insignificant impact up on quality price trade of among consumers of different income categories. Other hypothesis associated with...

Indigenous Peoples have resiliently weathered continued assaults on their sovereignty and rights throughout colonialism and its continuing effects. Indigenous Peoples’ sovereignty has been strained by the increasing effects of global environmental change within their territories, including climate change and pollution, and by threats and impositions against their land and water rights. This continuing strain against sovereignty has prompted a call to action to conceptualise the determinants of planetary health from a perspective that embodied Indigenous-specific methods of knowledge gathering from around the globe. A group of Indigenous scholars, practitioners, land and water defenders, respected Elders, and knowledge-holders came together to define the determinants of planetary health from an Indigenous perspective. Three overarching levels of interconnected determinants, in addition to ten individual-level determinants, were identified as being integral to the health and sustainability of the planet, Mother Earth.

We present a heuristic for minimizing the rank of a positive semidefinite matrix over a convex set. We use the logarithm of the determinant as a smooth approximation for rank, and locally minimize this function to obtain a sequence of trace minimization problems. We then present a lemma that relates the rank of any general matrix to that of a corresponding positive semidefinite one. Using this, we readily extend the proposed heuristic to handle general matrices. We examine the vector case as a special case, where the heuristic reduces to an iterative 1 -norm minimization technique. As practical applications of the rank minimization problem and our heuristic, we consider two examples: minimum-order system realization with time-domain constraints, and finding lowest-dimension embedding of points in a Euclidean space from noisy distance data.

years after initial treatment two thirds of the youngsters were still more than 10% less overweight than before initial treatment. But despite the long and successful treatment period of 10 months and the intense support by the treatment team, little lasting changes in physical activity habits were achieved. It was further demonstrated that both appropriate amounts of physical activity and low fat intake may be determinants of middle long-term weight maintenance after treatment and that one healthy behaviour can not compensate for another unhealthy behaviour. Finally, a pilot study showed that post-treatment contacts by phone and mail over a 5-month period may have beneficial effects on weight loss maintenance and (in)active behaviours after treatment. fitness in obese and non-obese Flemish youth Abstract DEFORCHE, BENEDICTE, JOHAN LEFEVRE, ILSE DE BOURDEAUDHUIJ, ANDREW P. HILLS, WILLIAM DUQUET, AND JACQUES BOUCKAERT. Physical fitness and physical activity in obese and nonobese Flemish youth. Obes Res. 2003;11:434 -441. Objective: To assess different aspects of physical fitness and physical activity in obese and nonobese Flemish youth. Research Methods and Procedures: A random sample of 3214 Flemish schoolchildren was selected and divided into an "obese" and "nonobese" group based on body mass index and sum of skinfolds. Physical fitness was assessed by the European physical fitness test battery. Physical activity was estimated by a modified version of the Baecke Questionnaire. Results: Obese subjects had inferior performances on all tests requiring propulsion or lifting of the body mass (standing-broad jump, sit-ups, bent-arm hang, speed shuttle run, and endurance shuttle run) compared with their nonobese counterparts (p Ͻ 0.001). In contrast, the obese subjects showed greater strength on handgrip (p Ͻ 0.001). Both groups had similar levels of leisure-time physical activity; however, nonobese boys had a higher sport index than their obese counterparts (p Ͻ 0.05). Discussion: Results of this study show that obese subjects had poorer performances on weight-bearing tasks, but did not have lower scores on all fitness components. To encourage adherence to physical activity in obese youth, it is important that activities are tailored to their capabilities. Results suggest that weight-bearing activities should be limited at the start of an intervention with obese participants and alternative activities that rely more on static strength used.

Objective: This study explored the determinants of breast-feeding practices within the first 6 months post-partum among women residing in rural Vietnam. Methods: The study was conducted in Quang Xuong district, in the Thanh Hoa Province of Vietnam. In the first phase, 463 women were prospectively studied at weeks 1, 16 and 24 post-partum. During the second phase, 16 focus group discussions were undertaken to obtain complementary information. Results: Exclusive breast-feeding dropped from 83.6% at week 1 to 43.6% at week 16 and by week 24, no infant was exclusively breast-fed. A logistic regression analysis found 'mother's education level', 'mother's decision-making on breastfeeding', 'mother's comfort to breast-feed in public places', 'father's occupation', 'feeding preference of father' and 'having sufficient food for the family' significantly influenced the exclusive breast-feeding practice. Qualitative data provided in-depth information on factors relating to mother, infant, close relatives and providers. Conclusion: Providing appropriate training and supportive supervision on breast-feeding counselling to health workers and supporting working mothers to exclusively breast-feed their infants through community mobilization were recommended to improve breast-feeding in rural Vietnam.