Papers by Judith Stallmann
Review of Regional Studies
Devolution is an institutional issue with several dimensions-space, ownership, and time. Because ... more Devolution is an institutional issue with several dimensions-space, ownership, and time. Because it has a spatial dimension, regional scientists are well positioned to contribute to the devolution debate. The transition from public to private ownership can create incentives for corruption. To address transitions we will need to draw on sociology and political science. Because they are more centralized, southern states may be less institutionally equipped to handle devolution than other states. Rural local governments are also less equipped than urban governments to handle devolution. Regional scientists can assist local governments with analysis and training.
Anecdotes suggest that tourism experiences may affect the migration decisions of retirees. Season... more Anecdotes suggest that tourism experiences may affect the migration decisions of retirees. Seasonal migration by retirees may be an intermediate step between tourism and permanent migration. A review of the literature on seasonal migration finds that some seasonal migrants become permanent migrants. In general, seasonal and permanent migrants come from two separate migration streams and are two different lifestyles. Seasonal migration generally does not lead to permanent migration.
The literature on the economic and fiscal impacts of in-migrating retirees on rural communities c... more The literature on the economic and fiscal impacts of in-migrating retirees on rural communities concentrates on the young, newly-retired. An issue not systematically addressed are the impacts on the communities as these retirees age. The Wisconsin Economic Impact Modeling System, a county level conjoined input-output/econometrics simulation model, is used to assess the impact of an aging rural population. Using data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics' Consumer Expenditure Survey, profiles of two household types are constructed and used to simulate the economic impact of an additional 500 elderly households into a small rural economy. Household types vary by age and, as a result, have different income levels and expenditure patterns. As hypothesized, the magnitude and nature of impacts is in direct proportion to relative household size and income level.
ABSTRACT :Encouraging small businesses and self-employment has been proposed as away to create ru... more ABSTRACT :Encouraging small businesses and self-employment has been proposed as away to create rural employment. A two-step model estimates the probability ofemployment and then of self-employment for rural residents. Education, good health,vocational training, and wage-job experience increase the likelihood of being employed.Men with children under six are also more likely to be employed, while women are lesslikely to be employed. Employment probability increases and then decreases with age.The...
1. The 303 direct jobs in the construction phase resulted in 89 additional jobs for a total of 39... more 1. The 303 direct jobs in the construction phase resulted in 89 additional jobs for a total of 391 jobs during the construction phase. This increases employee compensation (including taxes, benefits, etc.) $7.9 million annually. Because the construction phase jobs are temporary, the employment and income impacts will disappear at the end of the construction phase (Table ). 2. 20 permanent jobs cause additional job growth of 17, for a total of 37 jobs and an increase in employee compensation of $1,108,670 (Table ). 3. The new investment and job growth create additional tax revenues for the county, city and school districts. 4. To be able to compare dollar figures across years in a multi-year project, all dollar amounts must be converted to present value terms. 5. The present value of all property taxes is $31,439,169, of which the county revenue is $8,334,051 (Table ). 6. The present value of the abatement is $5,794,276. Because the abatement is only on county revenues, the county revenue with the abatement is $2, 539,775 (Table ). 7. The increase in permanent jobs and income increase the demand for public services. The present value of the increased public expenditures is $1,509,480 over the operations phase of the project (Table ).
Anecdotes suggest that tourism may play a role in the decision of retirees to migrate. This paper... more Anecdotes suggest that tourism may play a role in the decision of retirees to migrate. This paper reviews the literature to determining if research supports the anecdotal evidence. Much of the literature on retiree migration only superficially addresses this issue, and thus cannot be viewed as definitive. This literature does not suggest a strong link between tourism and later migration decisions. There is a small body of research that directly specifically addresses this issue. This research is carefully designed, based on a migration decision-making framework. It does show that tourism experiences have an impact at several stages in the decision process. Tourism experiences are used both to identify and eliminate potential locations.
The Wisconsin Economic Impact Modeling System, a conjoined input-output/econometric model of Wisc... more The Wisconsin Economic Impact Modeling System, a conjoined input-output/econometric model of Wisconsin counties, is used to simulate the economic and fiscal impact of two alternative residential development patterns. Under the first scenario, the impact of migrating retirees on a small tri-county region in northern Wisconsin is examined. Under the second scenario, the impact of the migration of younger families with children is examined. A comparison-contrast between the two scenarios demonstrates that the characteristics of the migrating household can have a significant impact on the nature of the impacts.
This report provides detail on the construction of an index of tax and expenditure limitations (T... more This report provides detail on the construction of an index of tax and expenditure limitations (TELs) for the 50 US states for the time-frame 1969 to 2005. Separate annual indices are constructed for TELs on state and on local governments. The goal of constructing the indices is to provide a means to test a range of hypotheses concerning the impact of TELs on economic performance and on state and local government fiscal policies. This report documents the construction of the index. The data are provided in Excel spreadsheets so that others may construct alternative indices.
Economics & Politics, 2021
In recent years, there has been a growing body of literature on the determinants of income inequa... more In recent years, there has been a growing body of literature on the determinants of income inequality and a developing literature on tax and expenditure limitations (TELs). This study connects the two and asks the question—to what extent have state fiscal policies such as TELs impacted income equality? Using a panel of states from 1992 to 2010, we find consistent evidence that more restrictive tax and expenditure limitations exacerbate rising income inequality. Whether TELs are intentionally or unintentionally designed for such an effect is unclear, but what is clear is that these limitations placed on state governments limit their ability to implement policies that could have the potential to reduce income inequality.
Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2021
Water scarcity poses one of the most prominent threats to the well-being of smallholder farmers a... more Water scarcity poses one of the most prominent threats to the well-being of smallholder farmers around the world. We studied the association between rural livelihood capitals (natural, human, social, financial, and physical) and resilience to water scarcity. Resilience was denoted by farmers’ self-reported capacity to have avoided, or adapted to, water scarcity. Proxies for livelihood capitals were collected from two-hundred farmers in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and their associations with a typology denoting water scarcity impacts analyzed with a Taylor-linearized multinomial response model. Physical and natural assets in the form of irrigation infrastructure and direct access to water sources were saliently associated with overall resilience (avoidance and adaptation) to water scarcity. Years of farming experience as a form of human capital asset was also strongly associated with resilience to water scarcity. Factors solely associated with the capacity to adapt to water scarcity w...
Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1989
Invited discussions are routinely published in the July SJAE without editorial council review but... more Invited discussions are routinely published in the July SJAE without editorial council review but with review of the copy editor (as per Executive Committee action June 25, 1982).
Economic Development Quarterly, 1995
Attracting retirees has been promoted as an economic development strategy for rural communities. ... more Attracting retirees has been promoted as an economic development strategy for rural communities. Implicit in efforts to attract retirees is the assumption that retirees will continue to migrate at the same rate, bringing with them relatively high incomes and relatively low demands for services. Using currently available information, this article examines this assumption, and provides a less rosy picture, by analyzing how changes in demographics, income, wealth, and living preferences result in future retirement decisions that differ from the current pattern. This study should provide additional guidance and caution to planners and policy makers contemplating retiree recruitment as a rural development strategy, as well as directions for further research.
Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, 2001
The Wisconsin Economic Impact Modeling System, a conjoined input-output/econometric model of Wisc... more The Wisconsin Economic Impact Modeling System, a conjoined input-output/econometric model of Wisconsin counties, is used to simulate the economic and fiscal impact of two alternative residential development patterns. Under the first scenario, the impact of migrating retirees on a small tri-county region in northern Wisconsin is examined. Under the second scenario, the impact of the migration of younger families with children is examined. A comparison-contrast between the two scenarios demonstrates that the characteristics of the migrating household can have a significant impact on the nature of the impacts.
Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1992
This study examined the supply of and demand for married female labor in the southern United Stat... more This study examined the supply of and demand for married female labor in the southern United States. Special attention was given to differences in labor force participation, labor supply, and quantities of labor supplied and demanded across rural and urban areas. Once state effects were accounted for, decisions to change participation were found not to vary by urban-rural designation. Differences in demand were fully captured by an intercept shifter and the variations in hours supplied by married females between urban and rural areas. Labor supply varied greatly with the effects of key determinants (number of children, work force experience, family income) being strongly different in rural areas. Different policies are needed to promote female labor supply in rural areas as opposed to urban areas.
Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 1993
Human capital theory suggests that job opportunities will create incentives for human capital inv... more Human capital theory suggests that job opportunities will create incentives for human capital investment. If job information does not flow freely, or if they prefer not to move, students will make investment decisions based upon local job markets. Communities with a high percentage of low-skill jobs which do not reward high school and higher education do not create incentives for students to finish high school or continue beyond high school. Data from Virginia support this hypothesis. Targeted job creation, and improved labor market information may create incentives for increased human capital investment in many rural communities.
Community Development Society. Journal, 2003
Recruiting retirees is a popular economic development strategy for rural communities. Previous re... more Recruiting retirees is a popular economic development strategy for rural communities. Previous research finds positive economic and fiscal impacts in communities, but it tends to assume that the elderly are homogeneous and to concentrate on planned retirement communities. At the same time, concerns are expressed that older and low-income retirees will be a burden for local government. Using a quasi-experimental
ABSTRACT Economic development incentives have been a popular tool for attracting, retaining and g... more ABSTRACT Economic development incentives have been a popular tool for attracting, retaining and growing businesses for states and local governments for many decades. The state of Missouri provides millions of dollars in incentives annually. It is possible to point to projects that have been successful and provided a payback to the state or local economy. It is also possible to point to projects that did not live up to expectations and promises made. The research literature on economic development incentives finds their effectiveness still in doubt. Research is hampered by a lack of reporting requirements and a repository for information on incentives offered and consequences (Gabe and Kraybill, 2002). In addition, Deller (1998) notes that successful projects are more likely to be reported in the literature than those that fail. Without appropriate guidelines, performance contracts, and reporting it is impossible for the state to know if the incentives are effective uses of public revenues. There are several aspects of incentive programs that lead one to be concerned about their ability to generate good returns to public investments. First, firms receiving incentive benefits can be divided into two groups: 1) those that would have implemented the project anyway but applied for the incentive because it was available, and 2) those that would not have implemented their project without the incentive. Obviously, providing incentives to firms in the first category provides no payback on the public funds. It is difficult to know with certainty in which category a particular applicant firm falls. Peters and Fisher (2004) calculate that only about one in ten new jobs attributed to incentives is due to the incentives. However, with carefully designed eligibility criteria and thorough screening, it may be possible to limit incentives to applicants in the second category but it must be conceded that some funds will go firms that do not need them.
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Papers by Judith Stallmann