Debates about EBs (gambling, Internet use, shopping, working, exercising, eating, video game play... more Debates about EBs (gambling, Internet use, shopping, working, exercising, eating, video game playing and sex) have gained momentum among researchers, clinicians, and the media. Controversy exists in the scientific literature about whether EBs are primary psychiatric disorders and, if so, where they fit into current and emerging diagnostic classification systems. The lack of consensus and associated confusion was the impetus for this systematic review.
... Edited by G. Hussein Rassool. ... The author quotes Dr Vaillant's study over a lifetime ... more ... Edited by G. Hussein Rassool. ... The author quotes Dr Vaillant's study over a lifetime by the age of 60 years, that only 11% of males were controlled drinkers and Dr Vaillant's conclusion that long-term return to controlled drinking was a rare and unstable outcome. ...
What is the LLLP? --Launched in 2006 the LLLP is a five age cohort, four data collection wave lon... more What is the LLLP? --Launched in 2006 the LLLP is a five age cohort, four data collection wave longitudinal study that examines the incidence and determinants of gambling and problem gambling. The study was guided by four broad research questions:
Journal of Gambling Studies Co Sponsored By the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute For the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming, Feb 1, 2001
This literature review attempts to: estimate Aboriginal population prevalence rates for problem a... more This literature review attempts to: estimate Aboriginal population prevalence rates for problem and pathological gambling and compare these rates to the general population; determine factors associated with the Aboriginal population problem gambling behaviour; and identify other salient findings and issues. Materials used in the review were drawn from available research literature and bibliographies. There were no time restrictions or study design criteria included in the review. Key words used: Aboriginal, Indians, First Nations, Native, lotteries, gambling, casinos, and gaming. Eleven descriptive studies were identified. Gambling appears to be problematic among Aboriginal people. Aboriginal adolescents have higher rates of problem gambling, as do Aboriginal adults for both problem and pathological gambling than their non-Aboriginal counterparts. The odds ratios indicate that the Aboriginal population has a problem gambling behaviour rate 2.2 to 15.69 times higher than the non-Aboriginal population. A number of factors associated with Aboriginal population problem and pathological gambling were identified. Gambling literature specific to the Aboriginal population is limited and there is extensive variation in estimates of their increased risk. Several associated factors were identified but whether these are specific to the Aboriginal population or to all problem and pathological gamblers needs to be determined. More research, particularly qualitative, into these factors is warranted.
A naturalistic sample of pathological gamblers (N = 101) who recently quit gambling was followed ... more A naturalistic sample of pathological gamblers (N = 101) who recently quit gambling was followed prospectively for a year (follow-up rate 80%). Lifetime mood disorders were identified in 61% of participants and 73% and 48% had lifetime alcohol use and drug use disorders, respectively. Current prevalence rates, however, were much lower. Current mood disorders were found for 20% and 7% had a current alcohol disorder and 7% a current drug use disorder. Age of onset for substance use disorders was earlier than gambling disorders but mood disorders were equally likely to predate or follow gambling disorders. Lifetime mood disorder was associated with a longer time to achieve 3 months of stable abstinence. Participants who were currently in treatment or attending Gamblers Anonymous and the small number of participants with current alcohol disorders were also more likely to achieve abstinence earlier. The results underscore the importance of increasing our understanding of the role of comorbid disorders in the recovery process from gambling problems.
Statistical methods used in this study included: exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Ra... more Statistical methods used in this study included: exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Rasch modeling, differential item functioning analysis, test-retest reliability, validation of the four PGSI gambler subtypes, and regression modeling to explore the development of statistical weights. We also conducted an opinion survey of 142 experts in the field of gambling from Canada and other countries. The main findings are:
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1995
In a prospective design, it was predicted that the role of negative mood in precipitating relapse... more In a prospective design, it was predicted that the role of negative mood in precipitating relapses and crises among alcohol-dependent participants would be greater when assessed with retrospective mood ratings than when assessed by prospective mood ratings because of participants' attributional biases. This hypothesis was not supported. Support was found, however, for a relationship between negative bias and the amount of negative mood assessed at the time the retrospective report was given. As has been previously found, the most frequent precipitant of relapses and crises in this study was negative emotional states. Female participants were more likely to report interpersonal and less likely to report intrapersonal determinants than male participants. Minor relapses were more likely to be precipitated by social pressure and less likely to be related to negative emotions than major relapses.
ABSTRACT The present study sought to (1) obtain expert opinion on the importance of low-risk limi... more ABSTRACT The present study sought to (1) obtain expert opinion on the importance of low-risk limits for the field of gambling; and (2) establish the face validity for a tentative set of low-risk limits empirically derived from a recent analysis of population data on gambling (Currie et al., 2006). Gambling experts (171 researchers, clinicians and policy-makers in Canada and the United States) completed an online or paper survey to assess their support for the concept of low-risk gambling limits, their opinions of existing responsible gambling guidelines and the face validity of tentative low-risk limits for gambling frequency, dollars spent, percentage of gross income spent on gambling and duration per session. The majority of those surveyed endorsed the need for low-risk limits and rated the limits as being face valid. Concerns voiced pertaining to their dissemination to the public included the potential for creating a false sense of security among gamblers, encouraging people to gamble and difficulties in applying the limits across different forms of gambling.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Oct 1, 2009
The efficacy of brief treatments for media-recruited pathological gamblers was tested in a random... more The efficacy of brief treatments for media-recruited pathological gamblers was tested in a randomized clinical trial design (N = 314). Two self-directed motivational interventions were compared with a 6-week waiting list control and a workbook only control. Brief motivational treatment involved a telephone motivational interview and a mailed self-help workbook. Brief motivational booster treatment involved a telephone motivational interview, a workbook, and 6 booster telephone calls over a 9-month period. Primary outcomes were gambling frequency and dollar losses. As hypothesized, brief and brief booster treatment participants reported less gambling at 6 weeks than those assigned to the control groups. Brief and brief booster treatment participants gambled significantly less often over the first 6 months of the follow-up than workbook only participants. However, the workbook only participants were as likely to have significantly reduced their losses over the year and to have not met criteria for pathological gambling. Contrary to the hypothesis, participants in the brief booster treatment group showed no greater improvement than brief treatment participants. These results provide further support for the value of brief motivational treatments for pathological gambling.
... 648652 Terri-Lynn MacKay a * & David C. Hodgins a Available online: 19 Jan 2012. ... more ... 648652 Terri-Lynn MacKay a * & David C. Hodgins a Available online: 19 Jan 2012. ... View all references). Research has shown that 70% of vocalizations during gambling situations contain erroneous beliefs (Gaboury & Ladouceur, 198911. Gaboury, A. and Ladouceur, R. 1989. ...
Journal of Prevention Intervention in the Community, 1998
... (1996) evaluated an intensive probation monitoring program for lnultiple offenders in Milwauk... more ... (1996) evaluated an intensive probation monitoring program for lnultiple offenders in Milwaukee and found that it reduced recidivism to 8.5 ... However, the ability of license suspen-sion to control impaired driving is limited by the ease with which suspended operators can continue ...
... 10:30 - 10:45 Break; 10:45 - 11:15 “Strategies for locating research resources related to pro... more ... 10:30 - 10:45 Break; 10:45 - 11:15 “Strategies for locating research resources related to problem gambling” Mr. Rhys Stevens, Library ... How do we go forward and consider how to conduct research to reflect gender and how that evidence can support therapeutic interventions? ...
Previous studies reported a faster progression for alcohol dependence and pathological gambling a... more Previous studies reported a faster progression for alcohol dependence and pathological gambling among females as compared with males. This phenomenon was called the "telescoping effect." By comparing female gamblers with male gamblers regarding gambling preferences and comorbidity, the authors explored potential risk factors for telescoping. A consecutive sample of Brazilian treatment-seeking pathological gamblers (DSM-IV criteria) was recruited. Genders were contrasted regarding comorbidity and gambling behavior, controlling for demographics, gambling severity, and previous access to mental health services. Seventy female gamblers and 70 male gamblers were interviewed. A greater proportion of women than men reported electronic bingo and video lottery terminals as their main type of gambling. Gambling was divided in 3 progressive stages: "social gambling," "intense gambling," and "problem gambling." Faster progression for female gamblers was confirmed; female gender and preference for electronic bingo and/or video lottery terminals were risk factors for telescoping throughout all stages. Female gamblers presented a higher comorbidity with depression, whereas male gamblers had higher rates of alcohol dependence. Nevertheless, comorbidity profiles were not related to gambling progression. Two factors could be at play for treatment-seeking female gamblers in Brazil: (1) a potential gender vulnerability and (2) a cultural environment yielding them access to a narrower range of gambling games that includes mainly the most addictive ones.
This study examined help seeking for gambling concerns among people with different levels of gamb... more This study examined help seeking for gambling concerns among people with different levels of gambling problems. Ontario adults who had gambled more than dollars 100 (N=4,217) and who screened positive for a possible gambling problem (N=1,205) were classified according to gambling problem severity and asked about their experiences with gambling treatment. Only 6% of gamblers had ever accessed a service, including a self-help group or self-help materials. With self-help materials excluded, only 3% of gamblers (from 1% of those who met only the initial CLiP screening criteria to 53% of those with pathological gambling) had sought treatment for gambling. Few gamblers sought treatment for gambling problems; greater problem severity was associated with greater likelihood of using treatment, with self-help materials used most often. Further research is needed on why treatment seeking is low and on the effectiveness of self-help resources in reaching gamblers with problems in earlier stages.
Little research has examined the association between disordered gambling and psychosis. In additi... more Little research has examined the association between disordered gambling and psychosis. In addition, clinicians treating schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders rarely screen for or treat comorbid gambling problems due to diagnostic overshadowing. Thus, the effects of disordered gambling on symptoms of schizophrenia and vice versa remain largely unexplored and unidentified in research and clinical practice. The goal of the present study was to explore qualitatively the reciprocal associations between schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder and disordered gambling through content and functional analyses from the perspective of the affected individual. Eight participants who met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and disordered gambling participated in a qualitative interview examining key antecedents associated with their gambling, as well as perceived functional consequences of gambling. Content analysis revealed unique patterns of responses specific to ...
Debates about EBs (gambling, Internet use, shopping, working, exercising, eating, video game play... more Debates about EBs (gambling, Internet use, shopping, working, exercising, eating, video game playing and sex) have gained momentum among researchers, clinicians, and the media. Controversy exists in the scientific literature about whether EBs are primary psychiatric disorders and, if so, where they fit into current and emerging diagnostic classification systems. The lack of consensus and associated confusion was the impetus for this systematic review.
... Edited by G. Hussein Rassool. ... The author quotes Dr Vaillant's study over a lifetime ... more ... Edited by G. Hussein Rassool. ... The author quotes Dr Vaillant's study over a lifetime by the age of 60 years, that only 11% of males were controlled drinkers and Dr Vaillant's conclusion that long-term return to controlled drinking was a rare and unstable outcome. ...
What is the LLLP? --Launched in 2006 the LLLP is a five age cohort, four data collection wave lon... more What is the LLLP? --Launched in 2006 the LLLP is a five age cohort, four data collection wave longitudinal study that examines the incidence and determinants of gambling and problem gambling. The study was guided by four broad research questions:
Journal of Gambling Studies Co Sponsored By the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute For the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming, Feb 1, 2001
This literature review attempts to: estimate Aboriginal population prevalence rates for problem a... more This literature review attempts to: estimate Aboriginal population prevalence rates for problem and pathological gambling and compare these rates to the general population; determine factors associated with the Aboriginal population problem gambling behaviour; and identify other salient findings and issues. Materials used in the review were drawn from available research literature and bibliographies. There were no time restrictions or study design criteria included in the review. Key words used: Aboriginal, Indians, First Nations, Native, lotteries, gambling, casinos, and gaming. Eleven descriptive studies were identified. Gambling appears to be problematic among Aboriginal people. Aboriginal adolescents have higher rates of problem gambling, as do Aboriginal adults for both problem and pathological gambling than their non-Aboriginal counterparts. The odds ratios indicate that the Aboriginal population has a problem gambling behaviour rate 2.2 to 15.69 times higher than the non-Aboriginal population. A number of factors associated with Aboriginal population problem and pathological gambling were identified. Gambling literature specific to the Aboriginal population is limited and there is extensive variation in estimates of their increased risk. Several associated factors were identified but whether these are specific to the Aboriginal population or to all problem and pathological gamblers needs to be determined. More research, particularly qualitative, into these factors is warranted.
A naturalistic sample of pathological gamblers (N = 101) who recently quit gambling was followed ... more A naturalistic sample of pathological gamblers (N = 101) who recently quit gambling was followed prospectively for a year (follow-up rate 80%). Lifetime mood disorders were identified in 61% of participants and 73% and 48% had lifetime alcohol use and drug use disorders, respectively. Current prevalence rates, however, were much lower. Current mood disorders were found for 20% and 7% had a current alcohol disorder and 7% a current drug use disorder. Age of onset for substance use disorders was earlier than gambling disorders but mood disorders were equally likely to predate or follow gambling disorders. Lifetime mood disorder was associated with a longer time to achieve 3 months of stable abstinence. Participants who were currently in treatment or attending Gamblers Anonymous and the small number of participants with current alcohol disorders were also more likely to achieve abstinence earlier. The results underscore the importance of increasing our understanding of the role of comorbid disorders in the recovery process from gambling problems.
Statistical methods used in this study included: exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Ra... more Statistical methods used in this study included: exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Rasch modeling, differential item functioning analysis, test-retest reliability, validation of the four PGSI gambler subtypes, and regression modeling to explore the development of statistical weights. We also conducted an opinion survey of 142 experts in the field of gambling from Canada and other countries. The main findings are:
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1995
In a prospective design, it was predicted that the role of negative mood in precipitating relapse... more In a prospective design, it was predicted that the role of negative mood in precipitating relapses and crises among alcohol-dependent participants would be greater when assessed with retrospective mood ratings than when assessed by prospective mood ratings because of participants' attributional biases. This hypothesis was not supported. Support was found, however, for a relationship between negative bias and the amount of negative mood assessed at the time the retrospective report was given. As has been previously found, the most frequent precipitant of relapses and crises in this study was negative emotional states. Female participants were more likely to report interpersonal and less likely to report intrapersonal determinants than male participants. Minor relapses were more likely to be precipitated by social pressure and less likely to be related to negative emotions than major relapses.
ABSTRACT The present study sought to (1) obtain expert opinion on the importance of low-risk limi... more ABSTRACT The present study sought to (1) obtain expert opinion on the importance of low-risk limits for the field of gambling; and (2) establish the face validity for a tentative set of low-risk limits empirically derived from a recent analysis of population data on gambling (Currie et al., 2006). Gambling experts (171 researchers, clinicians and policy-makers in Canada and the United States) completed an online or paper survey to assess their support for the concept of low-risk gambling limits, their opinions of existing responsible gambling guidelines and the face validity of tentative low-risk limits for gambling frequency, dollars spent, percentage of gross income spent on gambling and duration per session. The majority of those surveyed endorsed the need for low-risk limits and rated the limits as being face valid. Concerns voiced pertaining to their dissemination to the public included the potential for creating a false sense of security among gamblers, encouraging people to gamble and difficulties in applying the limits across different forms of gambling.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Oct 1, 2009
The efficacy of brief treatments for media-recruited pathological gamblers was tested in a random... more The efficacy of brief treatments for media-recruited pathological gamblers was tested in a randomized clinical trial design (N = 314). Two self-directed motivational interventions were compared with a 6-week waiting list control and a workbook only control. Brief motivational treatment involved a telephone motivational interview and a mailed self-help workbook. Brief motivational booster treatment involved a telephone motivational interview, a workbook, and 6 booster telephone calls over a 9-month period. Primary outcomes were gambling frequency and dollar losses. As hypothesized, brief and brief booster treatment participants reported less gambling at 6 weeks than those assigned to the control groups. Brief and brief booster treatment participants gambled significantly less often over the first 6 months of the follow-up than workbook only participants. However, the workbook only participants were as likely to have significantly reduced their losses over the year and to have not met criteria for pathological gambling. Contrary to the hypothesis, participants in the brief booster treatment group showed no greater improvement than brief treatment participants. These results provide further support for the value of brief motivational treatments for pathological gambling.
... 648652 Terri-Lynn MacKay a * & David C. Hodgins a Available online: 19 Jan 2012. ... more ... 648652 Terri-Lynn MacKay a * & David C. Hodgins a Available online: 19 Jan 2012. ... View all references). Research has shown that 70% of vocalizations during gambling situations contain erroneous beliefs (Gaboury & Ladouceur, 198911. Gaboury, A. and Ladouceur, R. 1989. ...
Journal of Prevention Intervention in the Community, 1998
... (1996) evaluated an intensive probation monitoring program for lnultiple offenders in Milwauk... more ... (1996) evaluated an intensive probation monitoring program for lnultiple offenders in Milwaukee and found that it reduced recidivism to 8.5 ... However, the ability of license suspen-sion to control impaired driving is limited by the ease with which suspended operators can continue ...
... 10:30 - 10:45 Break; 10:45 - 11:15 “Strategies for locating research resources related to pro... more ... 10:30 - 10:45 Break; 10:45 - 11:15 “Strategies for locating research resources related to problem gambling” Mr. Rhys Stevens, Library ... How do we go forward and consider how to conduct research to reflect gender and how that evidence can support therapeutic interventions? ...
Previous studies reported a faster progression for alcohol dependence and pathological gambling a... more Previous studies reported a faster progression for alcohol dependence and pathological gambling among females as compared with males. This phenomenon was called the "telescoping effect." By comparing female gamblers with male gamblers regarding gambling preferences and comorbidity, the authors explored potential risk factors for telescoping. A consecutive sample of Brazilian treatment-seeking pathological gamblers (DSM-IV criteria) was recruited. Genders were contrasted regarding comorbidity and gambling behavior, controlling for demographics, gambling severity, and previous access to mental health services. Seventy female gamblers and 70 male gamblers were interviewed. A greater proportion of women than men reported electronic bingo and video lottery terminals as their main type of gambling. Gambling was divided in 3 progressive stages: "social gambling," "intense gambling," and "problem gambling." Faster progression for female gamblers was confirmed; female gender and preference for electronic bingo and/or video lottery terminals were risk factors for telescoping throughout all stages. Female gamblers presented a higher comorbidity with depression, whereas male gamblers had higher rates of alcohol dependence. Nevertheless, comorbidity profiles were not related to gambling progression. Two factors could be at play for treatment-seeking female gamblers in Brazil: (1) a potential gender vulnerability and (2) a cultural environment yielding them access to a narrower range of gambling games that includes mainly the most addictive ones.
This study examined help seeking for gambling concerns among people with different levels of gamb... more This study examined help seeking for gambling concerns among people with different levels of gambling problems. Ontario adults who had gambled more than dollars 100 (N=4,217) and who screened positive for a possible gambling problem (N=1,205) were classified according to gambling problem severity and asked about their experiences with gambling treatment. Only 6% of gamblers had ever accessed a service, including a self-help group or self-help materials. With self-help materials excluded, only 3% of gamblers (from 1% of those who met only the initial CLiP screening criteria to 53% of those with pathological gambling) had sought treatment for gambling. Few gamblers sought treatment for gambling problems; greater problem severity was associated with greater likelihood of using treatment, with self-help materials used most often. Further research is needed on why treatment seeking is low and on the effectiveness of self-help resources in reaching gamblers with problems in earlier stages.
Little research has examined the association between disordered gambling and psychosis. In additi... more Little research has examined the association between disordered gambling and psychosis. In addition, clinicians treating schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders rarely screen for or treat comorbid gambling problems due to diagnostic overshadowing. Thus, the effects of disordered gambling on symptoms of schizophrenia and vice versa remain largely unexplored and unidentified in research and clinical practice. The goal of the present study was to explore qualitatively the reciprocal associations between schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder and disordered gambling through content and functional analyses from the perspective of the affected individual. Eight participants who met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and disordered gambling participated in a qualitative interview examining key antecedents associated with their gambling, as well as perceived functional consequences of gambling. Content analysis revealed unique patterns of responses specific to ...
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