Under our latitudes, existing buildings energy consumptions, related to heating, cooling, ventila... more Under our latitudes, existing buildings energy consumptions, related to heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water (DHW), lighting and other uses, are responsible for significant environmental burdens. Moreover, existing buildings annual replacement rate being lower than 1%, in most developed countries, existing stock retrofit represents a major lever to reach commitments on climate change and non-renewable energy consumption mitigation. However, the identification of optimal sustainable retrofit programs, including actions planning over a time period, is still a difficult task for professionals. This thesis aims at producing knowledge in order to contribute to decision support for efficient energy retrofit programs identification, through the application of different multi-criteria optimization techniques. Objectifs et approche méthodologique des travaux de thèse Face à l'importance de l'enjeu et à l'étendue du parc, l'ambition de réhabilitation énergétique commande d'accompagner les Professionnels de la Construction, dans la définition de programmes de réhabilitation efficaces, sur le cycle de vie des bâtiments existants. Ces programmes se doivent d'envisager, de manière intégrée et potentiellement séquencée dans le temps, des combinaisons d'interventions de réhabilitation ciblant la réduction des besoins en énergie, l'efficacité des équipements et l'intégration des énergies renouvelables. Si la réduction des consommations énergétiques et des impacts sur l'Environnement est un objectif intrinsèque, la réhabilitation énergétique doit également démontrer une pertinence économique et préserver voire contribuer au confort des occupants. Simulation thermique de bâtiments, analyse de cycle de vie et analyse du coût du cycle de vie sont autant d'outils servant l'évaluation de ces multiples objectifs. Enfin, l'enjeu de la réhabilitation de l'existant impose de dépasser l'échelle du bâtiment et bien de travailler sur les stratégies d'intervention à l'échelle des parcs bâtis. Des acteurs comme les bailleurs sociaux sont demandeurs d'outils les accompagnant dans le déploiement de la réhabilitation sur l'ensemble de bâtiments dont ils ont la charge. Cette thèse de doctorat se donne pour objectif de contribuer au développement de méthodologies et outils robustes, permettant d'identifier des stratégies efficaces de réhabilitation des bâtiments existants, sur une base multicritère et sur leur cycle de vie. Plan du manuscrit Ces travaux de thèse de doctorat visent à produire des connaissances afin de contribuer à l'aide à la décision pour l'identification de programmes efficaces de réhabilitation énergétique, à partir de méthodes d'optimisation multicritère. Le mémoire est subdivisé en cinq Chapitres. Le problème d'aide à la décision pour la réhabilitation énergétique séquentielle des bâtis existants est spécifié et modélisé au Chapitre 1. Le positionnement de la recherche de stratégies efficaces au sein des projets de réhabilitation est précisé. Les variables d'action étudiées et les performances attendues pour les programmes de réhabilitation sont détaillées. Les fonctions objectifs ciblent en particulier les impacts environnementaux de l'ACV, des indicateurs financiers, le bien-être des occupants par le confort thermique adaptatif en été. Ce chapitre présente enfin une synthèse des approches académiques d'aide à la décision en contexte multicritère, ce qui permet de positionner la démarche d'optimisation multicritère, proposée dans ces travaux. La nature du problème a conduit à construire une approche d'aide à la décision à partir de méthodes d'optimisation multicritère. Le Chapitre 2 présente l'approche par algorithme génétique. Sur la base d'une synthèse des principes généraux, un algorithme génétique est développé pour répondre à la problématique de réhabilitation énergétique séquentielle, à l'échelle d'un bâtiment. Un développement logiciel permet alors l'étude de la réhabilitation d'un immeuble résidentiel collectif, situé en banlieue parisienne. Celle-ci illustre l'approche d'aide à la décision, par l'identification de solutions efficaces et la description d'une surface de compromis. L'approche par algorithme génétique du Chapitre 2 constitue une méthode pour l'identification de stratégies efficaces de réhabilitation énergétique séquentielle. Cependant, cette métaheuris-Chapitre 1 Aide à la décision pour la réhabilitation énergétique séquentielle des bâtiments existants Ce chapitre se donne pour objectif de dresser l'état de l'art et de présenter la démarche d'aide à la décision, pour l'identification de programmes systémiques de réhabilitation énergétique séquentielle des bâtiments existants. Le positionnement de la recherche de stratégies efficaces au sein des projets de réhabilitation est ainsi précisé. Les variables d'action étudiées et les fonctions objectifs servant ici l'évaluation des programmes de réhabilitation sont détaillées. Ce chapitre présente enfin une synthèse des approches académiques d'aide à la décision en contexte multicritère, ce qui permet de positionner la démarche d'optimisation multicritère, proposée dans ces travaux.
The Mo-Ni-Re system is one of the important subsystems of the Ni based superalloys engineered for... more The Mo-Ni-Re system is one of the important subsystems of the Ni based superalloys engineered for use in high temperature applications. Considering the contradictions among previously reported information, the present study was devoted to the complete experimental determination of the phase equilibria in the Mo-Ni-Re system, structural characterization of its intermetallic phases and thermodynamic modeling of the system with the help of the CALPHAD method. The experimental investigation of phase equilibria was carried out with the help of equilibrated alloys and phase diagrams of the Ni-Re and Mo-Ni-Re system (at 1200°C and 1600°C) were proposed. In comparison with previous investigations, the Ni-Re phase diagram determined during the present study showed significant differences in terms of homogeneity domains, freezing ranges and peritectic reaction temperature. The 1200°C isothermal section of the Mo-Ni-Re system proposed during the present study showed large extension of the MoRe σ phase and Mo-Ni δ phase in the ternary region. In addition, presence of two previously unknown ternary phases was also observed. The isothermal section of the Mo-Ni-Re system at 1600°C also showed large extension of σ phase in the ternary region whereas extension of the MoRe χ phase in both isothermal sections was restricted to narrow composition range. The presence of ternary phases observed in the 1200°C isothermal was not evidenced in 1600°C isothermal section. On the other hand, partial investigations of phase boundaries in the Mo-Ni and MoRe binary systems and determination of liquidus projection of the Mo-Ni-Re system was also carried out. The liquidus projection of the Mo-Ni-Re system proposed during present study also showed largely extended primary crystallization fields of the MoRe σ phase and Re solid solution in the ternary region. Since isothermal sections of the Mo-Ni-Re system showed largely extended homogeneity domain of σ, structural characterization of the Mo-Ni-Re σ with particular emphasis on determination of site occupancy trends as a function of composition was carried out by combined Rietveld refinement of the X-ray and neutron diffraction data. The experimental results gathered during the present study along with the information available in the literature were used as input for thermodynamic modeling of the Mo-Ni-Re system. The thermodynamic description of the MoRe system was taken from literature whereas thermodynamic modeling of the Mo-Ni, Ni-Re and Mo-Ni-Re system was carried out during the present study with the help of the CALHAD method.
Étude de l’aide a ̀ la décision par optimisation multicritère des programmes de réhabilitatio... more Étude de l’aide a ̀ la décision par optimisation multicritère des programmes de réhabilitation énergétique séquentielle des bâtiments existants Mathieu Rivallain To cite this version: Mathieu Rivallain. Étude de l’aide a ̀ la décision par optimisation multicritère des programmes de réhabilitation énergétique séquentielle des bâtiments existants. Autre. Universite ́ Paris-Est, 2013. Français. <NNT: 2013PEST1038>. <pastel-00861172> HAL Id: pastel-00861172
A wide diversity of urban fabrics exists around the world, especially in traditional neighborhood... more A wide diversity of urban fabrics exists around the world, especially in traditional neighborhoods. They are generally linked with typical spatial configurations of buildings. In particular, open, compact and attached forms were developed depending on the local geography, climate and culture. The different levels of porosity that characterize these urban forms involve different very-local micro-climates and internal wind patterns. Indeed, the very-local interactions between mean winds and the shape and layout of urban structures determine to a large extent the flow structures that develop in the urban canopy layer. These aerodynamic phenomena affect in turn, among other things, urban ventilation processes, wind and thermal comfort as well as the climate at the upper scale of the city.
Several surveys have revealed that most of the exis ting French buildings are still poorly insula... more Several surveys have revealed that most of the exis ting French buildings are still poorly insulated. T he current rate of retrofitting is low (1%) but it is tending to accelerate to reach the announced objectives. The problem of internal moisture requir es special attention during retrofitting operations . In strongly insulated and poorly ventilated buildin gs internal condensation can leads to the development of micro-organisms, materials degradati ons, discomfort and potentially health issues. The aim of the Humirisk project was to propose a re novation methodology in order to limit the moisture risks related to the building modification s. This paper describes a method that has been developed and discuses the results obtained from si x ca e studies. The method is based on assessment of the building initial state according to several p rameters (construction system, condition of housi ng units, behaviour of inhabitants, temperature, relat ive humidity, air permeability and diagno...
Service Life Prediction to plan optimized maintenance involves the necessity for designers to han... more Service Life Prediction to plan optimized maintenance involves the necessity for designers to handle with tools which can allow the definition of Estimated Service Lives of single buildings' components and moreover of buildings themselves: ICT tools to manage service life prediction need Reference Service Life Data Bases. The report deals with the development of tools for the application of enhanced Factor Method through grids to guide users in assigning the values to the factors, avoiding subjectivity. Application of Factorial Method needs the knowledge of Reference Service Lives of building components, starting point of the calculation. That's the reason why, it is fundamental to provide a data collection of reference Service Lives which can help and drive the designer in obtaining the value of Extimated Service Life in each context of application. In collaboration with the C.S.T.B., Research Group on Durability of Building Components of Politecnico di Milano is collecting data coming from researches at Politecnico's itself and from the Italian durability network. The work wants to provide an open database which can be constantly implemented through the auxilium of researchers, owners, designers, manifactures, insurance companies, property asset managers from all over Europe, leaking and driving the insertion thanks to grids of control purposely prepared. Service life management systems are, therefore, analysed from the point of view of the information due to allow designers to manage service life prediction and maintenance planning. Databases will supply the input datas to predict Service Life of each single building component and will be available on internet in order to be a valid tool for designers. The paper reports on methods and tools developed to produce data and information in an easy-to-use form, on the durability of building components about both the quality of the manufacturing processes and the service life of products.
Endrit HOXHA, Researcher of Environment and Life Cycle Engineering Division , Centre Scientifique... more Endrit HOXHA, Researcher of Environment and Life Cycle Engineering Division , Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), and doctor student at Universite Paris-Est, UMR NAVIER, Ecole des Ponts Paris Tech, France endrit.hoxha@cstb.fr Sebastien LASVAUX*, Research Engineer of Environment and Life Cycle Engineering Division, Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), and Universite Paris-Est, French Scientific, France sebastien.lasvaux@cstb.fr
Service Life planning is becoming more and more important in the design step when the set of take... more Service Life planning is becoming more and more important in the design step when the set of taken choices are influenced by the entire life cycle assessment of a building process: as a consequence, the need for more accurate Service Life data becomes essential, compounded by the necessity of a wider availability and an easier accessibility to this information. Due to the resulting increase in the detail and the complexity of building materials and components data, a tool for its collection, sharing and use becomes indispensable. Moreover, the attention towards the sustainable issue should consider building materials and components performance over time since such life-cycle assessment knowledge cannot be crystallized at their initial behaviour. The choice of the best building components and materials to be adopted in each design process has to consider not only their duration but also their failure rate curve over time: an effective sustainable process is based on an optimised maintenance planning and this is possible only through the knowledge of building components' durability. Such a tool for building materials and components data collection should provide information about their service life in known reference conditions (Reference Service Life, RSL). Furthermore it could be exploited for Service Life Prediction as well: the aim is to structure this database as a collaborative tool to allow the sharing among all the different stakeholders of the building process but, at the same time, to ease development of further implementations, such as the application of methods for Service Life Estimation. This paper presents the methodological research activity employed to create a factor grids database for RSL data collection and for the application of a proposed enhanced factor method for Service Life Prediction.
The goal of improving the quality and the maintenance of building products, and the will to integ... more The goal of improving the quality and the maintenance of building products, and the will to integrate the sustainable development objectives led us to propose an original method based on the use and adaptation of the Failure Modes Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMEA). This method relies among others on ontology use. It facilitates the FMEA proceeding. This paper aims to introduce innovative software specifically developed to perform more easily FMEA on building components. This software takes advantages of a structured knowledge base and an inference rule engine that allow a complete and formal description of the product to be analysed and an exhaustive analysis of all failures (degradations) that may occur.
Ce rapport propose un bilan des actions de recherche menees dans le cadre de la programmation de ... more Ce rapport propose un bilan des actions de recherche menees dans le cadre de la programmation de la recherche du CSTB sur la periode 2011-2013 concernant le projet de recherche Retex integre a la priorite scientifique et technique "Bâtiments durables". Un focus est propose sur un ensemble d'actions marquantes concernant : le retour d'experience sur les performances reelles des bâtiments de derniere generation ; l'evaluation des performances energetiques effectives in situ et les methodes d'accompagnement des dispositifs de garantie de performance energetique. // This report gives an overview of the Retex research project from the internal CSTB "Sustainable Buildings" program over the 2011-2013 period. Some significant works are detailed on: Feedback on actual energy performance for low energy consumption buildings; In situ assessment of actual energy performance and scientific methologies to support energy performance guarantee processes.
The construction industry is a large contributor to CO2 emissions, with buildings responsible for... more The construction industry is a large contributor to CO2 emissions, with buildings responsible for 40% of the total European energy consumption and a third of CO2 emissions. Therefore the construction sector plays a significant role fulfilling the 20/20 targets of the European Union - Reduction of the energy and the CO2 emissions by 20% and increase of the total energy share with renewable energy sources to 20%. In order to understand, address and finally reduce the environmental emissions, the method of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) plays a key role. In recent years LCAs of buildings and building products become increasingly important. Unfortunately with the number of applications inconsistencies increased as well. The "Energy-efficient Buildings Initiative" (EeB-PPP) and the European Union funded the research project "Operational Guidance for performing Life Cycle Assessment Studies of the Energy efficient building Initiative (EeBGuide)" to harmonize these approac...
Le projet Elodie 2.0 a contribue a mettre a la disposition du secteur de la construction des meth... more Le projet Elodie 2.0 a contribue a mettre a la disposition du secteur de la construction des methodes et des outils pour concevoir et evaluer les bâtiments dans une approche performancielle. Pour donner a chacun des acteurs une vision globale sur l'ensemble du cycle de vie du bâtiment, le projet Elodie 2.0 s'est interesse aux outils " metier ", ainsi qu'aux chaines de valeurs aboutissant a des criteres globaux a l'echelle du bâtiment. Le tableau de bord en construction integre donc les aspects energetiques et environnementaux (approche Analyse de cycle de vie autour de l'outil logiciel Elodie), mais egalement les aspects de confort (outils Acoubat et Phanie), de sante (qualite de l'air interieur) et de cout global. // The Elodie 2.0 project has contributed to provide to the construction sector methods and tools for designing and evaluating buildings, in a performance approach. To give each stakeholder an overall vision of the entire life cycle of th...
L'objectif de la priorite scientifique et technique " Bâtiment durable " du program... more L'objectif de la priorite scientifique et technique " Bâtiment durable " du programme de recherche 2010-2013 du CSTB peut etre resume comme suit : Developper la capacite de la filiere construction a concevoir, realiser, renover et gerer des ouvrages en integrant les performances techniques, economiques, environnementales et de confort. Pour arriver a cet objectif nous avons menes des travaux de recherche et developpement suivant trois axes structurants : 1/Developper les methodologies et les outils operationnels pour permettre d'evaluer, de comprendre et de garantir les performances des bâtiments ; 2/Mettre a disposition des outils de conception et d'evaluation permettant une mesure objective et performancielle de l'ensemble des performances issues de l'integration des principes du developpement durable dans la construction ; 3/Accompagner et evaluer les solutions technologiques innovantes en regard de ces nouvelles performances d'ouvrages dont ils ...
In accordance with the principles of “sustainable development” and “performance-based building”, ... more In accordance with the principles of “sustainable development” and “performance-based building”, building components are expected to maintain their required performance levels over their service life. This is typically achieved through the use of planned maintenance interventions. However, providing relevant management of building components likely requires both the identification and evaluation of the most critical degradation scenarios. Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA), is a method developed in the 1970s in the industrial domain, and has more recently been adapted to the construction domain as a mean to identify all the possible degradation scenarios. From all the available results obtained from the FMEA, the most critical scenarios are established on the base of a further analysis of the criticality of these scenarios, so obtained through a FMECA (“C” for criticality). In this paper, two variations of methods are proposed to complete the criticality analysis. The first m...
ABSTRACT Research and standardization works are in progress and building environmental performanc... more ABSTRACT Research and standardization works are in progress and building environmental performance methods are more and more based on a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. In this new holistic and multicriteria framework using not only energy-based indicators, construction stakeholders need reference values to compare from an environmental point of view a new project from the current average, good or best practice. This paper presents the results of a French pilot project, called HQE performance, concerning the LCA of 74 low-energy buildings. Reference values are presented for the non renewable primary energy use, the global warming potential, the water consumption and the generated inert waste indicators through a statistical analysis. It was found that the mean embodied impacts are 44 kWh of non-renewable primary energy and 11.4 kg eq-CO2 per m² per year. The dispersion of values for the non-renewable primary energy ranges from 35 to 60 kWh/m²/year and the global warming potential indicator ranges from 9 to 15 kg eq-CO2 per m² per year. These values related to the impacts of building materials, products and equipment can now lead to the determination of reference values for the French context.
At the beginning of the 20th century, about 90% of the cost of a building was attributable to the... more At the beginning of the 20th century, about 90% of the cost of a building was attributable to the structure and the enveloppe. According to the good durability of the component contributing to the structure, it is understandable that we were designing building for 70 or 100 years without the same need of knowing the service life of the components as knowing its mechanical resistance. New performances are today measured and taken into account during the design to fullfill among others, acoustic, fire safety or thermal insulation requirement. But new requirements have to be thinked ahead. Today, up to 75% of the cost of a building is allocated to equipments and indoor fittings. Most of the time these components have to be replaced during the service life of the building, and the economical impact on the life cycle cost are significant: for 1 euros spent in the construction phase of an office building, 5 can be spend to maintain and manage it during 30 years! [Tupamaki, 2005] The Environmental assessment of a building using Environmental Product Declaration is also required to estimate the service life of the components. Thus, service life is on the point to become a very usefull data for building design and facility management according to the sustainable development principles [ISO SC17, 2007]. The aim of this paper is to present a platform for service life planning. www.durée-de-vie-batiement.fr. It's a french tool for the moment, but we intend to propose it at an international level to optimize its interest. A collaboration between contracting authorities, architects, research offices, manufacturers and entrepreneurs has been established to develop this collaborative tool, a plateform to collect Reference Service Life (compatible with the ISO series of standard 15686). It proposes an organization of knowledge in grids in which are stored and indexed the essential informations, to estimate the service life of construction components and to evaluate the factors impacting building durability (quality of materials, quality of the implementation, environment, users, maintenance…).
Under our latitudes, existing buildings energy consumptions, related to heating, cooling, ventila... more Under our latitudes, existing buildings energy consumptions, related to heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water (DHW), lighting and other uses, are responsible for significant environmental burdens. Moreover, existing buildings annual replacement rate being lower than 1%, in most developed countries, existing stock retrofit represents a major lever to reach commitments on climate change and non-renewable energy consumption mitigation. However, the identification of optimal sustainable retrofit programs, including actions planning over a time period, is still a difficult task for professionals. This thesis aims at producing knowledge in order to contribute to decision support for efficient energy retrofit programs identification, through the application of different multi-criteria optimization techniques. Objectifs et approche méthodologique des travaux de thèse Face à l'importance de l'enjeu et à l'étendue du parc, l'ambition de réhabilitation énergétique commande d'accompagner les Professionnels de la Construction, dans la définition de programmes de réhabilitation efficaces, sur le cycle de vie des bâtiments existants. Ces programmes se doivent d'envisager, de manière intégrée et potentiellement séquencée dans le temps, des combinaisons d'interventions de réhabilitation ciblant la réduction des besoins en énergie, l'efficacité des équipements et l'intégration des énergies renouvelables. Si la réduction des consommations énergétiques et des impacts sur l'Environnement est un objectif intrinsèque, la réhabilitation énergétique doit également démontrer une pertinence économique et préserver voire contribuer au confort des occupants. Simulation thermique de bâtiments, analyse de cycle de vie et analyse du coût du cycle de vie sont autant d'outils servant l'évaluation de ces multiples objectifs. Enfin, l'enjeu de la réhabilitation de l'existant impose de dépasser l'échelle du bâtiment et bien de travailler sur les stratégies d'intervention à l'échelle des parcs bâtis. Des acteurs comme les bailleurs sociaux sont demandeurs d'outils les accompagnant dans le déploiement de la réhabilitation sur l'ensemble de bâtiments dont ils ont la charge. Cette thèse de doctorat se donne pour objectif de contribuer au développement de méthodologies et outils robustes, permettant d'identifier des stratégies efficaces de réhabilitation des bâtiments existants, sur une base multicritère et sur leur cycle de vie. Plan du manuscrit Ces travaux de thèse de doctorat visent à produire des connaissances afin de contribuer à l'aide à la décision pour l'identification de programmes efficaces de réhabilitation énergétique, à partir de méthodes d'optimisation multicritère. Le mémoire est subdivisé en cinq Chapitres. Le problème d'aide à la décision pour la réhabilitation énergétique séquentielle des bâtis existants est spécifié et modélisé au Chapitre 1. Le positionnement de la recherche de stratégies efficaces au sein des projets de réhabilitation est précisé. Les variables d'action étudiées et les performances attendues pour les programmes de réhabilitation sont détaillées. Les fonctions objectifs ciblent en particulier les impacts environnementaux de l'ACV, des indicateurs financiers, le bien-être des occupants par le confort thermique adaptatif en été. Ce chapitre présente enfin une synthèse des approches académiques d'aide à la décision en contexte multicritère, ce qui permet de positionner la démarche d'optimisation multicritère, proposée dans ces travaux. La nature du problème a conduit à construire une approche d'aide à la décision à partir de méthodes d'optimisation multicritère. Le Chapitre 2 présente l'approche par algorithme génétique. Sur la base d'une synthèse des principes généraux, un algorithme génétique est développé pour répondre à la problématique de réhabilitation énergétique séquentielle, à l'échelle d'un bâtiment. Un développement logiciel permet alors l'étude de la réhabilitation d'un immeuble résidentiel collectif, situé en banlieue parisienne. Celle-ci illustre l'approche d'aide à la décision, par l'identification de solutions efficaces et la description d'une surface de compromis. L'approche par algorithme génétique du Chapitre 2 constitue une méthode pour l'identification de stratégies efficaces de réhabilitation énergétique séquentielle. Cependant, cette métaheuris-Chapitre 1 Aide à la décision pour la réhabilitation énergétique séquentielle des bâtiments existants Ce chapitre se donne pour objectif de dresser l'état de l'art et de présenter la démarche d'aide à la décision, pour l'identification de programmes systémiques de réhabilitation énergétique séquentielle des bâtiments existants. Le positionnement de la recherche de stratégies efficaces au sein des projets de réhabilitation est ainsi précisé. Les variables d'action étudiées et les fonctions objectifs servant ici l'évaluation des programmes de réhabilitation sont détaillées. Ce chapitre présente enfin une synthèse des approches académiques d'aide à la décision en contexte multicritère, ce qui permet de positionner la démarche d'optimisation multicritère, proposée dans ces travaux.
The Mo-Ni-Re system is one of the important subsystems of the Ni based superalloys engineered for... more The Mo-Ni-Re system is one of the important subsystems of the Ni based superalloys engineered for use in high temperature applications. Considering the contradictions among previously reported information, the present study was devoted to the complete experimental determination of the phase equilibria in the Mo-Ni-Re system, structural characterization of its intermetallic phases and thermodynamic modeling of the system with the help of the CALPHAD method. The experimental investigation of phase equilibria was carried out with the help of equilibrated alloys and phase diagrams of the Ni-Re and Mo-Ni-Re system (at 1200°C and 1600°C) were proposed. In comparison with previous investigations, the Ni-Re phase diagram determined during the present study showed significant differences in terms of homogeneity domains, freezing ranges and peritectic reaction temperature. The 1200°C isothermal section of the Mo-Ni-Re system proposed during the present study showed large extension of the MoRe σ phase and Mo-Ni δ phase in the ternary region. In addition, presence of two previously unknown ternary phases was also observed. The isothermal section of the Mo-Ni-Re system at 1600°C also showed large extension of σ phase in the ternary region whereas extension of the MoRe χ phase in both isothermal sections was restricted to narrow composition range. The presence of ternary phases observed in the 1200°C isothermal was not evidenced in 1600°C isothermal section. On the other hand, partial investigations of phase boundaries in the Mo-Ni and MoRe binary systems and determination of liquidus projection of the Mo-Ni-Re system was also carried out. The liquidus projection of the Mo-Ni-Re system proposed during present study also showed largely extended primary crystallization fields of the MoRe σ phase and Re solid solution in the ternary region. Since isothermal sections of the Mo-Ni-Re system showed largely extended homogeneity domain of σ, structural characterization of the Mo-Ni-Re σ with particular emphasis on determination of site occupancy trends as a function of composition was carried out by combined Rietveld refinement of the X-ray and neutron diffraction data. The experimental results gathered during the present study along with the information available in the literature were used as input for thermodynamic modeling of the Mo-Ni-Re system. The thermodynamic description of the MoRe system was taken from literature whereas thermodynamic modeling of the Mo-Ni, Ni-Re and Mo-Ni-Re system was carried out during the present study with the help of the CALHAD method.
Étude de l’aide a ̀ la décision par optimisation multicritère des programmes de réhabilitatio... more Étude de l’aide a ̀ la décision par optimisation multicritère des programmes de réhabilitation énergétique séquentielle des bâtiments existants Mathieu Rivallain To cite this version: Mathieu Rivallain. Étude de l’aide a ̀ la décision par optimisation multicritère des programmes de réhabilitation énergétique séquentielle des bâtiments existants. Autre. Universite ́ Paris-Est, 2013. Français. <NNT: 2013PEST1038>. <pastel-00861172> HAL Id: pastel-00861172
A wide diversity of urban fabrics exists around the world, especially in traditional neighborhood... more A wide diversity of urban fabrics exists around the world, especially in traditional neighborhoods. They are generally linked with typical spatial configurations of buildings. In particular, open, compact and attached forms were developed depending on the local geography, climate and culture. The different levels of porosity that characterize these urban forms involve different very-local micro-climates and internal wind patterns. Indeed, the very-local interactions between mean winds and the shape and layout of urban structures determine to a large extent the flow structures that develop in the urban canopy layer. These aerodynamic phenomena affect in turn, among other things, urban ventilation processes, wind and thermal comfort as well as the climate at the upper scale of the city.
Several surveys have revealed that most of the exis ting French buildings are still poorly insula... more Several surveys have revealed that most of the exis ting French buildings are still poorly insulated. T he current rate of retrofitting is low (1%) but it is tending to accelerate to reach the announced objectives. The problem of internal moisture requir es special attention during retrofitting operations . In strongly insulated and poorly ventilated buildin gs internal condensation can leads to the development of micro-organisms, materials degradati ons, discomfort and potentially health issues. The aim of the Humirisk project was to propose a re novation methodology in order to limit the moisture risks related to the building modification s. This paper describes a method that has been developed and discuses the results obtained from si x ca e studies. The method is based on assessment of the building initial state according to several p rameters (construction system, condition of housi ng units, behaviour of inhabitants, temperature, relat ive humidity, air permeability and diagno...
Service Life Prediction to plan optimized maintenance involves the necessity for designers to han... more Service Life Prediction to plan optimized maintenance involves the necessity for designers to handle with tools which can allow the definition of Estimated Service Lives of single buildings' components and moreover of buildings themselves: ICT tools to manage service life prediction need Reference Service Life Data Bases. The report deals with the development of tools for the application of enhanced Factor Method through grids to guide users in assigning the values to the factors, avoiding subjectivity. Application of Factorial Method needs the knowledge of Reference Service Lives of building components, starting point of the calculation. That's the reason why, it is fundamental to provide a data collection of reference Service Lives which can help and drive the designer in obtaining the value of Extimated Service Life in each context of application. In collaboration with the C.S.T.B., Research Group on Durability of Building Components of Politecnico di Milano is collecting data coming from researches at Politecnico's itself and from the Italian durability network. The work wants to provide an open database which can be constantly implemented through the auxilium of researchers, owners, designers, manifactures, insurance companies, property asset managers from all over Europe, leaking and driving the insertion thanks to grids of control purposely prepared. Service life management systems are, therefore, analysed from the point of view of the information due to allow designers to manage service life prediction and maintenance planning. Databases will supply the input datas to predict Service Life of each single building component and will be available on internet in order to be a valid tool for designers. The paper reports on methods and tools developed to produce data and information in an easy-to-use form, on the durability of building components about both the quality of the manufacturing processes and the service life of products.
Endrit HOXHA, Researcher of Environment and Life Cycle Engineering Division , Centre Scientifique... more Endrit HOXHA, Researcher of Environment and Life Cycle Engineering Division , Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), and doctor student at Universite Paris-Est, UMR NAVIER, Ecole des Ponts Paris Tech, France endrit.hoxha@cstb.fr Sebastien LASVAUX*, Research Engineer of Environment and Life Cycle Engineering Division, Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), and Universite Paris-Est, French Scientific, France sebastien.lasvaux@cstb.fr
Service Life planning is becoming more and more important in the design step when the set of take... more Service Life planning is becoming more and more important in the design step when the set of taken choices are influenced by the entire life cycle assessment of a building process: as a consequence, the need for more accurate Service Life data becomes essential, compounded by the necessity of a wider availability and an easier accessibility to this information. Due to the resulting increase in the detail and the complexity of building materials and components data, a tool for its collection, sharing and use becomes indispensable. Moreover, the attention towards the sustainable issue should consider building materials and components performance over time since such life-cycle assessment knowledge cannot be crystallized at their initial behaviour. The choice of the best building components and materials to be adopted in each design process has to consider not only their duration but also their failure rate curve over time: an effective sustainable process is based on an optimised maintenance planning and this is possible only through the knowledge of building components' durability. Such a tool for building materials and components data collection should provide information about their service life in known reference conditions (Reference Service Life, RSL). Furthermore it could be exploited for Service Life Prediction as well: the aim is to structure this database as a collaborative tool to allow the sharing among all the different stakeholders of the building process but, at the same time, to ease development of further implementations, such as the application of methods for Service Life Estimation. This paper presents the methodological research activity employed to create a factor grids database for RSL data collection and for the application of a proposed enhanced factor method for Service Life Prediction.
The goal of improving the quality and the maintenance of building products, and the will to integ... more The goal of improving the quality and the maintenance of building products, and the will to integrate the sustainable development objectives led us to propose an original method based on the use and adaptation of the Failure Modes Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMEA). This method relies among others on ontology use. It facilitates the FMEA proceeding. This paper aims to introduce innovative software specifically developed to perform more easily FMEA on building components. This software takes advantages of a structured knowledge base and an inference rule engine that allow a complete and formal description of the product to be analysed and an exhaustive analysis of all failures (degradations) that may occur.
Ce rapport propose un bilan des actions de recherche menees dans le cadre de la programmation de ... more Ce rapport propose un bilan des actions de recherche menees dans le cadre de la programmation de la recherche du CSTB sur la periode 2011-2013 concernant le projet de recherche Retex integre a la priorite scientifique et technique "Bâtiments durables". Un focus est propose sur un ensemble d'actions marquantes concernant : le retour d'experience sur les performances reelles des bâtiments de derniere generation ; l'evaluation des performances energetiques effectives in situ et les methodes d'accompagnement des dispositifs de garantie de performance energetique. // This report gives an overview of the Retex research project from the internal CSTB "Sustainable Buildings" program over the 2011-2013 period. Some significant works are detailed on: Feedback on actual energy performance for low energy consumption buildings; In situ assessment of actual energy performance and scientific methologies to support energy performance guarantee processes.
The construction industry is a large contributor to CO2 emissions, with buildings responsible for... more The construction industry is a large contributor to CO2 emissions, with buildings responsible for 40% of the total European energy consumption and a third of CO2 emissions. Therefore the construction sector plays a significant role fulfilling the 20/20 targets of the European Union - Reduction of the energy and the CO2 emissions by 20% and increase of the total energy share with renewable energy sources to 20%. In order to understand, address and finally reduce the environmental emissions, the method of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) plays a key role. In recent years LCAs of buildings and building products become increasingly important. Unfortunately with the number of applications inconsistencies increased as well. The "Energy-efficient Buildings Initiative" (EeB-PPP) and the European Union funded the research project "Operational Guidance for performing Life Cycle Assessment Studies of the Energy efficient building Initiative (EeBGuide)" to harmonize these approac...
Le projet Elodie 2.0 a contribue a mettre a la disposition du secteur de la construction des meth... more Le projet Elodie 2.0 a contribue a mettre a la disposition du secteur de la construction des methodes et des outils pour concevoir et evaluer les bâtiments dans une approche performancielle. Pour donner a chacun des acteurs une vision globale sur l'ensemble du cycle de vie du bâtiment, le projet Elodie 2.0 s'est interesse aux outils " metier ", ainsi qu'aux chaines de valeurs aboutissant a des criteres globaux a l'echelle du bâtiment. Le tableau de bord en construction integre donc les aspects energetiques et environnementaux (approche Analyse de cycle de vie autour de l'outil logiciel Elodie), mais egalement les aspects de confort (outils Acoubat et Phanie), de sante (qualite de l'air interieur) et de cout global. // The Elodie 2.0 project has contributed to provide to the construction sector methods and tools for designing and evaluating buildings, in a performance approach. To give each stakeholder an overall vision of the entire life cycle of th...
L'objectif de la priorite scientifique et technique " Bâtiment durable " du program... more L'objectif de la priorite scientifique et technique " Bâtiment durable " du programme de recherche 2010-2013 du CSTB peut etre resume comme suit : Developper la capacite de la filiere construction a concevoir, realiser, renover et gerer des ouvrages en integrant les performances techniques, economiques, environnementales et de confort. Pour arriver a cet objectif nous avons menes des travaux de recherche et developpement suivant trois axes structurants : 1/Developper les methodologies et les outils operationnels pour permettre d'evaluer, de comprendre et de garantir les performances des bâtiments ; 2/Mettre a disposition des outils de conception et d'evaluation permettant une mesure objective et performancielle de l'ensemble des performances issues de l'integration des principes du developpement durable dans la construction ; 3/Accompagner et evaluer les solutions technologiques innovantes en regard de ces nouvelles performances d'ouvrages dont ils ...
In accordance with the principles of “sustainable development” and “performance-based building”, ... more In accordance with the principles of “sustainable development” and “performance-based building”, building components are expected to maintain their required performance levels over their service life. This is typically achieved through the use of planned maintenance interventions. However, providing relevant management of building components likely requires both the identification and evaluation of the most critical degradation scenarios. Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA), is a method developed in the 1970s in the industrial domain, and has more recently been adapted to the construction domain as a mean to identify all the possible degradation scenarios. From all the available results obtained from the FMEA, the most critical scenarios are established on the base of a further analysis of the criticality of these scenarios, so obtained through a FMECA (“C” for criticality). In this paper, two variations of methods are proposed to complete the criticality analysis. The first m...
ABSTRACT Research and standardization works are in progress and building environmental performanc... more ABSTRACT Research and standardization works are in progress and building environmental performance methods are more and more based on a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. In this new holistic and multicriteria framework using not only energy-based indicators, construction stakeholders need reference values to compare from an environmental point of view a new project from the current average, good or best practice. This paper presents the results of a French pilot project, called HQE performance, concerning the LCA of 74 low-energy buildings. Reference values are presented for the non renewable primary energy use, the global warming potential, the water consumption and the generated inert waste indicators through a statistical analysis. It was found that the mean embodied impacts are 44 kWh of non-renewable primary energy and 11.4 kg eq-CO2 per m² per year. The dispersion of values for the non-renewable primary energy ranges from 35 to 60 kWh/m²/year and the global warming potential indicator ranges from 9 to 15 kg eq-CO2 per m² per year. These values related to the impacts of building materials, products and equipment can now lead to the determination of reference values for the French context.
At the beginning of the 20th century, about 90% of the cost of a building was attributable to the... more At the beginning of the 20th century, about 90% of the cost of a building was attributable to the structure and the enveloppe. According to the good durability of the component contributing to the structure, it is understandable that we were designing building for 70 or 100 years without the same need of knowing the service life of the components as knowing its mechanical resistance. New performances are today measured and taken into account during the design to fullfill among others, acoustic, fire safety or thermal insulation requirement. But new requirements have to be thinked ahead. Today, up to 75% of the cost of a building is allocated to equipments and indoor fittings. Most of the time these components have to be replaced during the service life of the building, and the economical impact on the life cycle cost are significant: for 1 euros spent in the construction phase of an office building, 5 can be spend to maintain and manage it during 30 years! [Tupamaki, 2005] The Environmental assessment of a building using Environmental Product Declaration is also required to estimate the service life of the components. Thus, service life is on the point to become a very usefull data for building design and facility management according to the sustainable development principles [ISO SC17, 2007]. The aim of this paper is to present a platform for service life planning. www.durée-de-vie-batiement.fr. It's a french tool for the moment, but we intend to propose it at an international level to optimize its interest. A collaboration between contracting authorities, architects, research offices, manufacturers and entrepreneurs has been established to develop this collaborative tool, a plateform to collect Reference Service Life (compatible with the ISO series of standard 15686). It proposes an organization of knowledge in grids in which are stored and indexed the essential informations, to estimate the service life of construction components and to evaluate the factors impacting building durability (quality of materials, quality of the implementation, environment, users, maintenance…).
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Papers by Julien Hans