Papers by International Journal of One Health
International Journal of One Health, Sep 26, 2024
Background and Aim: Free-roaming domestic animals (FRDAs) impact ecosystems and public health. Th... more Background and Aim: Free-roaming domestic animals (FRDAs) impact ecosystems and public health. The perception of the ecological and health risks posed by FRDAs can vary depending on individual, cultural, and social factors. In this study, we assessed the perception of ecological and health risks associated with FRDAs in the Batuco wetland (Chile) from a One Health perspective.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire administered to 399 respondents. A Chi-square test, generalized linear models, and correlations were carried out to assess whether respondents’ status (resident or tourist), gender, age, and educational level explained their perception of risks and views on control and management actions for FRDAs. These data were used to propose interventions based on the One Health approach.
Results: Residents exhibited greater awareness of the presence of FRDAs in the Batuco wetland but had a lower perception of ecological risks and control and management actions than tourists. In contrast to men, women showed a higher level of knowledge regarding ecological and health risks and identified significantly more control and management actions. However, overall knowledge of ecological and health risks is limited across all groups.
Conclusion: The results emphasize the need to implement community engagement and educational programs for residents and tourists using a One Health approach that promotes participation from both men and women to reduce gender gaps in ecological and health risk awareness associated with FRDAs.
Keywords: Ecological risk, free-roaming domestic animals, health risk, one health, urban wetland.
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International Journal of One Health, Sep 26, 2024
Background and Aim: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected mor... more Background and Aim: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 1 million people and caused more than 100,000 deaths in Indonesia. This condition was augmented by a less advanced health system, especially in providing diagnostic facilities for the novel coronavirus, and the high mutation rate of the novel coronavirus, which may promote the generation of specific strains in Indonesia. This study aimed to propose a specific primer (in-house primer) toward open reading frame 1a/b (ORF1ab) and the spike protein gene of SARS-CoV-2 to detect SARS-CoV-2 and to analyze the presence of mutations.
Materials and Methods: One hundred and nine samples were collected from patients in Malang, East Java, Indonesia. The samples were extracted using QIAamp viral RNA kits. The in-house primer was designed using Clone Manager 9.0 and amplified using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Then, the amplicon was analyzed through sequencing. The detection results were compared with those obtained using the quantitative PCR (qPCR).
Results: Nested PCR was 74.3% positive, whereas qPCR was 45.9% positive. Furthermore, sequencing analysis of the amplicon revealed the mutation at locations T3187C, T2889C/T, G3189T (spike), and C364T (ORF1ab). The sensitivity and specificity of nested PCR were 92.6% and 43.6%, respectively. This result indicated that the in-house primer performed well at screening.
Conclusion: In-house primers could detect SARS-CoV-2 and mutations in samples from Malang, East Java, Indonesia. In the future, this method could be recommended as a screening tool for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Keywords: nested polymerase chain reaction, open reading frame 1a/b, primer, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, spike.
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International Journal of One Health, Jul 25, 2024
Background and Aim:Hepatitis E virus (HEV) poses a global public health concern. HEV has a single... more Background and Aim:Hepatitis E virus (HEV) poses a global public health concern. HEV has a single serotype and 8 genotypes. There is inadequate knowledge about risk factors and zoonotic transmission pathways of hepatitis E virus in Mongolia, although the prevalence of HEV is, on average, 12% among the Mongolian population. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of HEV G8 infection in Bayankhongor province, Mongolia.
Materials and Methods: Human serum samples (309) were collected in Bogd, Bayangovi, and Bayanlig districts of Bayankhongor province, Mongolia, with a control group consisting of non-camel herders. An in-house indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used to detect anti-HEV IgG. The interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to gather the data. The assessment factors included age, sex, and occupation for the respondents. Univariate analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26. The same population was tested for hepatitis B and C viruses (HBVs and HCVs) using rapid tests.
Results: Of 309 samples, 41 (13.3%) tested positive for anti-HEV immunoglobulin G antibodies, 23 (7.4%) for HBV and 11 (3.6%) for HCV. HEV seropositivity was linked with water supply, khoormog consumption, and co-infection with HBV and HCV.
Conclusion: HEV prevalence among Bayankhongor residents underscores potential transmission routes related to water supply and khoormog consumption, emphasizing the need for sequencing from human positive sera of HEV and preventive measures. We did not conduct the genotyping of positive human samples.
Keywords: Bactrian camel herder, genotype 8, hepatitis E virus, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, seroprevalence.
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International Journal of One Health, Jul 25, 2024
Understanding and combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasingly centered on the intric... more Understanding and combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasingly centered on the intricate relationship between humans, animals, and the environment, with Escherichia coli being the main source of AMR-related fatalities worldwide. E. coli, though prevalent in the intestines of humans and warm-blooded creatures, demonstrates wide ecological adaptability in both intestinal and extraintestinal habitats. This study explores the dynamics, implications, and future directions of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli (AREC) transmission and clinical significance. We investigated the spread of antibiotic-resistant strains among humans, animals, and the environment, illuminating the impact of healthcare and agriculture practices, as well as environmental contamination. The implications of AREC infections are addressed, emphasizing the challenges in treatment due to limited antibiotic options, increased morbidity and mortality rates, and economic burdens on healthcare systems and agriculture, as well as the urgent need for a One Health approach to combat AMR through collaborative efforts across disciplines. Proposed future directions encompass enhanced surveillance, innovative antimicrobial stewardship, and alternative treatment modalities.
Keywords: antimicrobial stewardship, antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli, clinical implications, One Health, surveillance strategies, transmission dynamics.
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International Journal of One Health, Jun 16, 2024
Background and Aim: An individual’s ability to obtain enough nutritious and healthy food to susta... more Background and Aim: An individual’s ability to obtain enough nutritious and healthy food to sustain a healthy lifestyle is a crucial indicator of food security. This study estimated food insecurity’s prevalence and levels among parents/guardians of secondary school students in Basrah and describe its consequences.
Materials and Methods: The Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) was implemented through a questionnaire survey to evaluate food insecurity. The relationship between financial factors, attitudes, and psychological impacts regarding food accessibility and affordability was studied in detail. The eight food insecurity questions’ responses were measured using the Rasch model approach.
Results: Two hundred and fifty-two parents/guardians took part in the survey. The prevalence of food insecurity was estimated as 24% (with a 95% confidence interval of 18.9%–29.8%). Around 50% of the parents/guardians stated that their typical income is middle-income. 28% of respondents reported having sufficient food but not their preferred choices, while 35% paired food shortage with financial instability, 32% could not afford nutritionally balanced meals, and 21% of the parents admitted to cut or skipped their meals to other family members. 21% of parents/guardians were affected by inadequate food supply during the COVID-19 pandemic. The level of food insecurity included that 50% of the respondents exhibited mild food insecurity, 19.4% had moderate food insecurity, and 4.3% were classified as having severe food insecurity. According to the Rasch analysis of the FIES data, the likelihood of experiencing severe food insecurity is linked to consuming unhealthy food, having food run out, and eating unbalanced meals.
Conclusion: The study found that financial constraints, food safety concerns, and limited access to nutritious food explain the widespread food insecurity reported. Significant efforts are required to alleviate chronic food shortages in Basrah, including job creation, strengthening agricultural production, and implementing safety-net policies for affected families.
Keywords: food accessibility, food insecurity, parents/guardians, Rasch model.
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International Journal of One Health, Jun 16, 2024
New antimicrobial materials have drawn research and development attention due to antimicrobial re... more New antimicrobial materials have drawn research and development attention due to antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance is expected to pose a significant challenge to life in the future. This review comprehensively elucidates the potential of Myrmecodia spp. as an antibacterial agent by systematically selecting and reviewing the majority of relevant studies published in the past 10 years and retrieved from Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and related books. Myrmecodia spp. is a non-parasitic plant that grows as an epiphyte. These essential nutrients for the body, including flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, tannins, and saponins, are found within plants. Myrmecodia spp.’s compound functions as an antibacterial agent. This review synthesizes information from multiple sources detailing Myrmecodia spp.’s antibacterial capacity through various testing methods.
Keywords: active compound, antibacterial, feed additive, health, Myrmecodia spp.
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International Journal of One Health, May 20, 2024
Staphylococcus aureus causes foodborne disease in eggs. It is characteristic of pathogenicity and... more Staphylococcus aureus causes foodborne disease in eggs. It is characteristic of pathogenicity and harmful to human health if contaminated eggs and products are contaminated from pre-production at the manufacturer until post-production. S. aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium normally present in the skin and mucosa of humans and other animals. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a strain of S. aureus that is resistant to several types of antibiotics, including tetracycline, amoxicillin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, beta-lactam, and azithromycin. Impure S. aureus infections in eggs and processed egg products have been reported in Indonesia for for 5 years. However, only a limited number of cases have been reported. Based on the Indonesian National Standard, S. aureus contamination in fresh poultry eggs is limited to <1×102 colony forming unit/g, eggs processed from salty eggs as much as <1 × 101 colonies/g, and food processed from base eggs, e.g., custard a must negative/gram. One Health is an approach to collaborative cross-recognized sector linkages between human health, animal health, and the environment, which should be managed holistically. It is expected that one health approach will be able to prevent and control the risk of S. aureus contamination in eggs and processed egg proucts. This review describes the incidence of S. aureus and MRSA in Indonesia compared with other countries. This review provides information on the One Health approach for preventing and controlling S. aureus contamination of eggs in Indonesia so that it can be adopted elsewhere.
Keywords: eggs and egg products, foodborne, Indonesia, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
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International Journal of One Health, Apr 5, 2024
Background and Aim: Bats are a reservoir for the pathogenic bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae and ca... more Background and Aim: Bats are a reservoir for the pathogenic bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae and can spread it through feces that fall in nests/caves, carried, and dropped while they fly near human settlements, and from their saliva. The emergence and spread of multidrug resistance (MDR) strains of K. pneumoniae indicate that resistant to antibiotics, especially extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), is considered an important global health threat. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of the gene encoding extended beta-lactamase in K. pneumoniae isolated from fresh bat feces collected from the Tanjung Ringgit bat cave, East Lombok.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 150 fresh fecal samples were analyzed using standard microbiological techniques for the presence of K. pneumoniae. K. pneumoniae-positive isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity testing, followed by molecular detection using polymerase chain reaction.
Results: This study showed that 14 (9.3%) of 150 samples were positive for K. pneumoniae. Ten of the 14 samples (71.4%) were MDR isolates and 6 (42.9%) had the blaSHV gene identified.
Conclusion: The presence of K. pneumoniae isolated from fresh bat feces, which is MDR and has the blaSHV gene encoding ESBL indicates that bats can be a reservoir for the transmission of MDR and ESBL bacteria has an impact on public health in the study area.
Keywords: bat, blaSHV, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, Klebsiella pneumoniae, public health.
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International Journal of One Health, Apr 24, 2024
Background and Aim: Brucellosis is a harmful disease that affects a wide range of animals and adv... more Background and Aim: Brucellosis is a harmful disease that affects a wide range of animals and adversely affects both animal and human health. Brucella melitensis is a zoonotic disease that causes brucellosis in sheep and goats. This study aimed to identify human index cases, identify risk factors for brucellosis in goat and sheep farms, and establish recommendations for farmers.
Materials and Methods: An unmatched case-control study was conducted on goat or sheep farms in central Thailand. We utilized animal disease reports and outbreak investigation data extracted from the Department of Livestock Development, Thailand, and assessed these secondary data. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Serum samples were parallel tested for brucellosis using the modified Rose Bengal test and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.
Results: An index case of human brucellosis was reported in the province of Chai Nat. Patients who were goat farmers or had previous experience of goat farming were included. Bacteria were introduced into the patient's farms by purchasing goats, grazing in public grassland, and insufficient biosecurity. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified a higher risk of brucellosis positivity in the large herd than in the small herd (adjusted odds ratio = 8.61; 95% confidence interval = 1.62-45.71).
Conclusion: These results suggest that goat or sheep farms over 50 heads should take further measures to prevent disease transmission, such as increasing the frequency of disease testing within the herd and strengthening the biosecurity system.
Keywords: brucellosis, goat farms, outbreak investigation, risk factor, sheep farms.
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July-December, 2020
Lassa fever is a disease that is not well-known worldwide, particularly due to the inability of t... more Lassa fever is a disease that is not well-known worldwide, particularly due to the inability of the multimammate rat, the primary vector of the Lassa virus, to breed in temperate regions. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the disease and its modus operandi while also providing information about trends in the past decade, as well as proven strategies that have been used to manage its spread.
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International Journal of One Health, 2017
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International Journal of One Health, Apr 15, 2024
BBackground and Aim: Foodborne illnesses have shaken mothers' defense worldwide because poor know... more BBackground and Aim: Foodborne illnesses have shaken mothers' defense worldwide because poor knowledge and unsafe food handling practices can jeopardize their children. In Jordan, there are no reliable data on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of mothers regarding food safety when the COVID-19 pandemic occurs. Therefore, this study evaluated Jordanian mothers' understanding, beliefs, and behaviors by examining their KAPs during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis.
Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on food safety KAPs of mothers living in Jordan following the COVID-19 pandemic. A reliable and accurate survey with 55 questions was distributed among mothers through social media. A total of 376 mothers completed the questionnaire.
Results: The results showed a remarkable awareness among the participants of how to keep food safe. However, there is still a significant gap in the implementation of this information in everyday life. This research emphasizes the need for focused interventions in the context of COVID-19 to bridge the gap between Jordanian mothers' KAPs on food safety and personal cleanliness.
Conclusion: Efforts should be made, such as public health campaigns and educational programs, to empower mothers, guaranteeing a consistent and comprehensive approach to food safety and personal hygiene in families. These results provide important insights for policymakers and health professionals who want to improve public health initiatives and community resilience during public health crises.
Keywords: food safety, foodborne illness, Jordan, knowledge, attitudes and practices, personal hygiene.ackground and Aim: Foodborne illnesses have shaken mothers' defense worldwide because poor knowledge and unsafe food handling practices can jeopardize their children. In Jordan, there are no reliable data on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of mothers regarding food safety when the COVID-19 pandemic occurs. Therefore, this study evaluated Jordanian mothers' understanding, beliefs, and behaviors by examining their KAPs during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on food safety KAPs of mothers living in Jordan following the COVID-19 pandemic. A reliable and accurate survey with 55 questions was distributed among mothers through social media. A total of 376 mothers completed the questionnaire. Results: The results showed a remarkable awareness among the participants of how to keep food safe. However, there is still a significant gap in the implementation of this information in everyday life. This research emphasizes the need for focused interventions in the context of COVID-19 to bridge the gap between Jordanian mothers' KAPs on food safety and personal cleanliness. Conclusion: Efforts should be made, such as public health campaigns and educational programs, to empower mothers, guaranteeing a consistent and comprehensive approach to food safety and personal hygiene in families. These results provide important insights for policymakers and health professionals who want to improve public health initiatives and community resilience during public health crises.
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International Journal of One Health, Apr 15, 2024
BBackground and Aim: The use of bioengineered nanocomposites as antimicrobials has increased in r... more BBackground and Aim: The use of bioengineered nanocomposites as antimicrobials has increased in recent years, but very few investigations have been conducted to test their effectiveness against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen presenting public health risks that can impact both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial potential of phytofabricated silver nanoparticles synthesized using lemongrass extract against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa.
Materials and Methods: The extraction of active compounds from the leaves of Cymbopogon citratus was performed using ethanol (80%) as a solvent, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the chemical composition of the extract, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was done using silver nitrate (AgNO3) as a precursor, and the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the extract and the AgNPs phytofabricated was assessed against 10 clinical strains of P. aeruginosa.
Results: Lemongrass extract was found to consist of the following main compounds: Caffeic acid (445.21 ± 32.77 μg/g), p-coumaric acid (393.32 ± 39.56 μg/g), chlorogenic acid (377.65 ± 4.26 μg/g), quinic acid (161.52 ± 17.62 μg/g), and quercetin-3-glucoside (151.35 ± 11.34 μg/g). AgNPs were successfully phytofabricated using 2.5 mM AgNO3. The ultraviolet (UV)-visible absorption spectra of the AgNPs showed a localized surface plasmon resonance at 464 nm with an absorbance of 0.32 A. The 50x hydrodynamic diameter was 50.29 nm with a surface area value of 120.10 m2/ cm3, and the volume mean diameter and Sauter mean diameter were 50.63 nm and 49.96 nm, respectively. Despite the compound found in lemongrass extract, no antimicrobial activity was observed with the extract, while AgNPs exhibited noteworthy dose-dependent antimicrobial activity with inhibition diameters up to 24 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration ranging from 2 to 16 and 4–64 µg/mL, respectively. AgNPs also demonstrated significant antibiofilm activity by inhibiting biofilms up to 99% between MIC/2 and 2MIC.
Conclusion: The present study suggests that lemongrass is a good candidate for the synthesis of AgNPs with good physicochemical characteristics and having a strong anti-pseudomonas activity. Further research is needed to assess the stability and safety of these AgNPs.
Keywords: antibiofilm capacity, antimicrobial activity, green synthesis, lemongrass, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, silver nanoparticles.ackground and Aim: The use of bioengineered nanocomposites as antimicrobials has increased in recent years, but very few investigations have been conducted to test their effectiveness against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen presenting public health risks that can impact both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial potential of phytofabricated silver nanoparticles synthesized using lemongrass extract against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Materials and Methods: The extraction of active compounds from the leaves of Cymbopogon citratus was performed using ethanol (80%) as a solvent, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the chemical composition of the extract, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was done using silver nitrate (AgNO 3) as a precursor, and the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the extract and the AgNPs phytofabricated was assessed against 10 clinical strains of P. aeruginosa. Results: Lemongrass extract was found to consist of the following main compounds: Caffeic acid (445.21 ± 32.77 μg/g), p-coumaric acid (393.32 ± 39.56 μg/g), chlorogenic acid (377.65 ± 4.26 μg/g), quinic acid (161.52 ± 17.62 μg/g), and quercetin-3-glucoside (151.35 ± 11.34 μg/g). AgNPs were successfully phytofabricated using 2.5 mM AgNO 3. The ultraviolet (UV)-visible absorption spectra of the AgNPs showed a localized surface plasmon resonance at 464 nm with an absorbance of 0.32 A. The 50× hydrodynamic diameter was 50.29 nm with a surface area value of 120.10 m 2 / cm 3 , and the volume mean diameter and Sauter mean diameter were 50.63 nm and 49.96 nm, respectively. Despite the compound found in lemongrass extract, no antimicrobial activity was observed with the extract, while AgNPs exhibited noteworthy dose-dependent antimicrobial activity with inhibition diameters up to 24 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration ranging from 2 to 16 and 4-64 μg/mL, respectively. AgNPs also demonstrated significant antibiofilm activity by inhibiting biofilms up to 99% between MIC/2 and 2MIC. Conclusion: The present study suggests that lemongrass is a good candidate for the synthesis of AgNPs with good physicochemical characteristics and having a strong anti-pseudomonas activity. Further research is needed to assess the stability and safety of these AgNPs.
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International Journal of One Health, Feb 29, 2024
Background and Aim: The threat of emerging and epidemic-prone diseases is a significant public he... more Background and Aim: The threat of emerging and epidemic-prone diseases is a significant public health concern and there is an urgent need to work on the prevention and control of these diseases. In view of the limited time and other resources available to the animal and human health sector, it is crucial to prioritize the most essential and critical risk factors and diseases. This scoping review aims to document the available disease and risk prioritization tools by evaluating their characteristics and suitability from the One Health perspective.
Materials and Methods: Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were used to extract available tools for prioritization. We compared and synthesized the objective of the tool, methodology and prioritization process of the available tools.
Results: A total of six tools, including One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Strategic Toolkit for Assessing Risks, One Health Systems Mapping and Analysis Resource Toolkit, Health Hazard Assessment and Prioritization tool, Risk Ranger, are included in this scoping review. Various prioritization methods are available; however, multi-criteria decision analysis is the most commonly used.
Conclusion: A thorough analysis showed that different tools employ different prioritizing approaches, including mixed-method, quantitative, and qualitative approaches. The summary of the findings suggests the development of a new robust tool with a One Health approach, which will focus on risk prioritization and disease prioritization.
Keywords: disease prioritization, prioritization in public health, prioritization tool, risk prioritization.
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International Journal of One Health, Feb 29, 2024
Background and Aim: Dogs are long-lasting companion animals, and ticks are the most common extern... more Background and Aim: Dogs are long-lasting companion animals, and ticks are the most common external parasites in dogs. An increase in the population of neglected domestic dogs has increased the risk of contact with ticks, especially in places where tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are endemic. We aimed to characterize the bacterial blood profiles of people who were either exposed (HE) or not exposed (HC) to tick bites using next-generation sequencing (NGS).
Materials and Methods: In the present study, the bacteria observed in the blood of people exposed to tick bites were compared with those in the blood of people not exposed to tick bites in Northern Mexico. Human blood samples (n = 12) were analyzed, DNA was extracted, and the V3–V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene was amplified. In addition, NGS was performed on a MiSeq platform (Illumina), and the data were analyzed through Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology.
Results: Differences in beta diversity were significant. In HEs, several potentially pathogenic bacterial taxa were found to be the most abundant: Kocuria ( x = 14.59%), Staphylococcus ( x = 3.05%), and Treponema ( x = 2.93%), in addition to Chlamydia, Clostridium, and Ehrlichia, which are considered TBDs.
Conclusion: This study identified important differences in the bacterial composition of the HE and HC groups. In addition to Ehrlichia (a TBD considered a taxon), other bacterial pathogenic taxa, such as Chlamydia, Clostridium, Kocuria, Staphylococcus, and Treponema, were also observed in the tick bite-exposed group. Future studies with larger sample sizes should provide an improved understanding of the human blood microbiome profile by providing additional evidence of tick exposure, associated TBDs, and other pathogenic bacterial taxa.
Keywords: Blood, Ehrlichia, microbiome, tick bites, tick-borne diseases, ticks.
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International Journal of One Health, Feb 14, 2024
Background and Aim: Human dog-transmitted rabies remains a serious public health issue in Mali de... more Background and Aim: Human dog-transmitted rabies remains a serious public health issue in Mali despite efforts to mitigate it. Indeed, several stakeholders have implemented multiple initiatives for years. However, there is still a lack of cooperation among stakeholders. This study was conducted to capture situational data on rabies and One Health practices among key actors involved in the fight against rabies in Mali.
Materials and Methods: Data from veterinary and medical services were collected for analysis. Data collection was based on a review of technical documents (epidemiology of rabies in animals and humans and activities conducted to tackle the disease) and stakeholder interviews (awareness of rabies and the One Health approach).
Results: With regard to the epidemiological situation, the findings revealed unsatisfactory vaccination coverage in dogs and low suspected sample collection for laboratory diagnosis. In addition, only half of the exposed individuals received complete post-exposure prophylaxis. A survey carried out by experts in the fields of animal health, human health, and the environment indicated that only 22.47% were well aware of rabies and had never heard of the One Health approach. Overall, there was no significant association between knowledge and participant sector of origin (p > 0.05), highlighting the need for operationalization of the One Health approach in Mali.
Conclusion: Therefore, an integrated national action plan for rabies control should be developed with a particular focus on capacity building, particularly in the area of the One Health core competencies.
Keywords: epidemiology, multisectoral engagement, One Health, Public Health priority zoonoses, Stakeholders.
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International Journal of One Health, Feb 14, 2024
Anthrax is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. According to current knowl... more Anthrax is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. According to current knowledge, the disease originates in sub-Saharan Africa, especially Egypt and Mesopotamia. Laboratory tests involving direct staining or culture of samples taken from malignant pustules, sputum, blood, or patient discharge must be performed to establish a diagnosis. B. anthracis infection can enter the body through the skin, mouth, or nose. Human infection is usually caused by contact with infected animals or animal products. Anthrax causes a reduction in resource efficiency and decreases livestock productivity. B. anthracis spores are resistant to extreme temperatures, pressure, pH, drying, solvents, and ultraviolet light. The biological weapon of this disease may be fatal if it is designed to spread B. anthracis spores by aerosols. In the past, the treatment of human anthrax with penicillin at a high dose was the preferred method. The public can take several measures to prevent anthrax infection, such as purchasing and consuming meat that has been legally certified to have been slaughtered in a slaughterhouse, consuming healthy and properly cooked animal meat, and washing hands with antiseptic soap after handling, processing, and cooking animal products. This review aimed to describe the etiology, pathogenesis, mechanism of infection, epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical symptoms, transmission, risk factors, public health importance, economic impact, potential as a bio-warfare agent, treatment, and control of anthrax.
Keywords: animal health, anthrax, human health, infectious disease.
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International Journal of One Health, Feb 14, 2024
Background and Aim: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been known as a highly... more Background and Aim: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been known as a highly pathogenic bacteria in animals and humans, which is still becoming a global health issue. The prevalence of MRSA infection continues to increase worldwide and has become a global concern as a dangerous zoonotic disease. The World Health Organization estimates that by 2050 MRSA will be the leading cause of death. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of MRSA in S. aureus isolates of veterinary and human origin in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Materials and Methods: A total of 42 cases of S. aureus infection were examined in this study, consisting of nine isolates from cattle, five from goat, and 28 from human. All isolates were confirmed as S. aureus based on bacterial culture and detection of 23S rRNA and thermonuclease nuc gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Results: Among 42 isolates, 35 isolates (83.3%) were identified as MRSA by PCR positive of mecA gene encoding methicillin resistance. Most MRSA strains were found in human isolates (100%), followed by cattle isolates (55.5%) and goats (40%). All MRSA strains were also multi-resistant to penicillin (blaZ gene) and tetracycline (tetK, and tetM genes) with a prevalence of about 98%.
Conclusion: MRSA prevalence in humans and animals has increased significantly in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, compared to the previous study. The antimicrobial resistance pattern of MRSA animal isolates tends to be similar to humans and, thus, raises public health concerns about MRSA zoonotic spread.
Keywords: animal, antimicrobial resistance, human, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus.
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International Journal of One Health, 2021
In the 21st century, the world has been plagued by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by ... more In the 21st century, the world has been plagued by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a virus of the family Coronaviridae epidemiologically suspected to be linked to a wet market in Wuhan, China. The involvement of wildlife and wet markets with the previous outbreaks simultaneously has been brought into sharp focus. Although scientists are yet to ascertain the host range and zoonotic potential of SARS-CoV-2 rigorously, information about its two ancestors, SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), is a footprint for research on COVID-19. A 96% genetic similarity with bat coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 indicates that the bat might be a potential reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 just like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, where civets and dromedary camels are considered the potential intermediate host, respectively. Perceiving the genetic similarity between pangolin coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2, many scientist...
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The present global endeavor to uncover the most effective vaccines against severe acute respirato... more The present global endeavor to uncover the most effective vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that can tremendously prevent transmission, infection and significantly reduce public health risk. COVID-19 vaccination program is underway in different parts of the world including Bangladesh but till to date there is no available health data revealed among the vaccinated peoples. We conducted a cross-sectional study from February 15 to April 15, 2021 to assess the health status of 1st dose Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccinated individuals infected with SARS CoV-2. Standard virological method, real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to detect SARS-CoV-2 and the different health parameters from vaccinated individuals were collected through direct mobile phone contact using pre-structured questionnaires. A total of 6146 suspected samples were tested and 1752 were found positive for SARS-CoV-2, of them 200 individuals w...
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Papers by International Journal of One Health
Materials and Methods: This descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire administered to 399 respondents. A Chi-square test, generalized linear models, and correlations were carried out to assess whether respondents’ status (resident or tourist), gender, age, and educational level explained their perception of risks and views on control and management actions for FRDAs. These data were used to propose interventions based on the One Health approach.
Results: Residents exhibited greater awareness of the presence of FRDAs in the Batuco wetland but had a lower perception of ecological risks and control and management actions than tourists. In contrast to men, women showed a higher level of knowledge regarding ecological and health risks and identified significantly more control and management actions. However, overall knowledge of ecological and health risks is limited across all groups.
Conclusion: The results emphasize the need to implement community engagement and educational programs for residents and tourists using a One Health approach that promotes participation from both men and women to reduce gender gaps in ecological and health risk awareness associated with FRDAs.
Keywords: Ecological risk, free-roaming domestic animals, health risk, one health, urban wetland.
Materials and Methods: One hundred and nine samples were collected from patients in Malang, East Java, Indonesia. The samples were extracted using QIAamp viral RNA kits. The in-house primer was designed using Clone Manager 9.0 and amplified using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Then, the amplicon was analyzed through sequencing. The detection results were compared with those obtained using the quantitative PCR (qPCR).
Results: Nested PCR was 74.3% positive, whereas qPCR was 45.9% positive. Furthermore, sequencing analysis of the amplicon revealed the mutation at locations T3187C, T2889C/T, G3189T (spike), and C364T (ORF1ab). The sensitivity and specificity of nested PCR were 92.6% and 43.6%, respectively. This result indicated that the in-house primer performed well at screening.
Conclusion: In-house primers could detect SARS-CoV-2 and mutations in samples from Malang, East Java, Indonesia. In the future, this method could be recommended as a screening tool for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Keywords: nested polymerase chain reaction, open reading frame 1a/b, primer, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, spike.
Materials and Methods: Human serum samples (309) were collected in Bogd, Bayangovi, and Bayanlig districts of Bayankhongor province, Mongolia, with a control group consisting of non-camel herders. An in-house indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used to detect anti-HEV IgG. The interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to gather the data. The assessment factors included age, sex, and occupation for the respondents. Univariate analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26. The same population was tested for hepatitis B and C viruses (HBVs and HCVs) using rapid tests.
Results: Of 309 samples, 41 (13.3%) tested positive for anti-HEV immunoglobulin G antibodies, 23 (7.4%) for HBV and 11 (3.6%) for HCV. HEV seropositivity was linked with water supply, khoormog consumption, and co-infection with HBV and HCV.
Conclusion: HEV prevalence among Bayankhongor residents underscores potential transmission routes related to water supply and khoormog consumption, emphasizing the need for sequencing from human positive sera of HEV and preventive measures. We did not conduct the genotyping of positive human samples.
Keywords: Bactrian camel herder, genotype 8, hepatitis E virus, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, seroprevalence.
Keywords: antimicrobial stewardship, antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli, clinical implications, One Health, surveillance strategies, transmission dynamics.
Materials and Methods: The Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) was implemented through a questionnaire survey to evaluate food insecurity. The relationship between financial factors, attitudes, and psychological impacts regarding food accessibility and affordability was studied in detail. The eight food insecurity questions’ responses were measured using the Rasch model approach.
Results: Two hundred and fifty-two parents/guardians took part in the survey. The prevalence of food insecurity was estimated as 24% (with a 95% confidence interval of 18.9%–29.8%). Around 50% of the parents/guardians stated that their typical income is middle-income. 28% of respondents reported having sufficient food but not their preferred choices, while 35% paired food shortage with financial instability, 32% could not afford nutritionally balanced meals, and 21% of the parents admitted to cut or skipped their meals to other family members. 21% of parents/guardians were affected by inadequate food supply during the COVID-19 pandemic. The level of food insecurity included that 50% of the respondents exhibited mild food insecurity, 19.4% had moderate food insecurity, and 4.3% were classified as having severe food insecurity. According to the Rasch analysis of the FIES data, the likelihood of experiencing severe food insecurity is linked to consuming unhealthy food, having food run out, and eating unbalanced meals.
Conclusion: The study found that financial constraints, food safety concerns, and limited access to nutritious food explain the widespread food insecurity reported. Significant efforts are required to alleviate chronic food shortages in Basrah, including job creation, strengthening agricultural production, and implementing safety-net policies for affected families.
Keywords: food accessibility, food insecurity, parents/guardians, Rasch model.
Keywords: active compound, antibacterial, feed additive, health, Myrmecodia spp.
Keywords: eggs and egg products, foodborne, Indonesia, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 150 fresh fecal samples were analyzed using standard microbiological techniques for the presence of K. pneumoniae. K. pneumoniae-positive isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity testing, followed by molecular detection using polymerase chain reaction.
Results: This study showed that 14 (9.3%) of 150 samples were positive for K. pneumoniae. Ten of the 14 samples (71.4%) were MDR isolates and 6 (42.9%) had the blaSHV gene identified.
Conclusion: The presence of K. pneumoniae isolated from fresh bat feces, which is MDR and has the blaSHV gene encoding ESBL indicates that bats can be a reservoir for the transmission of MDR and ESBL bacteria has an impact on public health in the study area.
Keywords: bat, blaSHV, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, Klebsiella pneumoniae, public health.
Materials and Methods: An unmatched case-control study was conducted on goat or sheep farms in central Thailand. We utilized animal disease reports and outbreak investigation data extracted from the Department of Livestock Development, Thailand, and assessed these secondary data. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Serum samples were parallel tested for brucellosis using the modified Rose Bengal test and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.
Results: An index case of human brucellosis was reported in the province of Chai Nat. Patients who were goat farmers or had previous experience of goat farming were included. Bacteria were introduced into the patient's farms by purchasing goats, grazing in public grassland, and insufficient biosecurity. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified a higher risk of brucellosis positivity in the large herd than in the small herd (adjusted odds ratio = 8.61; 95% confidence interval = 1.62-45.71).
Conclusion: These results suggest that goat or sheep farms over 50 heads should take further measures to prevent disease transmission, such as increasing the frequency of disease testing within the herd and strengthening the biosecurity system.
Keywords: brucellosis, goat farms, outbreak investigation, risk factor, sheep farms.
Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on food safety KAPs of mothers living in Jordan following the COVID-19 pandemic. A reliable and accurate survey with 55 questions was distributed among mothers through social media. A total of 376 mothers completed the questionnaire.
Results: The results showed a remarkable awareness among the participants of how to keep food safe. However, there is still a significant gap in the implementation of this information in everyday life. This research emphasizes the need for focused interventions in the context of COVID-19 to bridge the gap between Jordanian mothers' KAPs on food safety and personal cleanliness.
Conclusion: Efforts should be made, such as public health campaigns and educational programs, to empower mothers, guaranteeing a consistent and comprehensive approach to food safety and personal hygiene in families. These results provide important insights for policymakers and health professionals who want to improve public health initiatives and community resilience during public health crises.
Keywords: food safety, foodborne illness, Jordan, knowledge, attitudes and practices, personal hygiene.ackground and Aim: Foodborne illnesses have shaken mothers' defense worldwide because poor knowledge and unsafe food handling practices can jeopardize their children. In Jordan, there are no reliable data on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of mothers regarding food safety when the COVID-19 pandemic occurs. Therefore, this study evaluated Jordanian mothers' understanding, beliefs, and behaviors by examining their KAPs during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on food safety KAPs of mothers living in Jordan following the COVID-19 pandemic. A reliable and accurate survey with 55 questions was distributed among mothers through social media. A total of 376 mothers completed the questionnaire. Results: The results showed a remarkable awareness among the participants of how to keep food safe. However, there is still a significant gap in the implementation of this information in everyday life. This research emphasizes the need for focused interventions in the context of COVID-19 to bridge the gap between Jordanian mothers' KAPs on food safety and personal cleanliness. Conclusion: Efforts should be made, such as public health campaigns and educational programs, to empower mothers, guaranteeing a consistent and comprehensive approach to food safety and personal hygiene in families. These results provide important insights for policymakers and health professionals who want to improve public health initiatives and community resilience during public health crises.
Materials and Methods: The extraction of active compounds from the leaves of Cymbopogon citratus was performed using ethanol (80%) as a solvent, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the chemical composition of the extract, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was done using silver nitrate (AgNO3) as a precursor, and the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the extract and the AgNPs phytofabricated was assessed against 10 clinical strains of P. aeruginosa.
Results: Lemongrass extract was found to consist of the following main compounds: Caffeic acid (445.21 ± 32.77 μg/g), p-coumaric acid (393.32 ± 39.56 μg/g), chlorogenic acid (377.65 ± 4.26 μg/g), quinic acid (161.52 ± 17.62 μg/g), and quercetin-3-glucoside (151.35 ± 11.34 μg/g). AgNPs were successfully phytofabricated using 2.5 mM AgNO3. The ultraviolet (UV)-visible absorption spectra of the AgNPs showed a localized surface plasmon resonance at 464 nm with an absorbance of 0.32 A. The 50x hydrodynamic diameter was 50.29 nm with a surface area value of 120.10 m2/ cm3, and the volume mean diameter and Sauter mean diameter were 50.63 nm and 49.96 nm, respectively. Despite the compound found in lemongrass extract, no antimicrobial activity was observed with the extract, while AgNPs exhibited noteworthy dose-dependent antimicrobial activity with inhibition diameters up to 24 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration ranging from 2 to 16 and 4–64 µg/mL, respectively. AgNPs also demonstrated significant antibiofilm activity by inhibiting biofilms up to 99% between MIC/2 and 2MIC.
Conclusion: The present study suggests that lemongrass is a good candidate for the synthesis of AgNPs with good physicochemical characteristics and having a strong anti-pseudomonas activity. Further research is needed to assess the stability and safety of these AgNPs.
Keywords: antibiofilm capacity, antimicrobial activity, green synthesis, lemongrass, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, silver nanoparticles.ackground and Aim: The use of bioengineered nanocomposites as antimicrobials has increased in recent years, but very few investigations have been conducted to test their effectiveness against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen presenting public health risks that can impact both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial potential of phytofabricated silver nanoparticles synthesized using lemongrass extract against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Materials and Methods: The extraction of active compounds from the leaves of Cymbopogon citratus was performed using ethanol (80%) as a solvent, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the chemical composition of the extract, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was done using silver nitrate (AgNO 3) as a precursor, and the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the extract and the AgNPs phytofabricated was assessed against 10 clinical strains of P. aeruginosa. Results: Lemongrass extract was found to consist of the following main compounds: Caffeic acid (445.21 ± 32.77 μg/g), p-coumaric acid (393.32 ± 39.56 μg/g), chlorogenic acid (377.65 ± 4.26 μg/g), quinic acid (161.52 ± 17.62 μg/g), and quercetin-3-glucoside (151.35 ± 11.34 μg/g). AgNPs were successfully phytofabricated using 2.5 mM AgNO 3. The ultraviolet (UV)-visible absorption spectra of the AgNPs showed a localized surface plasmon resonance at 464 nm with an absorbance of 0.32 A. The 50× hydrodynamic diameter was 50.29 nm with a surface area value of 120.10 m 2 / cm 3 , and the volume mean diameter and Sauter mean diameter were 50.63 nm and 49.96 nm, respectively. Despite the compound found in lemongrass extract, no antimicrobial activity was observed with the extract, while AgNPs exhibited noteworthy dose-dependent antimicrobial activity with inhibition diameters up to 24 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration ranging from 2 to 16 and 4-64 μg/mL, respectively. AgNPs also demonstrated significant antibiofilm activity by inhibiting biofilms up to 99% between MIC/2 and 2MIC. Conclusion: The present study suggests that lemongrass is a good candidate for the synthesis of AgNPs with good physicochemical characteristics and having a strong anti-pseudomonas activity. Further research is needed to assess the stability and safety of these AgNPs.
Materials and Methods: Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were used to extract available tools for prioritization. We compared and synthesized the objective of the tool, methodology and prioritization process of the available tools.
Results: A total of six tools, including One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Strategic Toolkit for Assessing Risks, One Health Systems Mapping and Analysis Resource Toolkit, Health Hazard Assessment and Prioritization tool, Risk Ranger, are included in this scoping review. Various prioritization methods are available; however, multi-criteria decision analysis is the most commonly used.
Conclusion: A thorough analysis showed that different tools employ different prioritizing approaches, including mixed-method, quantitative, and qualitative approaches. The summary of the findings suggests the development of a new robust tool with a One Health approach, which will focus on risk prioritization and disease prioritization.
Keywords: disease prioritization, prioritization in public health, prioritization tool, risk prioritization.
Materials and Methods: In the present study, the bacteria observed in the blood of people exposed to tick bites were compared with those in the blood of people not exposed to tick bites in Northern Mexico. Human blood samples (n = 12) were analyzed, DNA was extracted, and the V3–V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene was amplified. In addition, NGS was performed on a MiSeq platform (Illumina), and the data were analyzed through Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology.
Results: Differences in beta diversity were significant. In HEs, several potentially pathogenic bacterial taxa were found to be the most abundant: Kocuria ( x = 14.59%), Staphylococcus ( x = 3.05%), and Treponema ( x = 2.93%), in addition to Chlamydia, Clostridium, and Ehrlichia, which are considered TBDs.
Conclusion: This study identified important differences in the bacterial composition of the HE and HC groups. In addition to Ehrlichia (a TBD considered a taxon), other bacterial pathogenic taxa, such as Chlamydia, Clostridium, Kocuria, Staphylococcus, and Treponema, were also observed in the tick bite-exposed group. Future studies with larger sample sizes should provide an improved understanding of the human blood microbiome profile by providing additional evidence of tick exposure, associated TBDs, and other pathogenic bacterial taxa.
Keywords: Blood, Ehrlichia, microbiome, tick bites, tick-borne diseases, ticks.
Materials and Methods: Data from veterinary and medical services were collected for analysis. Data collection was based on a review of technical documents (epidemiology of rabies in animals and humans and activities conducted to tackle the disease) and stakeholder interviews (awareness of rabies and the One Health approach).
Results: With regard to the epidemiological situation, the findings revealed unsatisfactory vaccination coverage in dogs and low suspected sample collection for laboratory diagnosis. In addition, only half of the exposed individuals received complete post-exposure prophylaxis. A survey carried out by experts in the fields of animal health, human health, and the environment indicated that only 22.47% were well aware of rabies and had never heard of the One Health approach. Overall, there was no significant association between knowledge and participant sector of origin (p > 0.05), highlighting the need for operationalization of the One Health approach in Mali.
Conclusion: Therefore, an integrated national action plan for rabies control should be developed with a particular focus on capacity building, particularly in the area of the One Health core competencies.
Keywords: epidemiology, multisectoral engagement, One Health, Public Health priority zoonoses, Stakeholders.
Keywords: animal health, anthrax, human health, infectious disease.
Materials and Methods: A total of 42 cases of S. aureus infection were examined in this study, consisting of nine isolates from cattle, five from goat, and 28 from human. All isolates were confirmed as S. aureus based on bacterial culture and detection of 23S rRNA and thermonuclease nuc gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Results: Among 42 isolates, 35 isolates (83.3%) were identified as MRSA by PCR positive of mecA gene encoding methicillin resistance. Most MRSA strains were found in human isolates (100%), followed by cattle isolates (55.5%) and goats (40%). All MRSA strains were also multi-resistant to penicillin (blaZ gene) and tetracycline (tetK, and tetM genes) with a prevalence of about 98%.
Conclusion: MRSA prevalence in humans and animals has increased significantly in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, compared to the previous study. The antimicrobial resistance pattern of MRSA animal isolates tends to be similar to humans and, thus, raises public health concerns about MRSA zoonotic spread.
Keywords: animal, antimicrobial resistance, human, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire administered to 399 respondents. A Chi-square test, generalized linear models, and correlations were carried out to assess whether respondents’ status (resident or tourist), gender, age, and educational level explained their perception of risks and views on control and management actions for FRDAs. These data were used to propose interventions based on the One Health approach.
Results: Residents exhibited greater awareness of the presence of FRDAs in the Batuco wetland but had a lower perception of ecological risks and control and management actions than tourists. In contrast to men, women showed a higher level of knowledge regarding ecological and health risks and identified significantly more control and management actions. However, overall knowledge of ecological and health risks is limited across all groups.
Conclusion: The results emphasize the need to implement community engagement and educational programs for residents and tourists using a One Health approach that promotes participation from both men and women to reduce gender gaps in ecological and health risk awareness associated with FRDAs.
Keywords: Ecological risk, free-roaming domestic animals, health risk, one health, urban wetland.
Materials and Methods: One hundred and nine samples were collected from patients in Malang, East Java, Indonesia. The samples were extracted using QIAamp viral RNA kits. The in-house primer was designed using Clone Manager 9.0 and amplified using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Then, the amplicon was analyzed through sequencing. The detection results were compared with those obtained using the quantitative PCR (qPCR).
Results: Nested PCR was 74.3% positive, whereas qPCR was 45.9% positive. Furthermore, sequencing analysis of the amplicon revealed the mutation at locations T3187C, T2889C/T, G3189T (spike), and C364T (ORF1ab). The sensitivity and specificity of nested PCR were 92.6% and 43.6%, respectively. This result indicated that the in-house primer performed well at screening.
Conclusion: In-house primers could detect SARS-CoV-2 and mutations in samples from Malang, East Java, Indonesia. In the future, this method could be recommended as a screening tool for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Keywords: nested polymerase chain reaction, open reading frame 1a/b, primer, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, spike.
Materials and Methods: Human serum samples (309) were collected in Bogd, Bayangovi, and Bayanlig districts of Bayankhongor province, Mongolia, with a control group consisting of non-camel herders. An in-house indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used to detect anti-HEV IgG. The interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to gather the data. The assessment factors included age, sex, and occupation for the respondents. Univariate analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26. The same population was tested for hepatitis B and C viruses (HBVs and HCVs) using rapid tests.
Results: Of 309 samples, 41 (13.3%) tested positive for anti-HEV immunoglobulin G antibodies, 23 (7.4%) for HBV and 11 (3.6%) for HCV. HEV seropositivity was linked with water supply, khoormog consumption, and co-infection with HBV and HCV.
Conclusion: HEV prevalence among Bayankhongor residents underscores potential transmission routes related to water supply and khoormog consumption, emphasizing the need for sequencing from human positive sera of HEV and preventive measures. We did not conduct the genotyping of positive human samples.
Keywords: Bactrian camel herder, genotype 8, hepatitis E virus, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, seroprevalence.
Keywords: antimicrobial stewardship, antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli, clinical implications, One Health, surveillance strategies, transmission dynamics.
Materials and Methods: The Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) was implemented through a questionnaire survey to evaluate food insecurity. The relationship between financial factors, attitudes, and psychological impacts regarding food accessibility and affordability was studied in detail. The eight food insecurity questions’ responses were measured using the Rasch model approach.
Results: Two hundred and fifty-two parents/guardians took part in the survey. The prevalence of food insecurity was estimated as 24% (with a 95% confidence interval of 18.9%–29.8%). Around 50% of the parents/guardians stated that their typical income is middle-income. 28% of respondents reported having sufficient food but not their preferred choices, while 35% paired food shortage with financial instability, 32% could not afford nutritionally balanced meals, and 21% of the parents admitted to cut or skipped their meals to other family members. 21% of parents/guardians were affected by inadequate food supply during the COVID-19 pandemic. The level of food insecurity included that 50% of the respondents exhibited mild food insecurity, 19.4% had moderate food insecurity, and 4.3% were classified as having severe food insecurity. According to the Rasch analysis of the FIES data, the likelihood of experiencing severe food insecurity is linked to consuming unhealthy food, having food run out, and eating unbalanced meals.
Conclusion: The study found that financial constraints, food safety concerns, and limited access to nutritious food explain the widespread food insecurity reported. Significant efforts are required to alleviate chronic food shortages in Basrah, including job creation, strengthening agricultural production, and implementing safety-net policies for affected families.
Keywords: food accessibility, food insecurity, parents/guardians, Rasch model.
Keywords: active compound, antibacterial, feed additive, health, Myrmecodia spp.
Keywords: eggs and egg products, foodborne, Indonesia, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 150 fresh fecal samples were analyzed using standard microbiological techniques for the presence of K. pneumoniae. K. pneumoniae-positive isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity testing, followed by molecular detection using polymerase chain reaction.
Results: This study showed that 14 (9.3%) of 150 samples were positive for K. pneumoniae. Ten of the 14 samples (71.4%) were MDR isolates and 6 (42.9%) had the blaSHV gene identified.
Conclusion: The presence of K. pneumoniae isolated from fresh bat feces, which is MDR and has the blaSHV gene encoding ESBL indicates that bats can be a reservoir for the transmission of MDR and ESBL bacteria has an impact on public health in the study area.
Keywords: bat, blaSHV, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, Klebsiella pneumoniae, public health.
Materials and Methods: An unmatched case-control study was conducted on goat or sheep farms in central Thailand. We utilized animal disease reports and outbreak investigation data extracted from the Department of Livestock Development, Thailand, and assessed these secondary data. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Serum samples were parallel tested for brucellosis using the modified Rose Bengal test and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.
Results: An index case of human brucellosis was reported in the province of Chai Nat. Patients who were goat farmers or had previous experience of goat farming were included. Bacteria were introduced into the patient's farms by purchasing goats, grazing in public grassland, and insufficient biosecurity. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified a higher risk of brucellosis positivity in the large herd than in the small herd (adjusted odds ratio = 8.61; 95% confidence interval = 1.62-45.71).
Conclusion: These results suggest that goat or sheep farms over 50 heads should take further measures to prevent disease transmission, such as increasing the frequency of disease testing within the herd and strengthening the biosecurity system.
Keywords: brucellosis, goat farms, outbreak investigation, risk factor, sheep farms.
Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on food safety KAPs of mothers living in Jordan following the COVID-19 pandemic. A reliable and accurate survey with 55 questions was distributed among mothers through social media. A total of 376 mothers completed the questionnaire.
Results: The results showed a remarkable awareness among the participants of how to keep food safe. However, there is still a significant gap in the implementation of this information in everyday life. This research emphasizes the need for focused interventions in the context of COVID-19 to bridge the gap between Jordanian mothers' KAPs on food safety and personal cleanliness.
Conclusion: Efforts should be made, such as public health campaigns and educational programs, to empower mothers, guaranteeing a consistent and comprehensive approach to food safety and personal hygiene in families. These results provide important insights for policymakers and health professionals who want to improve public health initiatives and community resilience during public health crises.
Keywords: food safety, foodborne illness, Jordan, knowledge, attitudes and practices, personal hygiene.ackground and Aim: Foodborne illnesses have shaken mothers' defense worldwide because poor knowledge and unsafe food handling practices can jeopardize their children. In Jordan, there are no reliable data on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of mothers regarding food safety when the COVID-19 pandemic occurs. Therefore, this study evaluated Jordanian mothers' understanding, beliefs, and behaviors by examining their KAPs during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on food safety KAPs of mothers living in Jordan following the COVID-19 pandemic. A reliable and accurate survey with 55 questions was distributed among mothers through social media. A total of 376 mothers completed the questionnaire. Results: The results showed a remarkable awareness among the participants of how to keep food safe. However, there is still a significant gap in the implementation of this information in everyday life. This research emphasizes the need for focused interventions in the context of COVID-19 to bridge the gap between Jordanian mothers' KAPs on food safety and personal cleanliness. Conclusion: Efforts should be made, such as public health campaigns and educational programs, to empower mothers, guaranteeing a consistent and comprehensive approach to food safety and personal hygiene in families. These results provide important insights for policymakers and health professionals who want to improve public health initiatives and community resilience during public health crises.
Materials and Methods: The extraction of active compounds from the leaves of Cymbopogon citratus was performed using ethanol (80%) as a solvent, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the chemical composition of the extract, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was done using silver nitrate (AgNO3) as a precursor, and the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the extract and the AgNPs phytofabricated was assessed against 10 clinical strains of P. aeruginosa.
Results: Lemongrass extract was found to consist of the following main compounds: Caffeic acid (445.21 ± 32.77 μg/g), p-coumaric acid (393.32 ± 39.56 μg/g), chlorogenic acid (377.65 ± 4.26 μg/g), quinic acid (161.52 ± 17.62 μg/g), and quercetin-3-glucoside (151.35 ± 11.34 μg/g). AgNPs were successfully phytofabricated using 2.5 mM AgNO3. The ultraviolet (UV)-visible absorption spectra of the AgNPs showed a localized surface plasmon resonance at 464 nm with an absorbance of 0.32 A. The 50x hydrodynamic diameter was 50.29 nm with a surface area value of 120.10 m2/ cm3, and the volume mean diameter and Sauter mean diameter were 50.63 nm and 49.96 nm, respectively. Despite the compound found in lemongrass extract, no antimicrobial activity was observed with the extract, while AgNPs exhibited noteworthy dose-dependent antimicrobial activity with inhibition diameters up to 24 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration ranging from 2 to 16 and 4–64 µg/mL, respectively. AgNPs also demonstrated significant antibiofilm activity by inhibiting biofilms up to 99% between MIC/2 and 2MIC.
Conclusion: The present study suggests that lemongrass is a good candidate for the synthesis of AgNPs with good physicochemical characteristics and having a strong anti-pseudomonas activity. Further research is needed to assess the stability and safety of these AgNPs.
Keywords: antibiofilm capacity, antimicrobial activity, green synthesis, lemongrass, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, silver nanoparticles.ackground and Aim: The use of bioengineered nanocomposites as antimicrobials has increased in recent years, but very few investigations have been conducted to test their effectiveness against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen presenting public health risks that can impact both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial potential of phytofabricated silver nanoparticles synthesized using lemongrass extract against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Materials and Methods: The extraction of active compounds from the leaves of Cymbopogon citratus was performed using ethanol (80%) as a solvent, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the chemical composition of the extract, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was done using silver nitrate (AgNO 3) as a precursor, and the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the extract and the AgNPs phytofabricated was assessed against 10 clinical strains of P. aeruginosa. Results: Lemongrass extract was found to consist of the following main compounds: Caffeic acid (445.21 ± 32.77 μg/g), p-coumaric acid (393.32 ± 39.56 μg/g), chlorogenic acid (377.65 ± 4.26 μg/g), quinic acid (161.52 ± 17.62 μg/g), and quercetin-3-glucoside (151.35 ± 11.34 μg/g). AgNPs were successfully phytofabricated using 2.5 mM AgNO 3. The ultraviolet (UV)-visible absorption spectra of the AgNPs showed a localized surface plasmon resonance at 464 nm with an absorbance of 0.32 A. The 50× hydrodynamic diameter was 50.29 nm with a surface area value of 120.10 m 2 / cm 3 , and the volume mean diameter and Sauter mean diameter were 50.63 nm and 49.96 nm, respectively. Despite the compound found in lemongrass extract, no antimicrobial activity was observed with the extract, while AgNPs exhibited noteworthy dose-dependent antimicrobial activity with inhibition diameters up to 24 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration ranging from 2 to 16 and 4-64 μg/mL, respectively. AgNPs also demonstrated significant antibiofilm activity by inhibiting biofilms up to 99% between MIC/2 and 2MIC. Conclusion: The present study suggests that lemongrass is a good candidate for the synthesis of AgNPs with good physicochemical characteristics and having a strong anti-pseudomonas activity. Further research is needed to assess the stability and safety of these AgNPs.
Materials and Methods: Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were used to extract available tools for prioritization. We compared and synthesized the objective of the tool, methodology and prioritization process of the available tools.
Results: A total of six tools, including One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Strategic Toolkit for Assessing Risks, One Health Systems Mapping and Analysis Resource Toolkit, Health Hazard Assessment and Prioritization tool, Risk Ranger, are included in this scoping review. Various prioritization methods are available; however, multi-criteria decision analysis is the most commonly used.
Conclusion: A thorough analysis showed that different tools employ different prioritizing approaches, including mixed-method, quantitative, and qualitative approaches. The summary of the findings suggests the development of a new robust tool with a One Health approach, which will focus on risk prioritization and disease prioritization.
Keywords: disease prioritization, prioritization in public health, prioritization tool, risk prioritization.
Materials and Methods: In the present study, the bacteria observed in the blood of people exposed to tick bites were compared with those in the blood of people not exposed to tick bites in Northern Mexico. Human blood samples (n = 12) were analyzed, DNA was extracted, and the V3–V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene was amplified. In addition, NGS was performed on a MiSeq platform (Illumina), and the data were analyzed through Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology.
Results: Differences in beta diversity were significant. In HEs, several potentially pathogenic bacterial taxa were found to be the most abundant: Kocuria ( x = 14.59%), Staphylococcus ( x = 3.05%), and Treponema ( x = 2.93%), in addition to Chlamydia, Clostridium, and Ehrlichia, which are considered TBDs.
Conclusion: This study identified important differences in the bacterial composition of the HE and HC groups. In addition to Ehrlichia (a TBD considered a taxon), other bacterial pathogenic taxa, such as Chlamydia, Clostridium, Kocuria, Staphylococcus, and Treponema, were also observed in the tick bite-exposed group. Future studies with larger sample sizes should provide an improved understanding of the human blood microbiome profile by providing additional evidence of tick exposure, associated TBDs, and other pathogenic bacterial taxa.
Keywords: Blood, Ehrlichia, microbiome, tick bites, tick-borne diseases, ticks.
Materials and Methods: Data from veterinary and medical services were collected for analysis. Data collection was based on a review of technical documents (epidemiology of rabies in animals and humans and activities conducted to tackle the disease) and stakeholder interviews (awareness of rabies and the One Health approach).
Results: With regard to the epidemiological situation, the findings revealed unsatisfactory vaccination coverage in dogs and low suspected sample collection for laboratory diagnosis. In addition, only half of the exposed individuals received complete post-exposure prophylaxis. A survey carried out by experts in the fields of animal health, human health, and the environment indicated that only 22.47% were well aware of rabies and had never heard of the One Health approach. Overall, there was no significant association between knowledge and participant sector of origin (p > 0.05), highlighting the need for operationalization of the One Health approach in Mali.
Conclusion: Therefore, an integrated national action plan for rabies control should be developed with a particular focus on capacity building, particularly in the area of the One Health core competencies.
Keywords: epidemiology, multisectoral engagement, One Health, Public Health priority zoonoses, Stakeholders.
Keywords: animal health, anthrax, human health, infectious disease.
Materials and Methods: A total of 42 cases of S. aureus infection were examined in this study, consisting of nine isolates from cattle, five from goat, and 28 from human. All isolates were confirmed as S. aureus based on bacterial culture and detection of 23S rRNA and thermonuclease nuc gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Results: Among 42 isolates, 35 isolates (83.3%) were identified as MRSA by PCR positive of mecA gene encoding methicillin resistance. Most MRSA strains were found in human isolates (100%), followed by cattle isolates (55.5%) and goats (40%). All MRSA strains were also multi-resistant to penicillin (blaZ gene) and tetracycline (tetK, and tetM genes) with a prevalence of about 98%.
Conclusion: MRSA prevalence in humans and animals has increased significantly in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, compared to the previous study. The antimicrobial resistance pattern of MRSA animal isolates tends to be similar to humans and, thus, raises public health concerns about MRSA zoonotic spread.
Keywords: animal, antimicrobial resistance, human, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus.