Common mullein (Verbascum thapsus) is a rosette, biennial weed native to temperate Eurasia and na... more Common mullein (Verbascum thapsus) is a rosette, biennial weed native to temperate Eurasia and naturalized worldwide in suitable mid-latitude environments, where it frequently is considered a pest. The species tolerates a wide range of environmental conditions and is particularly adapted as an early successional pioneer in disturbed dry and rocky sites. Verbascum thapsus was introduced to the island of Hawaii sometime around 1900 and has since spread into dry montane environments on the slopes of Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, and Hualalai volcanoes. On the Indian Ocean island of La Reunion (environmentally similar to Hawaii), mullein has also recently become established in comparable montane zones. A quantitative survey of roadside mullein populations along the Saddle Road ascending the slopes of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa resulted in determination of the morphological variation along steep topo-climatic gradients. Over the elevational range of occurrence (5,330 to 10,800 ft or 1,625-3,300 m),...
Recent studies have demonstrated the important moisture contribution from fog precipitation in mo... more Recent studies have demonstrated the important moisture contribution from fog precipitation in mountain areas on the island of Hawaii. The present study investigates research methodologies useful in the study of Hawaiian upslope fog, including: (1) development of an improved fog gage; (2) development of indirect approximation methods for estimating average droplet sizes during precipitation episodes and separating fog and rainfall components; (3) establishment of an extensive fog sampling network on the island of Hawaii employing continuous recording equipment, for both rain, fog, and wind; (4) development of an original computer program for detailed temporal and spatial analysis of rain, fog, and wind parameters. OWRT Project No. A-041-HI, Grant Agreement No. 14-31-0001-4011 The programs and activities described herein were supported in part by funds provided by the United States Department of the Interior as authorized under the Water Resources Act of 1964, Public Law 88-379.
Erythemally weighted UV-B irradiance was measured between sea level and 4,205 m in several midday... more Erythemally weighted UV-B irradiance was measured between sea level and 4,205 m in several midday altitudinal transects and continuously for several months at sea level and 3,400 m on the Island of Hawai'i. Between sea level and 4,205 m, standardized UV-B increased 25% and 29% for solar zenith angles of 10° and 45°, respectively, under clear-sky conditions. The standardized diffuse component constituted 28% to 58% of the total as a function of optical path length. Under all sky conditions, the monthly average UV-B irradiance increased 50% in summer and 103% in winter from a cloudy, windward, sea-level location to a site at 3,400 m in generally clear skies above the trade-wind inversion. [Key words: solar radiation, ultraviolet-B irradiance, Hawai'i.]
The contribution of cloudwater or fog, to the water balance of tropical mountain forests has been... more The contribution of cloudwater or fog, to the water balance of tropical mountain forests has been the subject of increasing attention in recent decades. This study estimates the water falling to the forest floor as a result of cloud water interception (CWI) by the canopy in a short stature tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF) with abundant epiphytic vegetation. The study site, located in the Alakahi region of Kohala on the island of Hawai'i, receives abundant orographic rainfall and is frequently immersed in clouds. Cloudwater interception was estimated from meteorological data using the Gash interception model to calculate canopy water balance at the event scale for precipitation events with, and without fog precipitation recorded by a mechanical collector in the forest canopy. Cloudwater interception was derived as a residual by comparison of measured and predicted throughfall during events with fog precipitation. Storage capacity of the major canopy bryophytes and ferns, as w...
ABSTRACT A pollen record from Ka‘au Crater, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i contains evidence for changes in veget... more ABSTRACT A pollen record from Ka‘au Crater, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i contains evidence for changes in vegetation and climate since about 28,000 14C yr B.P. Zone 1 (ca. 28,100–ca. 22,800 14C yr B.P.) has pollen of dry to mesic forest species, including Pipturus-type, Dodonaea viscosa, Acacia koa, Chenopodium oahuense, Claoxylon sandwicense, Myrsine, and Metrosideros-type. In zone 2 (ca. 22,800–ca. 16,200 14C yr B.P.) Myrsine and Coprosma increase, with herbs, fern allies, and Grammitidaceae suggesting open canopies. Zone 3 (ca. 16,200–ca. 9700 14C yr B.P.) has pollen of wet forest species, including Freycinetia arborea, abundant Pritchardia, and Metrosideros-type. Zone 4 (ca. 9700–ca. 7000 14C yr B.P.) is similar, with less Pritchardia and more Metrosideros-type. Climate reconstruction was based on modern climatic ranges of flowering plants and an index derived from abundance of pollen in surface samples. Both methods agree on a qualitative reconstruction, although the ages are poorly constrained: 28,000–25,000 14C yr B.P. cool and dry; 25,000–23,000 14C yr B.P. dry and warmer; 23,000–20,000 14C yr B.P. moderately dry with declining temperature; 20,000–16,000 14C yr B.P. moderately dry and cool; 16,000–9000 14C yr B.P. warm and wet; 9000–7000 14C yr B.P. warm and possibly drier. Lower precipitation at Ka‘au Crater during the late glacial period and last glacial maximum is consistent with the interpretation that the North Pacific subtropical anticyclone was south of its present position. The pollen-derived temperature index yields an estimate of 3°–5°C temperature depression during the last glacial maximum.
NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE | VOL 2 | SEPTEMBER 2012 | www.nature.com/natureclimatechange 655 F resh wa... more NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE | VOL 2 | SEPTEMBER 2012 | www.nature.com/natureclimatechange 655 F resh water is under pressure in the humid tropics from population growth, land use and climate change, all of which are influenced by humans. These pressures are likely to have profound consequences. Here we present a research vision for the humid tropics as an outcome of a community workshop held in Hawaii in March 2011. This report includes various perspectives from the international scientific community and examines the key role that hydrology plays in the functioning of the humid tropics in this age of human impact on all facets of the natural environment. Processes that operate within the hydrological cycle are expected to accelerate as temperatures rise and the capacity of the air to carry moisture increases. Understanding of key interactions is limited geographically and relies heavily on model-based scenarios rather than observations. Better understanding of interactions within the hydrological cycle is needed for the hydrological community to actively address adaptation and mitigation strategies for anthropogenic and climate changes. Of particular concern are interactions among atmospheric moisture fluxes and vegetation, soil water and energy balances, near-surface and subsurface processes (including groundwater resources), and stream flow and the transport of solutes and sediments ( ).
The native plants of remote tropical islands have been frequently characterized as poor competito... more The native plants of remote tropical islands have been frequently characterized as poor competitors against seemingly more aggressive alien species. Does this "weak competitor" characterization relate to some real adaptive consequences of island isolation and endemism, or does the generally concurrent presence of introduced ungulates and other forms of recurrent human disturbance also act to encourage alien plant dominance? A
Captive reproduction of the Burmese brown tortoise (Geochelone emys) has occurred repeatedly over... more Captive reproduction of the Burmese brown tortoise (Geochelone emys) has occurred repeatedly over a five-year period in the Honolulu Zoo. Maximum clutch size (51 eggs) exceeds that reported for other members of the Testudinidae. Nesting behavior in G emys includes construction of a large leaf-litter mound. Collection of nest-building material is accomplished by "back-sweeping'' of ground litter within a distance of up to 4 m from the nest site. The nesting female assumes a "nest-guarding" behavior for a period of 2-3 days following egg laying. Eggs incubated artificially hatched in 63-84 days, with egg fertility at 78-84%. One hundred and three G emys were successfully hatched and reared during the period A colony of endangered Madagascar angulated tortoises (Geochelone yniphora) have been maintained at the Honolulu Zoo since 1971. Courtship and mating behavior is similar to that described for the consubgeneric G rudiutu. Distinctive male "hooking" behavior during courtship in G yniphora is related to the exaggerated epiplastron development in this species. Egg laying has occurred repeatedly in the G yniphoru colony since 1979 (mean clutch size = 4.2; N = 6) although no eggs have yet proved fertile.
In this study, we explore the idea of harvesting cloud water in mountainous areas of the drought ... more In this study, we explore the idea of harvesting cloud water in mountainous areas of the drought prone Cape Verde Islands as a year-round fresh water resource based on three cloud water collection experiments in the islands. Cloud water was collected by impaction on a commercially available, plastic, agricultural shade cloth at Serra Malagueta, Santiago, and at Monte Verde, S~o Vicente. This shade screen possesses superior properties to other reported materials for cloud water collection, including an impact-efficient mesh shape, high tensile strength and durability, tear resistance, and excellent water drainage characteristics. Collection efficiency of monofilament knitted shade screen varied with the mesh density (50% or 70% shading) and height of the screens, but for Monte Verde all screens above 3 m collected greater than 6 lm-z day-~ on average for 315 days of measurement. Dry season collection for the most effective panel, a double layer of 50% shading screen, ranged from 1.31m -2day-1 in December, 1988, to 7.8 and 7.7 lm -2 day-1 in November and April, 1988 respectively. Based on these measurements, we discuss a logical next phase for implementation of a large scale cloud water catchment system.
ABSTRACT Evaporation-elevation relationships for many areas of the tropics and subtropics are rev... more ABSTRACT Evaporation-elevation relationships for many areas of the tropics and subtropics are reviewed in an attempt to define general relationships and are discussed with respect to atmospheric profiles of temperature and humidity. At least three characteristic profiles can be identified: (i) a general decline in evaporation with elevation for most mountainous areas, (ii) a decrease in evaporation with elevation to a minimum (near 1,200 m in Hawai'i) and then a continual increase above that level for trade wind islands and possibly the subtropical Andes, and (iii) an increase in evaporation with elevation in a shallow layer (750 m in southern California) near sea level and a continual decrease above that level for dry, coastal, subtropical west coasts.
... Samoan bird hunting have been well documented. Coconut-fibre snares were often used to trap s... more ... Samoan bird hunting have been well documented. Coconut-fibre snares were often used to trap sega vao, the blue-crowned lory Vini austrahs. The attractive blue and red feathers of this small indigenous bird were incorporated into ceremonial costumes and fine mats ('ie toga). ...
ABSTRACT It is argued that on small islands, native ecosystems are highly susceptible to disrupti... more ABSTRACT It is argued that on small islands, native ecosystems are highly susceptible to disruption due to limited size of habitats and small species populations. This, combined with human competition for land resources, results in a general inapplicability of management strategies based on the "multiple use" paradigm. The case of a land-use conflict on a Hawaiian mountain (Mauna Kea) is used to illustrate the problem facing insular ecosystems. Failure of the responsible agency to develop rational management policies for the State-owned public lands of Mauna Kea led to a federal lawsuit brought by conservationists concerned to preserve the endangered palila bird and other species. This suit brought about federal intervention in an area of traditional State's rights. The conservationists' victory established an important precedent which caused the federal government to alter its own endangered species regulations so as to diminish the prospects for similar outcomes in the future. This paper also reviews the history of multiple use on Mauna Kea in order to outline the circumstances that led to the court case. /// La proposition est avancée que les écosystèmes naturels des petites îles sont très susceptibles aux perturbations dûes à la taille limitée des habitats et à la population de petites espèces. Si à cela on ajoute la compétition avec l'espèce humaine pour l'utilisation des terres, il en resulte une inapplicabilité générale des stratégies d'exploitation basées sur le modèle d'utilisation multiple. Le cas du conflit lié à l'utilisation des terres sur le mont Mauna Kea dans l'île d'Hawaï sert à illustrer le problème des écosystèmes insulaires. Du fait que les services responsables ont été incapables d'élaborer une politique rationnelle d'exploitation des terres du domaine public a forcé les écologistes concernés par la protection des espèces menacées d'extinction, comme les oiseaux palila, à porter l'affaire devant les tribunaux fédéraux. Cette affaire a provoqué l'intervention fédérale dans un domaine traditionnellement sous la juridiction de l'état de Hawaï. La victoire des écologistes a établi un précédent important, et extraîné la modification des lois fédérales concernant les espèces menacées d'extinction, afin d'éviter qu'une telle situation ne se reproduise dans l'avenir. Cette étude analyse également l'historique de l'utilisation multiple du mont Mauna Kea, et fait ressortir les circonstances qui ont mené à cette affaire judiciaire. /// Es wird behauptet, dass die natürlichen Ökosysteme kleiner Inseln wegen des begrenzten Habitats und eingeschränkten Artenspektrums gegen Störungen besonders empfindlich sind. Dieser Tatbestand zusammen mit dem menschlichen Wettbewerb um Landressourcen führen dazu, dass die typischen Beispiele in der Managementplanung zur Mehrfachnutzung nicht anwendbar sind. Konflikte bei der Landnutzung auf einem hawaiischen Berg (Mauna Kea) werden benutzt, um die Problematik der Inselökosysteme aufzuzeigen. Das Versäumnis der verantwortlichen Behörden, eine vernünftige Verwaltungspolitik für landeseigene, öffentliche Landflächen zu entwickeln, führte zur Anklage auf Bundesebene. Umweltschützer, die um die Erhaltung des gefährdeten palila. Vogels und anderer Gattungen besorgt sind, strengten einen Prozess an, der die Bundesregierung auf den Plan brachte, der bisher den Länderverwaltungen oblag. Der Erfolg der Umweltschützer schaffte einen wichtigen Präzedenzfall, der die Bundesregierung veranlasste, ihre Vorschriften zum Schutz bedrohter Arten zu ändern, um in Zukunft ähnlichen Prozessausgängen vorzubeugen. Diese Veröffentlichung gibt eine Übersicht über die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Mehrfachnutzung auf dem Mauna Kea, um die Tatbestände, die zu diesem Prozess führten, zu erörtern.
The applicability of traditional altitudinal zonation models for mountain land use has recently b... more The applicability of traditional altitudinal zonation models for mountain land use has recently been called into question where levels of accessibility and lowland economic penetration are high. The Hawaiian volcanic mountains of Mauna Kea (elevation 4,205 m) and Mauna ...
Abstract The book is composed largely of contributions to the Tropical cloud forest symposium/wor... more Abstract The book is composed largely of contributions to the Tropical cloud forest symposium/workshop, held in San Juan, Puerto Rico, from 31 May to 5 June 1993. An introduction and synthesis chapter is based on discussions in the workshop and material ...
ABSTRACT Evaporation was measured along three altitudinal transects on Mauna Loa, on the island o... more ABSTRACT Evaporation was measured along three altitudinal transects on Mauna Loa, on the island of Hawai'i. Stations lie between 70 and 3400 m a.s.l. and included environments ranging from tropical rainforest with 6 m year−1 annual rainfall to barren, subalpine lava fields in a dry environment above a persistent, subsidence temperature inversion. Average daily evaporation decreased with elevation between sea-level and about 1200 m, and then increased with elevation above that level. Evaporation minima ranged from 1.9 to 2.2 mm day−1. The maximum evaporation rate, 6.1 mm day−1, was at the highest site, Mauna Loa Observatory at 3400 m. Analysis of pan-evaporation data collected at 3400 m showed that standard formulae based on other meteorological variables provided good approximations of measured evaporation. Transect data were also compared with similar measurements from mountains on other Hawaiian islands.
Common mullein (Verbascum thapsus) is a rosette, biennial weed native to temperate Eurasia and na... more Common mullein (Verbascum thapsus) is a rosette, biennial weed native to temperate Eurasia and naturalized worldwide in suitable mid-latitude environments, where it frequently is considered a pest. The species tolerates a wide range of environmental conditions and is particularly adapted as an early successional pioneer in disturbed dry and rocky sites. Verbascum thapsus was introduced to the island of Hawaii sometime around 1900 and has since spread into dry montane environments on the slopes of Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, and Hualalai volcanoes. On the Indian Ocean island of La Reunion (environmentally similar to Hawaii), mullein has also recently become established in comparable montane zones. A quantitative survey of roadside mullein populations along the Saddle Road ascending the slopes of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa resulted in determination of the morphological variation along steep topo-climatic gradients. Over the elevational range of occurrence (5,330 to 10,800 ft or 1,625-3,300 m),...
Recent studies have demonstrated the important moisture contribution from fog precipitation in mo... more Recent studies have demonstrated the important moisture contribution from fog precipitation in mountain areas on the island of Hawaii. The present study investigates research methodologies useful in the study of Hawaiian upslope fog, including: (1) development of an improved fog gage; (2) development of indirect approximation methods for estimating average droplet sizes during precipitation episodes and separating fog and rainfall components; (3) establishment of an extensive fog sampling network on the island of Hawaii employing continuous recording equipment, for both rain, fog, and wind; (4) development of an original computer program for detailed temporal and spatial analysis of rain, fog, and wind parameters. OWRT Project No. A-041-HI, Grant Agreement No. 14-31-0001-4011 The programs and activities described herein were supported in part by funds provided by the United States Department of the Interior as authorized under the Water Resources Act of 1964, Public Law 88-379.
Erythemally weighted UV-B irradiance was measured between sea level and 4,205 m in several midday... more Erythemally weighted UV-B irradiance was measured between sea level and 4,205 m in several midday altitudinal transects and continuously for several months at sea level and 3,400 m on the Island of Hawai'i. Between sea level and 4,205 m, standardized UV-B increased 25% and 29% for solar zenith angles of 10° and 45°, respectively, under clear-sky conditions. The standardized diffuse component constituted 28% to 58% of the total as a function of optical path length. Under all sky conditions, the monthly average UV-B irradiance increased 50% in summer and 103% in winter from a cloudy, windward, sea-level location to a site at 3,400 m in generally clear skies above the trade-wind inversion. [Key words: solar radiation, ultraviolet-B irradiance, Hawai'i.]
The contribution of cloudwater or fog, to the water balance of tropical mountain forests has been... more The contribution of cloudwater or fog, to the water balance of tropical mountain forests has been the subject of increasing attention in recent decades. This study estimates the water falling to the forest floor as a result of cloud water interception (CWI) by the canopy in a short stature tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF) with abundant epiphytic vegetation. The study site, located in the Alakahi region of Kohala on the island of Hawai'i, receives abundant orographic rainfall and is frequently immersed in clouds. Cloudwater interception was estimated from meteorological data using the Gash interception model to calculate canopy water balance at the event scale for precipitation events with, and without fog precipitation recorded by a mechanical collector in the forest canopy. Cloudwater interception was derived as a residual by comparison of measured and predicted throughfall during events with fog precipitation. Storage capacity of the major canopy bryophytes and ferns, as w...
ABSTRACT A pollen record from Ka‘au Crater, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i contains evidence for changes in veget... more ABSTRACT A pollen record from Ka‘au Crater, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i contains evidence for changes in vegetation and climate since about 28,000 14C yr B.P. Zone 1 (ca. 28,100–ca. 22,800 14C yr B.P.) has pollen of dry to mesic forest species, including Pipturus-type, Dodonaea viscosa, Acacia koa, Chenopodium oahuense, Claoxylon sandwicense, Myrsine, and Metrosideros-type. In zone 2 (ca. 22,800–ca. 16,200 14C yr B.P.) Myrsine and Coprosma increase, with herbs, fern allies, and Grammitidaceae suggesting open canopies. Zone 3 (ca. 16,200–ca. 9700 14C yr B.P.) has pollen of wet forest species, including Freycinetia arborea, abundant Pritchardia, and Metrosideros-type. Zone 4 (ca. 9700–ca. 7000 14C yr B.P.) is similar, with less Pritchardia and more Metrosideros-type. Climate reconstruction was based on modern climatic ranges of flowering plants and an index derived from abundance of pollen in surface samples. Both methods agree on a qualitative reconstruction, although the ages are poorly constrained: 28,000–25,000 14C yr B.P. cool and dry; 25,000–23,000 14C yr B.P. dry and warmer; 23,000–20,000 14C yr B.P. moderately dry with declining temperature; 20,000–16,000 14C yr B.P. moderately dry and cool; 16,000–9000 14C yr B.P. warm and wet; 9000–7000 14C yr B.P. warm and possibly drier. Lower precipitation at Ka‘au Crater during the late glacial period and last glacial maximum is consistent with the interpretation that the North Pacific subtropical anticyclone was south of its present position. The pollen-derived temperature index yields an estimate of 3°–5°C temperature depression during the last glacial maximum.
NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE | VOL 2 | SEPTEMBER 2012 | www.nature.com/natureclimatechange 655 F resh wa... more NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE | VOL 2 | SEPTEMBER 2012 | www.nature.com/natureclimatechange 655 F resh water is under pressure in the humid tropics from population growth, land use and climate change, all of which are influenced by humans. These pressures are likely to have profound consequences. Here we present a research vision for the humid tropics as an outcome of a community workshop held in Hawaii in March 2011. This report includes various perspectives from the international scientific community and examines the key role that hydrology plays in the functioning of the humid tropics in this age of human impact on all facets of the natural environment. Processes that operate within the hydrological cycle are expected to accelerate as temperatures rise and the capacity of the air to carry moisture increases. Understanding of key interactions is limited geographically and relies heavily on model-based scenarios rather than observations. Better understanding of interactions within the hydrological cycle is needed for the hydrological community to actively address adaptation and mitigation strategies for anthropogenic and climate changes. Of particular concern are interactions among atmospheric moisture fluxes and vegetation, soil water and energy balances, near-surface and subsurface processes (including groundwater resources), and stream flow and the transport of solutes and sediments ( ).
The native plants of remote tropical islands have been frequently characterized as poor competito... more The native plants of remote tropical islands have been frequently characterized as poor competitors against seemingly more aggressive alien species. Does this "weak competitor" characterization relate to some real adaptive consequences of island isolation and endemism, or does the generally concurrent presence of introduced ungulates and other forms of recurrent human disturbance also act to encourage alien plant dominance? A
Captive reproduction of the Burmese brown tortoise (Geochelone emys) has occurred repeatedly over... more Captive reproduction of the Burmese brown tortoise (Geochelone emys) has occurred repeatedly over a five-year period in the Honolulu Zoo. Maximum clutch size (51 eggs) exceeds that reported for other members of the Testudinidae. Nesting behavior in G emys includes construction of a large leaf-litter mound. Collection of nest-building material is accomplished by "back-sweeping'' of ground litter within a distance of up to 4 m from the nest site. The nesting female assumes a "nest-guarding" behavior for a period of 2-3 days following egg laying. Eggs incubated artificially hatched in 63-84 days, with egg fertility at 78-84%. One hundred and three G emys were successfully hatched and reared during the period A colony of endangered Madagascar angulated tortoises (Geochelone yniphora) have been maintained at the Honolulu Zoo since 1971. Courtship and mating behavior is similar to that described for the consubgeneric G rudiutu. Distinctive male "hooking" behavior during courtship in G yniphora is related to the exaggerated epiplastron development in this species. Egg laying has occurred repeatedly in the G yniphoru colony since 1979 (mean clutch size = 4.2; N = 6) although no eggs have yet proved fertile.
In this study, we explore the idea of harvesting cloud water in mountainous areas of the drought ... more In this study, we explore the idea of harvesting cloud water in mountainous areas of the drought prone Cape Verde Islands as a year-round fresh water resource based on three cloud water collection experiments in the islands. Cloud water was collected by impaction on a commercially available, plastic, agricultural shade cloth at Serra Malagueta, Santiago, and at Monte Verde, S~o Vicente. This shade screen possesses superior properties to other reported materials for cloud water collection, including an impact-efficient mesh shape, high tensile strength and durability, tear resistance, and excellent water drainage characteristics. Collection efficiency of monofilament knitted shade screen varied with the mesh density (50% or 70% shading) and height of the screens, but for Monte Verde all screens above 3 m collected greater than 6 lm-z day-~ on average for 315 days of measurement. Dry season collection for the most effective panel, a double layer of 50% shading screen, ranged from 1.31m -2day-1 in December, 1988, to 7.8 and 7.7 lm -2 day-1 in November and April, 1988 respectively. Based on these measurements, we discuss a logical next phase for implementation of a large scale cloud water catchment system.
ABSTRACT Evaporation-elevation relationships for many areas of the tropics and subtropics are rev... more ABSTRACT Evaporation-elevation relationships for many areas of the tropics and subtropics are reviewed in an attempt to define general relationships and are discussed with respect to atmospheric profiles of temperature and humidity. At least three characteristic profiles can be identified: (i) a general decline in evaporation with elevation for most mountainous areas, (ii) a decrease in evaporation with elevation to a minimum (near 1,200 m in Hawai'i) and then a continual increase above that level for trade wind islands and possibly the subtropical Andes, and (iii) an increase in evaporation with elevation in a shallow layer (750 m in southern California) near sea level and a continual decrease above that level for dry, coastal, subtropical west coasts.
... Samoan bird hunting have been well documented. Coconut-fibre snares were often used to trap s... more ... Samoan bird hunting have been well documented. Coconut-fibre snares were often used to trap sega vao, the blue-crowned lory Vini austrahs. The attractive blue and red feathers of this small indigenous bird were incorporated into ceremonial costumes and fine mats ('ie toga). ...
ABSTRACT It is argued that on small islands, native ecosystems are highly susceptible to disrupti... more ABSTRACT It is argued that on small islands, native ecosystems are highly susceptible to disruption due to limited size of habitats and small species populations. This, combined with human competition for land resources, results in a general inapplicability of management strategies based on the "multiple use" paradigm. The case of a land-use conflict on a Hawaiian mountain (Mauna Kea) is used to illustrate the problem facing insular ecosystems. Failure of the responsible agency to develop rational management policies for the State-owned public lands of Mauna Kea led to a federal lawsuit brought by conservationists concerned to preserve the endangered palila bird and other species. This suit brought about federal intervention in an area of traditional State's rights. The conservationists' victory established an important precedent which caused the federal government to alter its own endangered species regulations so as to diminish the prospects for similar outcomes in the future. This paper also reviews the history of multiple use on Mauna Kea in order to outline the circumstances that led to the court case. /// La proposition est avancée que les écosystèmes naturels des petites îles sont très susceptibles aux perturbations dûes à la taille limitée des habitats et à la population de petites espèces. Si à cela on ajoute la compétition avec l'espèce humaine pour l'utilisation des terres, il en resulte une inapplicabilité générale des stratégies d'exploitation basées sur le modèle d'utilisation multiple. Le cas du conflit lié à l'utilisation des terres sur le mont Mauna Kea dans l'île d'Hawaï sert à illustrer le problème des écosystèmes insulaires. Du fait que les services responsables ont été incapables d'élaborer une politique rationnelle d'exploitation des terres du domaine public a forcé les écologistes concernés par la protection des espèces menacées d'extinction, comme les oiseaux palila, à porter l'affaire devant les tribunaux fédéraux. Cette affaire a provoqué l'intervention fédérale dans un domaine traditionnellement sous la juridiction de l'état de Hawaï. La victoire des écologistes a établi un précédent important, et extraîné la modification des lois fédérales concernant les espèces menacées d'extinction, afin d'éviter qu'une telle situation ne se reproduise dans l'avenir. Cette étude analyse également l'historique de l'utilisation multiple du mont Mauna Kea, et fait ressortir les circonstances qui ont mené à cette affaire judiciaire. /// Es wird behauptet, dass die natürlichen Ökosysteme kleiner Inseln wegen des begrenzten Habitats und eingeschränkten Artenspektrums gegen Störungen besonders empfindlich sind. Dieser Tatbestand zusammen mit dem menschlichen Wettbewerb um Landressourcen führen dazu, dass die typischen Beispiele in der Managementplanung zur Mehrfachnutzung nicht anwendbar sind. Konflikte bei der Landnutzung auf einem hawaiischen Berg (Mauna Kea) werden benutzt, um die Problematik der Inselökosysteme aufzuzeigen. Das Versäumnis der verantwortlichen Behörden, eine vernünftige Verwaltungspolitik für landeseigene, öffentliche Landflächen zu entwickeln, führte zur Anklage auf Bundesebene. Umweltschützer, die um die Erhaltung des gefährdeten palila. Vogels und anderer Gattungen besorgt sind, strengten einen Prozess an, der die Bundesregierung auf den Plan brachte, der bisher den Länderverwaltungen oblag. Der Erfolg der Umweltschützer schaffte einen wichtigen Präzedenzfall, der die Bundesregierung veranlasste, ihre Vorschriften zum Schutz bedrohter Arten zu ändern, um in Zukunft ähnlichen Prozessausgängen vorzubeugen. Diese Veröffentlichung gibt eine Übersicht über die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Mehrfachnutzung auf dem Mauna Kea, um die Tatbestände, die zu diesem Prozess führten, zu erörtern.
The applicability of traditional altitudinal zonation models for mountain land use has recently b... more The applicability of traditional altitudinal zonation models for mountain land use has recently been called into question where levels of accessibility and lowland economic penetration are high. The Hawaiian volcanic mountains of Mauna Kea (elevation 4,205 m) and Mauna ...
Abstract The book is composed largely of contributions to the Tropical cloud forest symposium/wor... more Abstract The book is composed largely of contributions to the Tropical cloud forest symposium/workshop, held in San Juan, Puerto Rico, from 31 May to 5 June 1993. An introduction and synthesis chapter is based on discussions in the workshop and material ...
ABSTRACT Evaporation was measured along three altitudinal transects on Mauna Loa, on the island o... more ABSTRACT Evaporation was measured along three altitudinal transects on Mauna Loa, on the island of Hawai'i. Stations lie between 70 and 3400 m a.s.l. and included environments ranging from tropical rainforest with 6 m year−1 annual rainfall to barren, subalpine lava fields in a dry environment above a persistent, subsidence temperature inversion. Average daily evaporation decreased with elevation between sea-level and about 1200 m, and then increased with elevation above that level. Evaporation minima ranged from 1.9 to 2.2 mm day−1. The maximum evaporation rate, 6.1 mm day−1, was at the highest site, Mauna Loa Observatory at 3400 m. Analysis of pan-evaporation data collected at 3400 m showed that standard formulae based on other meteorological variables provided good approximations of measured evaporation. Transect data were also compared with similar measurements from mountains on other Hawaiian islands.
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Papers by James Juvik