Volume 1: Issue 1 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)
Aim: The purpose of the study was to compare working and nonworking women with regard to self-dif... more Aim: The purpose of the study was to compare working and nonworking women with regard to self-differentiation, partner
abuse, conflict resolution tactics and the association of these variables with marital satisfaction and quality of life.
Method: Using specific inclusion criteria, a sample of 160 women (80 working, and 80 non-working women) were recruited
for the study. Data were collected using The Differentiation of Self Inventory-Revised, Partner Abuse Scale—Physical, The
Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, Miller Social Intimacy Scale, The Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale, The Comprehensive
Marital Satisfaction Scale and the WHO Quality of Life Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multivariate
analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis.
Results: Findings revealed significant group differences, with working women reporting greater intimacy, adjustment, marital
satisfaction and better quality of life and non-working women reporting greater partner abuse, and the use of psychological
aggression, physical assault and physical injury to resolve conflicts. Results of regression analysis indicated that emotional
cut-off, a component of self-differentiation, accounted for 42.2% and 16.9% of the variance in quality of life among
working and non-working women respectively. Among non-working women, physical assault as a conflict resolution tactic
accounted for an additional 33% of the variance in quality of life. Findings point to significant differences between working
and non-working women. A significant finding was that most women in both groups reported poor adjustment with their
spouses, although working women tended to report greater intimacy.
Conclusions: It can be concluded that, working women enjoy better quality of life than non-working women who tend to
experience greater partner abuse.
Key Words: Self-Differentiation; Partner Abuse; Conflict Tactics; Marital Satisfaction; Quality Of Life.
Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiments brought to the fore how stimuli of purely psychogenic... more Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiments brought to the fore how stimuli of purely psychogenic nature mediate and affect cognitive
state, hence, shaping physiologic functions. Against this background, I seek to understand how the triad of the brain, the mind and our
human experiences (in the context of disease) interact. I attempt a systematic explication of how this interaction may occur in the onset
of gastric ulceration. On that note, I argue that a valid psychocognitive frame of reference offers creative insights into how non-pharmacological
means may be employed in the clinical palliation of forms of non-organic gastric ulcers.
Key Words: Gastric Ulceration; Thought; Classical Conditioning.
Volume 2 : Issue 1 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)
This research tries to present a general image of compliance and consistency rate of implemented ... more This research tries to present a general image of compliance and consistency rate of implemented and intended curriculum in research
and thinking textbook of elementary sixth grade in Iran according to its four major elements. Research is descriptive- survey type. Statistical
population contains all elementary sixth grade teachers of maidenly schools in Urmia city. Research’s statistical samples are 102 elementary
sixth grade teachers that are selected as simple random- classified sampling. Reaching to intend curriculum was realized through
analysis of thinking and research textbook’s content (textbook’s all sentences analysis unit). To reach implemented curriculum a researcher
made questionnaire was used that contains 43 answer packs and is adjusted based on Likret scale. Research results show that in terms of
intended and implemented curriculum of thinking and research textbook, knowledge goals are higher than average. In terms of intended
and implemented curriculum, attitudinal goals are higher than knowledge goals average. According to teachers’ statement in terms of
intended and implemented curriculum, skill goals are reported higher than 4. Also results show that attention is not paid to all curriculum
components in implemented curriculum namely from teachers’ view point intended curriculum of elementary sixth grade thinking and
research textbook in maidenly schools of Urmia city is not available about all components of curriculum in specified notes performing.
Key words: Intended Curriculum; Implemented Curriculum; Textbook; Elementary Sixth Grade; Curriculum Components.
A case study is used to illustrate cognitive factors related to poor sleep quality in a young adu... more A case study is used to illustrate cognitive factors related to poor sleep quality in a young adult. The participant was a healthy patient outside
of his sleep disturbance. Changes in cognitive functioning were evaluated with the Repeatable Battery for Assessment of Neuropsychological
Status (RBANS). The profile of performance for the participant was similar to that previously reported for mild cognitive impairment due to
head trauma. The implication to health (i.e., cognitive functioning) for sleep disturbance is presented.
Keywords: Sleep Deprivation; Cognitive Impairment; Adjustment Disorder of Sleep
Volume 2 : Issue 2 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)
Background: Sleep patterns of persons with developmental disabilities are different from those of... more Background: Sleep patterns of persons with developmental disabilities are different from those of age matched peers. Persons with developmental
disabilities are taking more time to fall asleep as compared with other persons without disabilities (Piazza, Fisher, & Kahng, (1996).
Sleep disturbances seem to decrease one’s ability to regulate, control, or inhibit emotion and behavior (Dahl, 1996, Wolfson and Carskadon,
1998). Brylewski and Wiggs (1999) found that persons with developmental disabilities with sleep disorders have more daytime problem behaviors
like Irritability, Stereotypy, Hyperactivity, self-injury, aggression and screaming.
Methods: The present study assessed the sleep pattern, sleep disturbance and problem behavior in a randomized sample of persons (η=70)
with developmental disabilities on whom EEG recording was done. Persons with developmental disabilities who are living in community with
parents were taken for the study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect research data from informants on Demographic Data
Sheet, Showkat’s Screening Scale for Sleep Pattern of Children (SSSSPC), Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) and Behavioral Assessment
scale for Indian Children with Mental Retardation Part–B. The relationships were explored among sleep pattern, sleep disturbance and
problem behavior with respect to EEG record, medication and comorbid conditions in persons with developmental disabilities.
Results: Pearson’s correlation co-efficient (r) was calculated and it was found that sleep pattern is significantly associated with sleep disturbance
(r =0.534, p<0.01)) and problem behavior (r =0.521, p<0.01) of persons with developmental disabilities. The results showed that sleep
pattern is significant with problem behaviors like temper tantrums & misbehavior with others. Furthermore, persons with developmental
disabilities having severe problems in sleep pattern also showed severe problem behaviors, such as self injurious behavior, repetitive behavior,
odd behavior, hyperactivity & rebellious behavior. The significant difference (p<0.05) was found in sleep pattern of persons with developmental
disabilities between the groups having normal EEG record and abnormal EEG record. Similar findings were also observed with respect to
problem behavior. Results of this study are discussed pertaining to the assessment of sleep pattern; sleep disturbance and problem behavior
of persons with developmental disabilities.
Conclusions: Present research study concluded that there is an association among sleep pattern, sleep disturbance and problem behavior in
persons with developmental disabilities. In present study it was observed that there is a significant difference in sleep pattern of persons with
developmental disabilities between the groups having normal EEG record and abnormal EEG record. Similar findings were also observed
with respect to problem behavior.
Keywords: Developmental Disabilities; Sleep Disturbance; Sleep Pattern; Problem Behavior and EEG Record; Comorbidity.
Volume 2 : Issue 3 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)
Background and purpose: There is a joint link between somatic disorders and psychological stresse... more Background and purpose: There is a joint link between somatic disorders and psychological stresses. Since presence of underlying
special psychological characters predispose persons to development of broken heart syndrome (BHS), we aimed to find out predisposing
personal characteristics and their difference between cases with BHS, acute coronary syndromes and healthy subjects.
Methods and subjects: This case-control study was performed on 60 cases with diagnosed broken heart syndrome, 60 cases of acute
coronary syndrome and 60 healthy subjects. All enrolled participants filed appropriate questionnaires after getting signed informed consent.
Data were analyzed using SPSS ver.12 via MANOVA test.
Principal results: There was a significant difference in all three groups regarding psychosis (P<0.01), aggression and phobia (P<0.05).
These characteristics were higher in cases with broken heart syndrome than cases with acute coronary syndrome and healthy subjects.
Principal conclusions: Joint link between psychological factors and broken heart syndrome emphasizes on behavioral therapies and
psychological treatments for healing this entity.
Keywords: Personality Characteristics; Broken Heart Syndrome; Acute Coronary Syndrome.
Mindfulness is defined as sustained, non-judgmental attention towards the world and the self. Sev... more Mindfulness is defined as sustained, non-judgmental attention towards the world and the self. Several recent studies are bringing this
concept into cutting-edge research and creating important contributions for the clinical context. In spite of this fact, there is a promising
but unmapped field of research around specific contributions of mindfulness to music, and more specifically, for musicians. This article
reviews this topic in order to show the state of the art of mindfulness related to music and help further advancement. A total of 27 publications
were reviewed. The main conclusion is that despite its youth, this field is yielding some promising results in several dimensions:
(1) effectiveness in mindfulness-based intervention programs for professional and hobby performers, (2) attention and concentration
boost because of mindfulness induction in music audience, (3) effective induction of mindfulness states by music, and (4) promising
contributions of mindfulness and music therapies. Finally, some guidelines and future lines are suggested for expanding and improving
results, models, and methods.
Keywords: Mindfulness; Meditation; Music; Performers; Audience; Musicians; Music Performance Anxiety.
Volume 2 : Issue 4 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)
The author garners support in psychoanalytic literature for the conceptualization of a core self ... more The author garners support in psychoanalytic literature for the conceptualization of a core self with transcendent properties and the capacity
to experience a communal sense of union. This core self is thought to contain a dual track notion of self/other experience in which
the boundaries of self and other are paradoxically differentiated and yet identical. Rather than pathological, this self/no-self experience
is unitive and unambivalent and leads to ecstatic experience of transcendence and communion with benign capacities. The author draws
from psychoanalysis and from Plotinian philosophy to frame the core self with its loving capacities as ultimately benign and ideal and as
originary experience embedded in our deepest nature. All character defects, faults and malevolent affects and experience are considered
permutations of the positive elements of core self experience. The author suggests a goal of psychoanalysis can be the liberation of this
core self from the shroud of negative affects and character faults. Through the containment and transformation of negative affect and
experience, the eventual discovery of the numinous sublime qualities of the core self may emerge.
Volume 2: Issue 5 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)
This study focuses on the Locus of Control, Birth Order and Residence as predictors of General We... more This study focuses on the Locus of Control, Birth Order and Residence as predictors of General Wellbeing with special reference to
Tripura by taking 400 degree level students from different degree colleges and universities of Tripura state. Review of literature demonstrates
that different factors associated with general wellbeing operate differently in different cultures and races and since there is dearth
of such systematic study under Indian set up, it is appropriate to investigate empirically that whether or not locus of control, birth order
and residence independently or in interaction with each other are accountable for differences in General Wellbeing among students. The
following conclusions were drawn on the basis of analysis of data like Locus of control significantly influences general wellbeing of
students, internally controlled students were found superior on general wellbeing than externally controlled students. Birth order of the
students seems to have significant influence on general wellbeing. First born students were found higher on general wellbeing than later
born students. Residence does not account for substantial amount of variance on general wellbeing of students. Urban or rural students
have yielded equal outcome on the scores of general wellbeing. Locus of control and birth order appears to interact to yield significant
results on general wellbeing. Locus of control and residence and birth order and residence of the students do not appears to interact to
yield significant results on general wellbeing. Locus of control, birth order and residence of the students do not appears to interact with
reference to general wellbeing of the students of Tripura in particular.
Keywords: Locus of Control; General Wellbeing.
The cognitive models exemplar memory and cue abstraction was examined in two experiments in a mul... more The cognitive models exemplar memory and cue abstraction was examined in two experiments in a multiple-cue judgment task with
verbalization to see how the models was affected by verbalization and how verbalization could improve individual learning. The results
showed that verbalization increase individual learning and that the judgments in the analogue condition were significantly better than the
proposition condition overall. Strong exemplar effects was shown for all groups regardless of stimulus presentation and learning mode,
even for the learning individuals conditions that learned from written verbalized information in the absence of outcome feedback. The
results suggest that exemplar memory works as a backup system similar to previous research and that exemplar-based knowledge could
be the regular result of cooperation, even without social interaction.
Keywords: Multiple-Cue Judgment; Cognitive Processes; Cooperation; Verbalization; Learning.
Volume 2 : Issue 6 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)
White-collar crime as moral or ethical violations follows ideals inherent within the principles o... more White-collar crime as moral or ethical violations follows ideals inherent within the principles of natural law. Natural law focuses on
behaviors or activities that are defined as wrong because they violate the ethical principles of a particular culture, subculture, or group.
The immoral nature of the activities is seen as the foundation for defining certain types of white-collar activities as criminal. Some prefer
to call white-collar crime as violations of criminal law. White-collar crimes are criminally illegal behaviors committed by upper class
individuals during the course of their occupation. From a systems perspective, those working in the criminal justice system would likely
define white-collar crime as criminally illegal behaviors. Crime, in this context, is defined as “an intentional act or omission committed
in violation of the criminal law without defense or justification and sanctioned by the state as a felony or misdemeanor” (Tappan, 1960,
p. 10). The consequences of white-collar crime can be characterized as; individual economic losses, societal economic losses, emotional
consequences, physical harm and positive consequences as well. Research on white-collar crime attitudes is important for empirical, cultural,
and policy-driven reasons (Piquero, Carmichael, & Piquero, 2008). Because white-collar offenses are viewed as equally serious as
street crimes, there may be a tendency among some to view white-collar criminals as similar to street criminals (Payne, 2003b). Many crime
prevention programs work. Others don’t. Most programs have not yet been evaluated with enough scientific evidence to draw conclusions.
Enough evidence is available, however, to create provisional lists of what works, what doesn’t and what’s promising. Those lists will
grow more quickly if the Nation invests more resources in scientific evaluations to hold all crime prevention programs accountable for
their results. Both crime and criminal have become the focus of attention in the present day Kashmiri society. It is a regrettable fact that
we have not so far undertaken comprehensive macro and micro level studies of crimes in Kashmir which could have facilitated a better
understanding of its causes and effects and help to devise proper remedial measures. It is evident from the facts that white-collar crimes
in Kashmir are increasing day by day. There are multiple causes of white-collar crimes in Kashmir. The consequences of white-collar
crime can be characterized as (1) individual economic losses, (2) societal economic losses, (3) emotional consequences, (4) physical harm
and (5) “positive” consequences. Research on white-collar crime attitudes is important for empirical, cultural, and policy-driven reasons
(Piquero, Carmichael, & Piquero, 2008).
Keywords: White-Collar Crime; Criminal Behavior; Criminal Law; Consequences And Crime Prevention.
Volume 2 : Issue 7 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)
Introduction: Today the culture of medium by the superiority of the internet has become the most ... more Introduction: Today the culture of medium by the superiority of the internet has become the most dominating and the
most influential culture in the society. The focus of this influence is on the growing generation that is the adolescents. It
means that a remarkable part of today's life of youth is attributed to communicating by the internet.
Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the rate of internet dependence and its relationship with sincerity in the family
among the high school students ( boys and girls) of Qum.
Method: this study is conducted by descriptive – survey method. The statistical population consisted of all the students
( girls and boys ) studying at the high school in Qum. They were 38754 and the sample volume with respect to cochran's
formula was 380 people who were chosen by stratified – random sampling. 194 of them were female students and 186 of
them were male. To collect the data the questionnaire of internet dependence and the scale of sincerity in the family was
applied .In order to analyse the data X2 test ( chi – squared test ), correlation coefficient and independent T- test were used.
Findings: The conclusions of independent T- test showed that on the rate of internet dependence there is a meaningful
difference between girls and boys. It means that boys are more dependent on the internet than girls. From the viewpoint of
sincerity in the family also there is a meaningful difference between boys and girls. Among girls the concept of sincerity in
the family is more valuable and they pay attention to it more than boys. The results of X2 test and correlation coefficient
indicated that as the students grow up their dependence on the internet become less and it clarified as well that if the internet
dependence is more the sincerity in the family will be less.
Keywords: Dependence; Internet; Sincerity; Family.
Volume 3 : Issue 1 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)
Obsessive – compulsive disorder is one the most common psychiatric disorder and strong to treatme... more Obsessive – compulsive disorder is one the most common psychiatric disorder and strong to treatment that affect on
patients quality of life. It is widely supposed that religious is one of the most background in OCD. The aim of this study
was evaluated the affect religious cognitive behavior therapy on OCD patients with religious contents. 39 OCD patients
were initially recruited. The patients were assed with Y-BOCS and WHO QOL_brife before and after treatment. Norm
values were driven from general population to characterized by randomize into 2 sample as well as a recently enlisted
psychiatric and control sample, that analyzed by Wilcoxon test and Pierson correlation. The results show significant differences
Y_BOCS and WHO QOL scores before and after treatment P < .001. On the basis of the above data, it's possible
to predict that religious cognitive behavior therapy can be effective to reduce OCD severity symptoms and enhance QOL
in obsessive- compulsive disorder.
Keywords: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD); Religious cognitive Behavioral Therapy (RCBT); quality of life.
Volume 3 : Issue 2 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)
The main objective of this study is to examine whether organizational spirituality predicts emoti... more The main objective of this study is to examine whether organizational spirituality predicts emotional intelligence and organizational
citizenship behavior (OCB) among the employees of Islamic Azad University of Chabahar in the academic year
2014-2015. The present study is an applied research project and, in terms of research topics and objectives, is conducted
with a descriptive/correlational design. The statistical population of the study is comprised of all the employees of Islamic
Azad University of Chabahar. Due to its limited volume, the whole target population was included as the sample population.
For data collection, we deployed the Standard Workplace Spirituality Scale by Milliman et al. (2003), to assess workplace
spirituality, the Emotional Intelligence Appraisal by Bradberry and Greaves (2004) to assess emotional intelligence, and the
Standard Organizational Citizenship Behavior Questionnaire by Oregon and Kanevsky (1996) to assess organizational citizenship
behavior with reliability coefficients of 0.91, 0.70 and 0.92, respectively. Collected data were analyzed on the level of
inferential statistics (Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis). The results showed
that there is a significant positive relationship between organizational spirituality on the one hand and emotional intelligence
and organizational citizenship behavior in university employees on the other. In other words, organizational spirituality
predicts emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior among university employees.
Keywords: University Employees; Organizational Spirituality; Emotional Intelligence; Organizational Citizenship Behavior.
Volume 3 : Issue 3 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)
Residents of rural and regional areas often have limited access to health care professionals. Thi... more Residents of rural and regional areas often have limited access to health care professionals. This study investigated the
ability of a modification of the Arthritis Basics for Change program developed by the American Arthritis Foundation to
improve psychosocial functioning in a group of individuals with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis who lived in northern
Queensland. The program comprised five, home-based sessions spaced over three weeks incorporating an audio CD
and two 10-minute telephone consultations. A total of 34 individuals (7 males, mean age 59 years) were randomly assigned
to either an intervention group or a wait list control group. Measures were administered before, after and at three-months
follow up and included the Arthritis Helplessness Index, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Health Assessment Questionnaire,
and the Coping Strategies Questionnaire. Improvements in both groups were noted in helplessness, anxiety, and
depression following the program and at a three-month follow up. No changes were observed for pain, disability, or coping
skills across time and between groups. A higher proportion of individuals in the intervention group than in the control
group attained clinically significant improvement on the HADS Depression scale. Despite the small sample size, results
showed that some significant gains can be made through short, specifically tailored interventions.
Keywords: Arthritis; Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy; Anxiety; Depression; Pain.
Uploads
Volume 1: Issue 1 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)
abuse, conflict resolution tactics and the association of these variables with marital satisfaction and quality of life.
Method: Using specific inclusion criteria, a sample of 160 women (80 working, and 80 non-working women) were recruited
for the study. Data were collected using The Differentiation of Self Inventory-Revised, Partner Abuse Scale—Physical, The
Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, Miller Social Intimacy Scale, The Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale, The Comprehensive
Marital Satisfaction Scale and the WHO Quality of Life Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multivariate
analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis.
Results: Findings revealed significant group differences, with working women reporting greater intimacy, adjustment, marital
satisfaction and better quality of life and non-working women reporting greater partner abuse, and the use of psychological
aggression, physical assault and physical injury to resolve conflicts. Results of regression analysis indicated that emotional
cut-off, a component of self-differentiation, accounted for 42.2% and 16.9% of the variance in quality of life among
working and non-working women respectively. Among non-working women, physical assault as a conflict resolution tactic
accounted for an additional 33% of the variance in quality of life. Findings point to significant differences between working
and non-working women. A significant finding was that most women in both groups reported poor adjustment with their
spouses, although working women tended to report greater intimacy.
Conclusions: It can be concluded that, working women enjoy better quality of life than non-working women who tend to
experience greater partner abuse.
Key Words: Self-Differentiation; Partner Abuse; Conflict Tactics; Marital Satisfaction; Quality Of Life.
state, hence, shaping physiologic functions. Against this background, I seek to understand how the triad of the brain, the mind and our
human experiences (in the context of disease) interact. I attempt a systematic explication of how this interaction may occur in the onset
of gastric ulceration. On that note, I argue that a valid psychocognitive frame of reference offers creative insights into how non-pharmacological
means may be employed in the clinical palliation of forms of non-organic gastric ulcers.
Key Words: Gastric Ulceration; Thought; Classical Conditioning.
Volume 2 : Issue 1 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)
and thinking textbook of elementary sixth grade in Iran according to its four major elements. Research is descriptive- survey type. Statistical
population contains all elementary sixth grade teachers of maidenly schools in Urmia city. Research’s statistical samples are 102 elementary
sixth grade teachers that are selected as simple random- classified sampling. Reaching to intend curriculum was realized through
analysis of thinking and research textbook’s content (textbook’s all sentences analysis unit). To reach implemented curriculum a researcher
made questionnaire was used that contains 43 answer packs and is adjusted based on Likret scale. Research results show that in terms of
intended and implemented curriculum of thinking and research textbook, knowledge goals are higher than average. In terms of intended
and implemented curriculum, attitudinal goals are higher than knowledge goals average. According to teachers’ statement in terms of
intended and implemented curriculum, skill goals are reported higher than 4. Also results show that attention is not paid to all curriculum
components in implemented curriculum namely from teachers’ view point intended curriculum of elementary sixth grade thinking and
research textbook in maidenly schools of Urmia city is not available about all components of curriculum in specified notes performing.
Key words: Intended Curriculum; Implemented Curriculum; Textbook; Elementary Sixth Grade; Curriculum Components.
of his sleep disturbance. Changes in cognitive functioning were evaluated with the Repeatable Battery for Assessment of Neuropsychological
Status (RBANS). The profile of performance for the participant was similar to that previously reported for mild cognitive impairment due to
head trauma. The implication to health (i.e., cognitive functioning) for sleep disturbance is presented.
Keywords: Sleep Deprivation; Cognitive Impairment; Adjustment Disorder of Sleep
Volume 2 : Issue 2 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)
disabilities are taking more time to fall asleep as compared with other persons without disabilities (Piazza, Fisher, & Kahng, (1996).
Sleep disturbances seem to decrease one’s ability to regulate, control, or inhibit emotion and behavior (Dahl, 1996, Wolfson and Carskadon,
1998). Brylewski and Wiggs (1999) found that persons with developmental disabilities with sleep disorders have more daytime problem behaviors
like Irritability, Stereotypy, Hyperactivity, self-injury, aggression and screaming.
Methods: The present study assessed the sleep pattern, sleep disturbance and problem behavior in a randomized sample of persons (η=70)
with developmental disabilities on whom EEG recording was done. Persons with developmental disabilities who are living in community with
parents were taken for the study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect research data from informants on Demographic Data
Sheet, Showkat’s Screening Scale for Sleep Pattern of Children (SSSSPC), Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) and Behavioral Assessment
scale for Indian Children with Mental Retardation Part–B. The relationships were explored among sleep pattern, sleep disturbance and
problem behavior with respect to EEG record, medication and comorbid conditions in persons with developmental disabilities.
Results: Pearson’s correlation co-efficient (r) was calculated and it was found that sleep pattern is significantly associated with sleep disturbance
(r =0.534, p<0.01)) and problem behavior (r =0.521, p<0.01) of persons with developmental disabilities. The results showed that sleep
pattern is significant with problem behaviors like temper tantrums & misbehavior with others. Furthermore, persons with developmental
disabilities having severe problems in sleep pattern also showed severe problem behaviors, such as self injurious behavior, repetitive behavior,
odd behavior, hyperactivity & rebellious behavior. The significant difference (p<0.05) was found in sleep pattern of persons with developmental
disabilities between the groups having normal EEG record and abnormal EEG record. Similar findings were also observed with respect to
problem behavior. Results of this study are discussed pertaining to the assessment of sleep pattern; sleep disturbance and problem behavior
of persons with developmental disabilities.
Conclusions: Present research study concluded that there is an association among sleep pattern, sleep disturbance and problem behavior in
persons with developmental disabilities. In present study it was observed that there is a significant difference in sleep pattern of persons with
developmental disabilities between the groups having normal EEG record and abnormal EEG record. Similar findings were also observed
with respect to problem behavior.
Keywords: Developmental Disabilities; Sleep Disturbance; Sleep Pattern; Problem Behavior and EEG Record; Comorbidity.
Volume 2 : Issue 3 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)
special psychological characters predispose persons to development of broken heart syndrome (BHS), we aimed to find out predisposing
personal characteristics and their difference between cases with BHS, acute coronary syndromes and healthy subjects.
Methods and subjects: This case-control study was performed on 60 cases with diagnosed broken heart syndrome, 60 cases of acute
coronary syndrome and 60 healthy subjects. All enrolled participants filed appropriate questionnaires after getting signed informed consent.
Data were analyzed using SPSS ver.12 via MANOVA test.
Principal results: There was a significant difference in all three groups regarding psychosis (P<0.01), aggression and phobia (P<0.05).
These characteristics were higher in cases with broken heart syndrome than cases with acute coronary syndrome and healthy subjects.
Principal conclusions: Joint link between psychological factors and broken heart syndrome emphasizes on behavioral therapies and
psychological treatments for healing this entity.
Keywords: Personality Characteristics; Broken Heart Syndrome; Acute Coronary Syndrome.
concept into cutting-edge research and creating important contributions for the clinical context. In spite of this fact, there is a promising
but unmapped field of research around specific contributions of mindfulness to music, and more specifically, for musicians. This article
reviews this topic in order to show the state of the art of mindfulness related to music and help further advancement. A total of 27 publications
were reviewed. The main conclusion is that despite its youth, this field is yielding some promising results in several dimensions:
(1) effectiveness in mindfulness-based intervention programs for professional and hobby performers, (2) attention and concentration
boost because of mindfulness induction in music audience, (3) effective induction of mindfulness states by music, and (4) promising
contributions of mindfulness and music therapies. Finally, some guidelines and future lines are suggested for expanding and improving
results, models, and methods.
Keywords: Mindfulness; Meditation; Music; Performers; Audience; Musicians; Music Performance Anxiety.
Volume 2 : Issue 4 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)
to experience a communal sense of union. This core self is thought to contain a dual track notion of self/other experience in which
the boundaries of self and other are paradoxically differentiated and yet identical. Rather than pathological, this self/no-self experience
is unitive and unambivalent and leads to ecstatic experience of transcendence and communion with benign capacities. The author draws
from psychoanalysis and from Plotinian philosophy to frame the core self with its loving capacities as ultimately benign and ideal and as
originary experience embedded in our deepest nature. All character defects, faults and malevolent affects and experience are considered
permutations of the positive elements of core self experience. The author suggests a goal of psychoanalysis can be the liberation of this
core self from the shroud of negative affects and character faults. Through the containment and transformation of negative affect and
experience, the eventual discovery of the numinous sublime qualities of the core self may emerge.
Volume 2: Issue 5 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)
Tripura by taking 400 degree level students from different degree colleges and universities of Tripura state. Review of literature demonstrates
that different factors associated with general wellbeing operate differently in different cultures and races and since there is dearth
of such systematic study under Indian set up, it is appropriate to investigate empirically that whether or not locus of control, birth order
and residence independently or in interaction with each other are accountable for differences in General Wellbeing among students. The
following conclusions were drawn on the basis of analysis of data like Locus of control significantly influences general wellbeing of
students, internally controlled students were found superior on general wellbeing than externally controlled students. Birth order of the
students seems to have significant influence on general wellbeing. First born students were found higher on general wellbeing than later
born students. Residence does not account for substantial amount of variance on general wellbeing of students. Urban or rural students
have yielded equal outcome on the scores of general wellbeing. Locus of control and birth order appears to interact to yield significant
results on general wellbeing. Locus of control and residence and birth order and residence of the students do not appears to interact to
yield significant results on general wellbeing. Locus of control, birth order and residence of the students do not appears to interact with
reference to general wellbeing of the students of Tripura in particular.
Keywords: Locus of Control; General Wellbeing.
verbalization to see how the models was affected by verbalization and how verbalization could improve individual learning. The results
showed that verbalization increase individual learning and that the judgments in the analogue condition were significantly better than the
proposition condition overall. Strong exemplar effects was shown for all groups regardless of stimulus presentation and learning mode,
even for the learning individuals conditions that learned from written verbalized information in the absence of outcome feedback. The
results suggest that exemplar memory works as a backup system similar to previous research and that exemplar-based knowledge could
be the regular result of cooperation, even without social interaction.
Keywords: Multiple-Cue Judgment; Cognitive Processes; Cooperation; Verbalization; Learning.
Volume 2 : Issue 6 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)
behaviors or activities that are defined as wrong because they violate the ethical principles of a particular culture, subculture, or group.
The immoral nature of the activities is seen as the foundation for defining certain types of white-collar activities as criminal. Some prefer
to call white-collar crime as violations of criminal law. White-collar crimes are criminally illegal behaviors committed by upper class
individuals during the course of their occupation. From a systems perspective, those working in the criminal justice system would likely
define white-collar crime as criminally illegal behaviors. Crime, in this context, is defined as “an intentional act or omission committed
in violation of the criminal law without defense or justification and sanctioned by the state as a felony or misdemeanor” (Tappan, 1960,
p. 10). The consequences of white-collar crime can be characterized as; individual economic losses, societal economic losses, emotional
consequences, physical harm and positive consequences as well. Research on white-collar crime attitudes is important for empirical, cultural,
and policy-driven reasons (Piquero, Carmichael, & Piquero, 2008). Because white-collar offenses are viewed as equally serious as
street crimes, there may be a tendency among some to view white-collar criminals as similar to street criminals (Payne, 2003b). Many crime
prevention programs work. Others don’t. Most programs have not yet been evaluated with enough scientific evidence to draw conclusions.
Enough evidence is available, however, to create provisional lists of what works, what doesn’t and what’s promising. Those lists will
grow more quickly if the Nation invests more resources in scientific evaluations to hold all crime prevention programs accountable for
their results. Both crime and criminal have become the focus of attention in the present day Kashmiri society. It is a regrettable fact that
we have not so far undertaken comprehensive macro and micro level studies of crimes in Kashmir which could have facilitated a better
understanding of its causes and effects and help to devise proper remedial measures. It is evident from the facts that white-collar crimes
in Kashmir are increasing day by day. There are multiple causes of white-collar crimes in Kashmir. The consequences of white-collar
crime can be characterized as (1) individual economic losses, (2) societal economic losses, (3) emotional consequences, (4) physical harm
and (5) “positive” consequences. Research on white-collar crime attitudes is important for empirical, cultural, and policy-driven reasons
(Piquero, Carmichael, & Piquero, 2008).
Keywords: White-Collar Crime; Criminal Behavior; Criminal Law; Consequences And Crime Prevention.
Volume 2 : Issue 7 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)
most influential culture in the society. The focus of this influence is on the growing generation that is the adolescents. It
means that a remarkable part of today's life of youth is attributed to communicating by the internet.
Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the rate of internet dependence and its relationship with sincerity in the family
among the high school students ( boys and girls) of Qum.
Method: this study is conducted by descriptive – survey method. The statistical population consisted of all the students
( girls and boys ) studying at the high school in Qum. They were 38754 and the sample volume with respect to cochran's
formula was 380 people who were chosen by stratified – random sampling. 194 of them were female students and 186 of
them were male. To collect the data the questionnaire of internet dependence and the scale of sincerity in the family was
applied .In order to analyse the data X2 test ( chi – squared test ), correlation coefficient and independent T- test were used.
Findings: The conclusions of independent T- test showed that on the rate of internet dependence there is a meaningful
difference between girls and boys. It means that boys are more dependent on the internet than girls. From the viewpoint of
sincerity in the family also there is a meaningful difference between boys and girls. Among girls the concept of sincerity in
the family is more valuable and they pay attention to it more than boys. The results of X2 test and correlation coefficient
indicated that as the students grow up their dependence on the internet become less and it clarified as well that if the internet
dependence is more the sincerity in the family will be less.
Keywords: Dependence; Internet; Sincerity; Family.
Volume 3 : Issue 1 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)
patients quality of life. It is widely supposed that religious is one of the most background in OCD. The aim of this study
was evaluated the affect religious cognitive behavior therapy on OCD patients with religious contents. 39 OCD patients
were initially recruited. The patients were assed with Y-BOCS and WHO QOL_brife before and after treatment. Norm
values were driven from general population to characterized by randomize into 2 sample as well as a recently enlisted
psychiatric and control sample, that analyzed by Wilcoxon test and Pierson correlation. The results show significant differences
Y_BOCS and WHO QOL scores before and after treatment P < .001. On the basis of the above data, it's possible
to predict that religious cognitive behavior therapy can be effective to reduce OCD severity symptoms and enhance QOL
in obsessive- compulsive disorder.
Keywords: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD); Religious cognitive Behavioral Therapy (RCBT); quality of life.
Volume 3 : Issue 2 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)
citizenship behavior (OCB) among the employees of Islamic Azad University of Chabahar in the academic year
2014-2015. The present study is an applied research project and, in terms of research topics and objectives, is conducted
with a descriptive/correlational design. The statistical population of the study is comprised of all the employees of Islamic
Azad University of Chabahar. Due to its limited volume, the whole target population was included as the sample population.
For data collection, we deployed the Standard Workplace Spirituality Scale by Milliman et al. (2003), to assess workplace
spirituality, the Emotional Intelligence Appraisal by Bradberry and Greaves (2004) to assess emotional intelligence, and the
Standard Organizational Citizenship Behavior Questionnaire by Oregon and Kanevsky (1996) to assess organizational citizenship
behavior with reliability coefficients of 0.91, 0.70 and 0.92, respectively. Collected data were analyzed on the level of
inferential statistics (Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis). The results showed
that there is a significant positive relationship between organizational spirituality on the one hand and emotional intelligence
and organizational citizenship behavior in university employees on the other. In other words, organizational spirituality
predicts emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior among university employees.
Keywords: University Employees; Organizational Spirituality; Emotional Intelligence; Organizational Citizenship Behavior.
Volume 3 : Issue 3 by International Journal of Behavioral Research & Psychology (IJBRP)
ability of a modification of the Arthritis Basics for Change program developed by the American Arthritis Foundation to
improve psychosocial functioning in a group of individuals with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis who lived in northern
Queensland. The program comprised five, home-based sessions spaced over three weeks incorporating an audio CD
and two 10-minute telephone consultations. A total of 34 individuals (7 males, mean age 59 years) were randomly assigned
to either an intervention group or a wait list control group. Measures were administered before, after and at three-months
follow up and included the Arthritis Helplessness Index, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Health Assessment Questionnaire,
and the Coping Strategies Questionnaire. Improvements in both groups were noted in helplessness, anxiety, and
depression following the program and at a three-month follow up. No changes were observed for pain, disability, or coping
skills across time and between groups. A higher proportion of individuals in the intervention group than in the control
group attained clinically significant improvement on the HADS Depression scale. Despite the small sample size, results
showed that some significant gains can be made through short, specifically tailored interventions.
Keywords: Arthritis; Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy; Anxiety; Depression; Pain.
abuse, conflict resolution tactics and the association of these variables with marital satisfaction and quality of life.
Method: Using specific inclusion criteria, a sample of 160 women (80 working, and 80 non-working women) were recruited
for the study. Data were collected using The Differentiation of Self Inventory-Revised, Partner Abuse Scale—Physical, The
Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, Miller Social Intimacy Scale, The Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale, The Comprehensive
Marital Satisfaction Scale and the WHO Quality of Life Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multivariate
analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis.
Results: Findings revealed significant group differences, with working women reporting greater intimacy, adjustment, marital
satisfaction and better quality of life and non-working women reporting greater partner abuse, and the use of psychological
aggression, physical assault and physical injury to resolve conflicts. Results of regression analysis indicated that emotional
cut-off, a component of self-differentiation, accounted for 42.2% and 16.9% of the variance in quality of life among
working and non-working women respectively. Among non-working women, physical assault as a conflict resolution tactic
accounted for an additional 33% of the variance in quality of life. Findings point to significant differences between working
and non-working women. A significant finding was that most women in both groups reported poor adjustment with their
spouses, although working women tended to report greater intimacy.
Conclusions: It can be concluded that, working women enjoy better quality of life than non-working women who tend to
experience greater partner abuse.
Key Words: Self-Differentiation; Partner Abuse; Conflict Tactics; Marital Satisfaction; Quality Of Life.
state, hence, shaping physiologic functions. Against this background, I seek to understand how the triad of the brain, the mind and our
human experiences (in the context of disease) interact. I attempt a systematic explication of how this interaction may occur in the onset
of gastric ulceration. On that note, I argue that a valid psychocognitive frame of reference offers creative insights into how non-pharmacological
means may be employed in the clinical palliation of forms of non-organic gastric ulcers.
Key Words: Gastric Ulceration; Thought; Classical Conditioning.
and thinking textbook of elementary sixth grade in Iran according to its four major elements. Research is descriptive- survey type. Statistical
population contains all elementary sixth grade teachers of maidenly schools in Urmia city. Research’s statistical samples are 102 elementary
sixth grade teachers that are selected as simple random- classified sampling. Reaching to intend curriculum was realized through
analysis of thinking and research textbook’s content (textbook’s all sentences analysis unit). To reach implemented curriculum a researcher
made questionnaire was used that contains 43 answer packs and is adjusted based on Likret scale. Research results show that in terms of
intended and implemented curriculum of thinking and research textbook, knowledge goals are higher than average. In terms of intended
and implemented curriculum, attitudinal goals are higher than knowledge goals average. According to teachers’ statement in terms of
intended and implemented curriculum, skill goals are reported higher than 4. Also results show that attention is not paid to all curriculum
components in implemented curriculum namely from teachers’ view point intended curriculum of elementary sixth grade thinking and
research textbook in maidenly schools of Urmia city is not available about all components of curriculum in specified notes performing.
Key words: Intended Curriculum; Implemented Curriculum; Textbook; Elementary Sixth Grade; Curriculum Components.
of his sleep disturbance. Changes in cognitive functioning were evaluated with the Repeatable Battery for Assessment of Neuropsychological
Status (RBANS). The profile of performance for the participant was similar to that previously reported for mild cognitive impairment due to
head trauma. The implication to health (i.e., cognitive functioning) for sleep disturbance is presented.
Keywords: Sleep Deprivation; Cognitive Impairment; Adjustment Disorder of Sleep
disabilities are taking more time to fall asleep as compared with other persons without disabilities (Piazza, Fisher, & Kahng, (1996).
Sleep disturbances seem to decrease one’s ability to regulate, control, or inhibit emotion and behavior (Dahl, 1996, Wolfson and Carskadon,
1998). Brylewski and Wiggs (1999) found that persons with developmental disabilities with sleep disorders have more daytime problem behaviors
like Irritability, Stereotypy, Hyperactivity, self-injury, aggression and screaming.
Methods: The present study assessed the sleep pattern, sleep disturbance and problem behavior in a randomized sample of persons (η=70)
with developmental disabilities on whom EEG recording was done. Persons with developmental disabilities who are living in community with
parents were taken for the study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect research data from informants on Demographic Data
Sheet, Showkat’s Screening Scale for Sleep Pattern of Children (SSSSPC), Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) and Behavioral Assessment
scale for Indian Children with Mental Retardation Part–B. The relationships were explored among sleep pattern, sleep disturbance and
problem behavior with respect to EEG record, medication and comorbid conditions in persons with developmental disabilities.
Results: Pearson’s correlation co-efficient (r) was calculated and it was found that sleep pattern is significantly associated with sleep disturbance
(r =0.534, p<0.01)) and problem behavior (r =0.521, p<0.01) of persons with developmental disabilities. The results showed that sleep
pattern is significant with problem behaviors like temper tantrums & misbehavior with others. Furthermore, persons with developmental
disabilities having severe problems in sleep pattern also showed severe problem behaviors, such as self injurious behavior, repetitive behavior,
odd behavior, hyperactivity & rebellious behavior. The significant difference (p<0.05) was found in sleep pattern of persons with developmental
disabilities between the groups having normal EEG record and abnormal EEG record. Similar findings were also observed with respect to
problem behavior. Results of this study are discussed pertaining to the assessment of sleep pattern; sleep disturbance and problem behavior
of persons with developmental disabilities.
Conclusions: Present research study concluded that there is an association among sleep pattern, sleep disturbance and problem behavior in
persons with developmental disabilities. In present study it was observed that there is a significant difference in sleep pattern of persons with
developmental disabilities between the groups having normal EEG record and abnormal EEG record. Similar findings were also observed
with respect to problem behavior.
Keywords: Developmental Disabilities; Sleep Disturbance; Sleep Pattern; Problem Behavior and EEG Record; Comorbidity.
special psychological characters predispose persons to development of broken heart syndrome (BHS), we aimed to find out predisposing
personal characteristics and their difference between cases with BHS, acute coronary syndromes and healthy subjects.
Methods and subjects: This case-control study was performed on 60 cases with diagnosed broken heart syndrome, 60 cases of acute
coronary syndrome and 60 healthy subjects. All enrolled participants filed appropriate questionnaires after getting signed informed consent.
Data were analyzed using SPSS ver.12 via MANOVA test.
Principal results: There was a significant difference in all three groups regarding psychosis (P<0.01), aggression and phobia (P<0.05).
These characteristics were higher in cases with broken heart syndrome than cases with acute coronary syndrome and healthy subjects.
Principal conclusions: Joint link between psychological factors and broken heart syndrome emphasizes on behavioral therapies and
psychological treatments for healing this entity.
Keywords: Personality Characteristics; Broken Heart Syndrome; Acute Coronary Syndrome.
concept into cutting-edge research and creating important contributions for the clinical context. In spite of this fact, there is a promising
but unmapped field of research around specific contributions of mindfulness to music, and more specifically, for musicians. This article
reviews this topic in order to show the state of the art of mindfulness related to music and help further advancement. A total of 27 publications
were reviewed. The main conclusion is that despite its youth, this field is yielding some promising results in several dimensions:
(1) effectiveness in mindfulness-based intervention programs for professional and hobby performers, (2) attention and concentration
boost because of mindfulness induction in music audience, (3) effective induction of mindfulness states by music, and (4) promising
contributions of mindfulness and music therapies. Finally, some guidelines and future lines are suggested for expanding and improving
results, models, and methods.
Keywords: Mindfulness; Meditation; Music; Performers; Audience; Musicians; Music Performance Anxiety.
to experience a communal sense of union. This core self is thought to contain a dual track notion of self/other experience in which
the boundaries of self and other are paradoxically differentiated and yet identical. Rather than pathological, this self/no-self experience
is unitive and unambivalent and leads to ecstatic experience of transcendence and communion with benign capacities. The author draws
from psychoanalysis and from Plotinian philosophy to frame the core self with its loving capacities as ultimately benign and ideal and as
originary experience embedded in our deepest nature. All character defects, faults and malevolent affects and experience are considered
permutations of the positive elements of core self experience. The author suggests a goal of psychoanalysis can be the liberation of this
core self from the shroud of negative affects and character faults. Through the containment and transformation of negative affect and
experience, the eventual discovery of the numinous sublime qualities of the core self may emerge.
Tripura by taking 400 degree level students from different degree colleges and universities of Tripura state. Review of literature demonstrates
that different factors associated with general wellbeing operate differently in different cultures and races and since there is dearth
of such systematic study under Indian set up, it is appropriate to investigate empirically that whether or not locus of control, birth order
and residence independently or in interaction with each other are accountable for differences in General Wellbeing among students. The
following conclusions were drawn on the basis of analysis of data like Locus of control significantly influences general wellbeing of
students, internally controlled students were found superior on general wellbeing than externally controlled students. Birth order of the
students seems to have significant influence on general wellbeing. First born students were found higher on general wellbeing than later
born students. Residence does not account for substantial amount of variance on general wellbeing of students. Urban or rural students
have yielded equal outcome on the scores of general wellbeing. Locus of control and birth order appears to interact to yield significant
results on general wellbeing. Locus of control and residence and birth order and residence of the students do not appears to interact to
yield significant results on general wellbeing. Locus of control, birth order and residence of the students do not appears to interact with
reference to general wellbeing of the students of Tripura in particular.
Keywords: Locus of Control; General Wellbeing.
verbalization to see how the models was affected by verbalization and how verbalization could improve individual learning. The results
showed that verbalization increase individual learning and that the judgments in the analogue condition were significantly better than the
proposition condition overall. Strong exemplar effects was shown for all groups regardless of stimulus presentation and learning mode,
even for the learning individuals conditions that learned from written verbalized information in the absence of outcome feedback. The
results suggest that exemplar memory works as a backup system similar to previous research and that exemplar-based knowledge could
be the regular result of cooperation, even without social interaction.
Keywords: Multiple-Cue Judgment; Cognitive Processes; Cooperation; Verbalization; Learning.
behaviors or activities that are defined as wrong because they violate the ethical principles of a particular culture, subculture, or group.
The immoral nature of the activities is seen as the foundation for defining certain types of white-collar activities as criminal. Some prefer
to call white-collar crime as violations of criminal law. White-collar crimes are criminally illegal behaviors committed by upper class
individuals during the course of their occupation. From a systems perspective, those working in the criminal justice system would likely
define white-collar crime as criminally illegal behaviors. Crime, in this context, is defined as “an intentional act or omission committed
in violation of the criminal law without defense or justification and sanctioned by the state as a felony or misdemeanor” (Tappan, 1960,
p. 10). The consequences of white-collar crime can be characterized as; individual economic losses, societal economic losses, emotional
consequences, physical harm and positive consequences as well. Research on white-collar crime attitudes is important for empirical, cultural,
and policy-driven reasons (Piquero, Carmichael, & Piquero, 2008). Because white-collar offenses are viewed as equally serious as
street crimes, there may be a tendency among some to view white-collar criminals as similar to street criminals (Payne, 2003b). Many crime
prevention programs work. Others don’t. Most programs have not yet been evaluated with enough scientific evidence to draw conclusions.
Enough evidence is available, however, to create provisional lists of what works, what doesn’t and what’s promising. Those lists will
grow more quickly if the Nation invests more resources in scientific evaluations to hold all crime prevention programs accountable for
their results. Both crime and criminal have become the focus of attention in the present day Kashmiri society. It is a regrettable fact that
we have not so far undertaken comprehensive macro and micro level studies of crimes in Kashmir which could have facilitated a better
understanding of its causes and effects and help to devise proper remedial measures. It is evident from the facts that white-collar crimes
in Kashmir are increasing day by day. There are multiple causes of white-collar crimes in Kashmir. The consequences of white-collar
crime can be characterized as (1) individual economic losses, (2) societal economic losses, (3) emotional consequences, (4) physical harm
and (5) “positive” consequences. Research on white-collar crime attitudes is important for empirical, cultural, and policy-driven reasons
(Piquero, Carmichael, & Piquero, 2008).
Keywords: White-Collar Crime; Criminal Behavior; Criminal Law; Consequences And Crime Prevention.
most influential culture in the society. The focus of this influence is on the growing generation that is the adolescents. It
means that a remarkable part of today's life of youth is attributed to communicating by the internet.
Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the rate of internet dependence and its relationship with sincerity in the family
among the high school students ( boys and girls) of Qum.
Method: this study is conducted by descriptive – survey method. The statistical population consisted of all the students
( girls and boys ) studying at the high school in Qum. They were 38754 and the sample volume with respect to cochran's
formula was 380 people who were chosen by stratified – random sampling. 194 of them were female students and 186 of
them were male. To collect the data the questionnaire of internet dependence and the scale of sincerity in the family was
applied .In order to analyse the data X2 test ( chi – squared test ), correlation coefficient and independent T- test were used.
Findings: The conclusions of independent T- test showed that on the rate of internet dependence there is a meaningful
difference between girls and boys. It means that boys are more dependent on the internet than girls. From the viewpoint of
sincerity in the family also there is a meaningful difference between boys and girls. Among girls the concept of sincerity in
the family is more valuable and they pay attention to it more than boys. The results of X2 test and correlation coefficient
indicated that as the students grow up their dependence on the internet become less and it clarified as well that if the internet
dependence is more the sincerity in the family will be less.
Keywords: Dependence; Internet; Sincerity; Family.
patients quality of life. It is widely supposed that religious is one of the most background in OCD. The aim of this study
was evaluated the affect religious cognitive behavior therapy on OCD patients with religious contents. 39 OCD patients
were initially recruited. The patients were assed with Y-BOCS and WHO QOL_brife before and after treatment. Norm
values were driven from general population to characterized by randomize into 2 sample as well as a recently enlisted
psychiatric and control sample, that analyzed by Wilcoxon test and Pierson correlation. The results show significant differences
Y_BOCS and WHO QOL scores before and after treatment P < .001. On the basis of the above data, it's possible
to predict that religious cognitive behavior therapy can be effective to reduce OCD severity symptoms and enhance QOL
in obsessive- compulsive disorder.
Keywords: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD); Religious cognitive Behavioral Therapy (RCBT); quality of life.
citizenship behavior (OCB) among the employees of Islamic Azad University of Chabahar in the academic year
2014-2015. The present study is an applied research project and, in terms of research topics and objectives, is conducted
with a descriptive/correlational design. The statistical population of the study is comprised of all the employees of Islamic
Azad University of Chabahar. Due to its limited volume, the whole target population was included as the sample population.
For data collection, we deployed the Standard Workplace Spirituality Scale by Milliman et al. (2003), to assess workplace
spirituality, the Emotional Intelligence Appraisal by Bradberry and Greaves (2004) to assess emotional intelligence, and the
Standard Organizational Citizenship Behavior Questionnaire by Oregon and Kanevsky (1996) to assess organizational citizenship
behavior with reliability coefficients of 0.91, 0.70 and 0.92, respectively. Collected data were analyzed on the level of
inferential statistics (Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis). The results showed
that there is a significant positive relationship between organizational spirituality on the one hand and emotional intelligence
and organizational citizenship behavior in university employees on the other. In other words, organizational spirituality
predicts emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior among university employees.
Keywords: University Employees; Organizational Spirituality; Emotional Intelligence; Organizational Citizenship Behavior.
ability of a modification of the Arthritis Basics for Change program developed by the American Arthritis Foundation to
improve psychosocial functioning in a group of individuals with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis who lived in northern
Queensland. The program comprised five, home-based sessions spaced over three weeks incorporating an audio CD
and two 10-minute telephone consultations. A total of 34 individuals (7 males, mean age 59 years) were randomly assigned
to either an intervention group or a wait list control group. Measures were administered before, after and at three-months
follow up and included the Arthritis Helplessness Index, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Health Assessment Questionnaire,
and the Coping Strategies Questionnaire. Improvements in both groups were noted in helplessness, anxiety, and
depression following the program and at a three-month follow up. No changes were observed for pain, disability, or coping
skills across time and between groups. A higher proportion of individuals in the intervention group than in the control
group attained clinically significant improvement on the HADS Depression scale. Despite the small sample size, results
showed that some significant gains can be made through short, specifically tailored interventions.
Keywords: Arthritis; Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy; Anxiety; Depression; Pain.
aimed to investigate the issues and challenges for young graduates for becoming entrepreneurs. The study considers both
the economic and personality based perspectives. The fresh Business graduates and finale semester students who are or
intend to become entrepreneurs of four universities of Karachi, Pakistan are being interviewed personally to determine
their response. A comprehensive questionnaire on likert scale has been used to collect the responses. The responses are then
statistically analyzed. The study concludes that graduates students possess basic skills such as team management and Entrepreneurial
attitude; however, they are risk averse. The biggest challenge for them is lack of infrastructure and Governmental
Support for new Entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Although funds are available in the market but there is visible gap between
investors and New Entrant Entrepreneurs. Worsening law and order situation, corruption and poor economic conditions
are unmanageable threats for new entrants. Above all, existing aggressive competition under the shelter of persistent inflation
and effective pricing strategies are the basic challenges for new entrants.
Keywords: Entrepreneurs; Graduates; Personality.
was related to academic stress in self-report measures among 100 (40 male and 60 female) students from Kashmir University.
Pearson’s product method was used to find the results. The results indicated that intrinsic religious orientation has a
significant negative relation with facets of academic stress such as group study stress, time management stress and stress
due to peers. In other words it can be said that more intrinsic the person is lesser the amount of academic stress he faced.
Similarly a positive correlation was found between extrinsic religious orientation and five of the seven facets of academic
stress namely, Result Stress, Group Study Stress, Peer Stress, Time Management Stress and Self Inflicted Stress. In other
words it means that more an individual is extrinsic higher the scores are in academic stress facets mentioned above.
Keywords: Academic Stress; Religiosity; Religious Orientation.
study consisted of one hundred thirty university students out of which 70 were males and 60 were females who were selected
on the purposive basis from the main campus of Kashmir University. Young's Internet Addiction Scale (IAT), Beck's
Depression Inventory (BDI-II 1996) and Demographic Data sheet were used to collect research data from informants. The
obtained data were analysed by frequency method, Pearson correlation method and t-test. The results revealed that male
university students experienced more internet addiction and depression as compared to the female university students and
a significant positive correlation was found between internet addiction and depression.
Keywords: Depression; Internet Addiction; University Students.
known risk factors include depression, hopelessness, dysfunctional families, substance abuse, school failure and harassment.
However, research reports in relation to the protective factors to prevent adolescent from suicidal attempts are still lacking.
The purpose of this study is to detect (if any) the protective effect of physical activity and the habit of eating breakfast on
children suicidal attempts.
Methods: This study adopted a secondary data analysis approach, in which data was extracted from the 2013 Youth Risk
Behaviour Surveillance System to detect the association effect between children's physical activity level and the habit of
eating breakfast with suicidal attempts.
Results: The increase number of days of physical activity and the habit of eating breakfast were both significantly related
to the declining trend in suicidal attempts (p<0.0001). Only the effect of habit of eating breakfast on suicidal behaviour
remained a protective factor for suicidal attempts after the adjustment (p<0.001).
Conclusions: Our results illustrate that the physical activity has a marginal effect on suicidal attempts among males only.
After adjusting other risk factors, the habit of eating breakfast shows a strong effect on preventing children from having
suicidal attempt and also suggests a dose effect for the days of eating breakfast. For a child who skips breakfast for a week
would have 1.7 higher risk of suicidal attempt compared with another child who eats breakfast every day in a week.
Keywords: Suicide; Breakfast; Physical Activity.
of resource loss and the impact of these resource loss components on depression was examined among college
students (N=654) at two universities who were affected by Hurricane Katrina. The component of resource loss was analyzed
by principal component analysis first. Gender, social relationship loss, and financial loss were then examined with the
regression model on depression. Financial loss was a significant predictor of depression. Social relationship loss did not
predict depression significantly. In predicting depression, resource loss was more important for females than for males.
Keywords: Hurricane Katrina; Resource Loss; Depression; Principal Component Analysis; Regression.
The main objective of this experimental study is to examine the effects of mood on self-concept, or more precisely,
on the elaboration or conceptualization of the self-concept in-the-moment. A useful technique that has recently started to
be used in research concerning self-concept was used: The Natural Semantic Networks Technique. The data was analyzed
using a graphics tracing technique, which allows an accurate visualization of the network elements (i.e. self-concept defining
words) and of the centrality that the elements have in that network. The results support the hypothesis that mood affects
in-the-moment judgments of self-concept.
Keywords: Mood Induction; Self-Concept; Semantic Networks.
express the same or increased satisfaction in the quality of current relationships and the size of their social circle. Socioemotional
Selectivity Theory (SST) suggests that older adults’ perceived time left to live was the main reason for their choice
of emotionally gratifying partners. In the present study, we examined how the Christian belief of eternal life might impact
older adults’ social partner choices. If believing in life after death was perceived as an extension of time, older adults who
hold this belief should show a decreased tendency to choose family/close friend as social partners than those who do not
believe in life after death. Our results showed that Christians who believed in life after death were more likely to choose
family members/close friends as their social partners than Atheists. We also found evidence that older adults may not necessarily
choose family/close friends more often than young adults, especially when religious beliefs and current goals were
taken into account.
Keywords: Religion; Socioemotional Selectivity Theory; Aging; Social Preferences.
by exposure to single or repeated extreme traumatic events found in war, terrorist attacks, natural or man-caused disasters,
and by violent personal assaults and accidents. In recent years, armed conflicts in the Middle East have resulted in high rates
of exposure to traumatic events. Despite the increasing demand of mental health care provision, ongoing violence limits
conventional approaches of mental health care provision. Internet-based interventions for post traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) have proved feasible and effective in Western countries, but their applicability and efficacy in war and conflict
regions remains unknown. Despite clinical studies and improved understanding of the mechanisms of cellular damage,
prevention and treatment strategies for patients with PTSD remain unsatisfactory. Post traumatic stress disorder is a prevalent
mental health problem associated with substantial psychiatric morbidity. To develop an improved plan for treating and
impeding progression of PTSD, it is important to identify underlying biochemical changes that may play key role in the
initiation and progression of these disorders.
Keywords: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD); Epidemiology; Diagnosis; CBT; EMDR.
we employed the paradigms of temporal order judgment (TOJ) and simultaneity judgment (SJ) to investigate prior-entry
effects for objects of the attended feature (color). Stimuli comprised two differently oriented bars equidistant from fixation,
presented either simultaneously or successively, with a variable stimulus-onset asynchrony between them. Color feature
cues preceded the stimuli with variable cue lead-time. To reduce the confounding effect of response bias, we employed an
orthogonal judgment method in the TOJ task: observers reported the temporal order based on the orientation, rather than
the color of the stimuli. Using the TOJ paradigm, significant prior-entry effect based on attending to the color feature was/
was not observed when observers performed/did not perform an attentional task on the color cue. A similar trend of effect
was observed with the SJ paradigm, but the effect was not statistically significant. One possibility is that there are separate
mechanisms subserving TOJ and SJ tasks, and the mechanism underlying the TOJ task is more likely to reveal prior-entry
effect.
Keywords: Prior-Entry; Feature-Based Attention; Temporal Order Judgment; Simultaneity Judgment.
dementia. This work aimed to examine the psychometric properties of an Arabic-translation of Quality of life-Alzheimer
Disease scale (QoL-AD) for patient and caregiver reports in Alexandria, Egypt.
Methods: A total of 100 patient-caregiver dyads who attended the psycho-geriatric out-patient clinic of El-Mammora
Mental Hospital in Alexandria participated in a cross sectional study. Tools included the Mini Mental State Examination
(MMSE), Katz Index for Activities of Daily Living (ADL), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and the QoL-AD.
Results: Both patients and caregivers reports showed satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient >
0.70). The correlation between patient and caregiver ratings was very good (Rho= 0.75, p≤ 0.001). All validity measures
used (PHQ-9, ADL) revealed good convergent validity of the Arabic version. The principal component factor analysis supported
the construct validity of the scale.
Conclusion: The Arabic version of QoL-AD is a reliable and valid tool in people with dementia with a MMSE of 10 or
higher.
Keywords: QoL-AD; Dementia; Quality of Life; Alzheimer Disease; Reliability and Validity.
to begin to address this issue. Drawing upon an understanding of the foundational principles of Daoism, including a yin/
yang and alchemical analysis, homosexuality is explored and analyzed within this spiritual/religious tradition. After reviewing
these principles within a number of Daoist historical and schools of thought, homosexuality is examined from within
Chinese historical and culture perspectives. Utilizing these combined perspectives this paper advances the position that
homosexuality is inclusive of the principles of yin/yang and alchemical dynamics. A particular emphasis and analyze will
examine the constructs of gender, sexual behavior, and sub cultural context and dynamics regarding how homosexuality
incorporates the foundational principles and specific constructs of Daoism. Consequently, the position that homosexuality
should be seen within the Dao is advanced.
Keywords: Homosexuality; Daoism; Yin; Yang; Alchemy.
and 8.0 per 1 lakh in female. In Indian study predominant suicidal victims are males, literates, married and from rural background.
Aim of the present study is to asses Psychological factors, socio demographic characteristic in relation to family
history of suicide associated with complete suicide by hanging. Out of 128 suicidal cases 80 cases which meet the criteria
were selected for the present study. Data were collected using semi structured performer for the demographic, psychological,
social, tying pattern. Knot analysis for type and handedness were analysed for family history and without the family
history of suicide cases. More than 60% of suicide victims were in the age group of 15 to 34 yrs. Male outnumbered females
in this study. Psychosocial stress were found in 71% of suicide victims. Granny or Reef knots were the most preferred used
for suicidal hanging with family history of suicide. Using right hand proved left hemisphere dominance. Specific focus on
identifying psychosocial factors, demographic variable, and increase risk of suicide can be identified at an early stage. The
present study indicates that Suicide prevention strategies through family education programme can prevent the rate of suicide
with family history and without family history of suicide.
Keywords: Stress; Psychological Factors; Suicidal Hanging; Family History; Family Education.
of symptoms of obsessive - compulsive disorder is. The research method was quasi-experimental and its design was
pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population of this study was all patients with obsessive-compulsive
disorder (both male and female) referring to therapy centers of Maragheh city that a sample of 30 subjects was chosen by
available sampling method and then they were replaced in experimental (therapy) group and control group randomly and
answered to Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI). The findings indicated that the experimental group's average
score in obsessive-compulsive symptoms was 14/46 in pre-test and 7/67 in post-test. As well as, in control group, the
mean score of obsessive - compulsive symptoms in pre-test was 14/66 and 11/93 in post-test. Thus, it could be concluded
that the reduction of scores in post-test of experimental group was accompanied with the decrease of symptoms of obsessive
- compulsive disorder in experimental group.
Keywords: Obsessive – Compulsive; Treatment ERP; Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory.
Keywords: Neuro-Linguistic Programming; Test Anxiety; Biological Feedback.
serious challenges to medical and/or rehabilitative centers. Beside traditional treatments, they may need specific interventions aimed at promoting their independence and resort their functioning accordingly. One way to profitably pursue this goal is the use of microswitches-based programs (MBP). Thus, within a MBP a person with multiple disabilities will be able to enhance his/her self-determination by autonomously access to preferred stimuli through the exhibition of small behavioral responses already available in his/her repertoire. That is, based upon learning principles (i.e. causal association between a behavioral response and an environmental consequence), one may design different solutions, depending upon patients recovery perspectives.
well as in Can Tho. Dropout rate has indicated to be high in Can Tho city. Methadone maintenance has been offered since
2008 in VietNam and it implemented in Can Tho since 2010; however, its dropout rate is high. This study aim at exploring
the factors related to drop out from treatment. Qualitative conducted to interview 17 methadone clients for both drop out
clients and current on treatment clients; 4 health workers and 3 family members of clients.
Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the reliability and validity of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress scale (DASS-21), the Beck Depression Inventory-(BDI-II) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) among Breast Cancer women in Qatar.
Design: This is an observational cohort hospital based study.
Subjects: A list of 1,042 eligible breast cancer patients was prepared, from the disease registry from January 2010 to December 2014 who could be contacted. From the available 1,042 list, 730 breast cancer patients information were available (70.0%) and expressed their consent to participate in the study.
Methods: Breast cancer women were screened for depression using DSM-IV criteria, followed by data collection based on 21 items Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) through interviews by trained nurses. Analyses included comparisons between the classifications of women according to the HADS, BDI-II and DASS-21 with classification of breast cancer depression based on DSM IV (Gold
standard). Sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve and kappa coefficients was calculated for each scale.
Results: The prevalence of postpartum depression was 20% based on DSM-IV criteria while on the other hand the prevalence was 23% based on DASS-21, 21.8% based on BDI-II and 19.7% based on HADS validated tools. Sensitivity was highest for BDI-II (85%) followed by DASS-21 and HADS (78%) based on standard cut off points of ≥17, ≥10 and ≥13 respectively. On the other hand, specificity was highest for DASS-21 (89%) followed by BDI-II (81%) and HADS (80%). The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.86 (95% CI 0.83-0.89) for DASS-21, 0.84 (95% CI 0.80-0.88) for BDI-II and 0.83 (95% CI 0.80-0.86) for HADS scales. There was highest agreement between DASS-21 and HADS (Kappa =0.80 p value <0.001), followed by DASS-21 and BDI-II (Kappa 0.75, p value <0.001) and BDI-II and EPDS (Kappa 0.60, p <0.001).
Conclusions: DASS-21, BDI-II and HADS have excellent sensitivity, and specificity to quickly screen for breast cancer women. Agreement is highest among DASS-21 and HADS. Overall, DASS-21 performed better as compared to the other tools based on sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). The Arab version of the DASS-21 exhibited satisfactory psychometric properties and its use for research and health care practice is warranted. Results indicate and support the cross-cultural validity of the DASS-21 in Arab countries.
.
excessive length of a repetitive sequence of trinucleotides
(CGG) in a specific gene (FMR1), matched to FMR1 protein,
which is primarily responsible for the regular brain developing
and functioning. It represents one of the most usual cause
of developmental disabilities with learning difficulties as
consequence of intellectual, communicative and social disorders.
from 1953 to 2016. These include self-report and behavior observation studies as well as research on neurotransmitter/
neurohormonal systems and electrophysiological monitoring and neuroimaging. The protocol used in most of these studies
involved fMRI responses by the romantic love person viewing photos of the loved one versus photos of familiar and/or
unfamiliar others. Although as many as nine areas have been activated by love photos, the most frequently included the orbitofrontal
cortex, the ventral tegmental area, the caudate nucleus and the anterior and posterior cingulates.
disabilities. Microcephaly, highly arched eyebrows, long and thick eyelashes, short neck, hirsute ears with thickened helices, small widely-spaced teeth, arched palate with clefts, downturned mouth corners are physical traits commonly described. The diagnosis is usually based upon clinical grounds. Specifically, positive mutation on CdL gene testing or facial findings and meet-criteria such as development and behavior basic points (e.g., learning difficulties, attention deficits hyperactivity disorders, anxiety, withdrawal, impulsive behavior, roaming, obsessivecompulsive features) should be considered. Accordingly, a
primary rehabilitative goal of CdL children is the independence and self-determination towards their environment because they constantly rely on parents and/or caregivers' assistance due to their pathology. One way to pursue the latter objective, is the use of cognitive-behavioral interventions. Eventually, assistive technology-based program should be implemented.
functioning thus allowing a type of brain virus has been hypothesized with the disorder of Schizophrenia. And, gender differences in the response to pain; -particularly the activity of pain receptors has been concluded to involve microglia cells that then impact immune system functioning. Also, toxins, such as tobacco smoking, is a source of inflammation of neurons that alters delicate signaling necessary for the neural transmission of cognitive behaviors associated with the recognition of chronic pain (involving both the nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex). Which these basic science findings provide a multitude of pathways to consider for the study of behavior, they, also, provide one more message in this age of Neuroscience of the need to
consider biological bases of behavior.
We shall see how the Canadian system has fared in the new regime
of managerial expediency-and thus why we are in the crisis that
we are. This is a crisis prevalent throughout the Western World.
History and psycho-geographical study are relevant only as we
can apply their insights to current circumstances.
of the mentally ill increased in town and country, ad hoc committees
composed of politicians and occasional clergymen, doctors or judges were formed The penitentiaries and asylums came into being through this process. The social reform movement came about in the mid 19th century. In New Brunswick which has the distinction of having had the first provincial asylum, the 1836 Report of the Commissioners had as a central theme the moral treatment of the insane
laughing, jerky movements, and abnormal physical development.
Because the three participants emphasized a flat head disorder,
they were called "puppet children". Their common behavior was
characterized by ataxia, lack of speech, learning difficulties, seizures, tongue protrusion, and motor impairments. A new unique
distinct syndrome known as AS was identified.
their personal-relational tensions to stay connected in healthy relationships. The procedure involved content and principal component analyses and the convergent/discriminant validity evaluation of the new scale with four existing and related measures: the relational maintenance strategies measure, infidelity proneness scale, attributional complexity scale and the marital performance ecology scale which was simultaneously developed. Pilot survey involving 70 married persons yielded a Cronbach alpha of .91. The scale was later administered to 664 couples (1328 respondents) at different stages of their marital relationships. A high internal consistency estimate for the Marital Dialectics Harmony Scale (MDHS) was obtained. An exploratory factor analysis produced a simple factor (eigen value = 3.674) accounting for 52.5% of variability based on seven of the 10 scale items that loaded between .70 and .75 factor pattern coefficient. A single scale was therefore created to represent the Marital Dialectics Harmony Scale with a Cronbach’s alpha of .85. Significant convergent relationships were
also found between the Marital Dialectics Harmony scale and each of the four relational measures. The scale has therefore filled an important gap in couples’ empathic research that was hitherto open. It is therefore recommended that researchers adopt the measure for marital assessment and interventions.
secondary school have social interactions, friends, peers, relationships and feel burdensome to parents by secondary school students as this are predictors of suicide. The study utilized a qualitative research design and data was collected by use of questionnaires and data was analyzed by use of simple percentages The study revealed that majority of the students 70% of the respondents said that they spend time with friends at home and at school and 21% do not enjoy spending time with family or even with friends whereas 9% remained neutral. On how they feel with their peers 40 (26%) feel comfortable majority 99 (66%) do not like the idea of being with peers. The study gave recommendations based on the findings of what needs to be done to reduce the predictors of suicide.
de Lange, fragile X, Rett) and severe to profound neurodevelopmental and multiple disabilities may experience significant difficulties while dealing with everyday environmental requests. Beside intellectual delays, extensive motor impairments, lack of speech and communication difficulties, they may present sensorial deficits and be unable of an adaptive responding [1, 3]. Furthermore, they can be quite passive and isolated with few opportunities to profitably cope with their environment. In fact, their clinical conditions may have negative outcomes on their quality of life and they constant rely on caregivers and families’ assistance [4, 5]. Moreover, they can be described with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) traits and be reported with withdrawal, tantrums, and
sparse daily social interactions. Due to lack of everyday stimulation they can additionally exhibit challenging behaviors.
approach.
social media addiction and personality traits.
Pearson correlation were all used to compute sample statistic. The results showed that marital satisfaction and stability were significantly and positively correlated among married individuals, r = .68, α < .001. Females’ marital satisfaction and stability were strongly and significantly correlated p = .74, α < .001. Marital satisfaction and stability were also strongly and positively associated among males, p = .59, α < .001. In conclusion, the findings have significant implications in the enhancement of marital satisfaction and stability of married individuals, prevention of spouses’ conflict and divorce in the study sub-city of
Addis Ababa.
shown how this is theoretically and practically possible.
the natural and social environment. There is no doubt that they
can be useful to humans. It is this trait that sets people apart from
machines, which have also learned to "think" and make certain
decisions. However, the question arises, do feelings can have detrimental effects on the process of information processing and
decision-making? This article focuses primarily on the role of
feelings in decision-making.