Satire as a genre is often associated with progressive causes and liberal politics. Academics and... more Satire as a genre is often associated with progressive causes and liberal politics. Academics and common audiences alike see it as a form of punching up, of speaking truth to authority, challenging the status quo and potentially displacing or destabilizing established forms of political power. The majority of recent mainstream political satire in the U.S., such as that of the Onion, Jon Stewart and Trevor Noah's The Daily Show or Stephen Colbert's The Colbert Report, appears to affirm this view. This paper will argue that satire has overlooked conservative functions. Not only providing a false release of emotions and a flattering sense of intellectual or political agency, satire also introduces an ambiguity into political oppositions that can paralyze political and social change. What's more, satire can covertly co-opt and divert the energies of those who present the largest threat to the status quo-those with advanced intellectual and creative capacities-who all the while believe that they are supporting progressive ends. Thus, although appearing progressive, satire serves conservative ends by co-opting and diverting progressive energies and reducing actual change to a minimum. Lux 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………….3 THE DECIEVINGLY LIBERAL BIAS OF SATIRE……………………………..4 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS FOR SATIRE'S LIBERAL BIAS……………12 THE INCREASINGLY CONSERVATIVE STYLE OF LIBERAL HUMOR…...17 JACQUES ELLUL'S PROPAGANDA…………………………………………….26 THE CONSERVATIVE PROPAGANDA FUNCTIONS OF SATIRE…………..43 LESSONS LEARNED……………………………………………………………..71 Lux 4 THE DECIEVINGLY LIBERAL BIAS OF SATIRE When one thinks of satire in the U.S. over the last two decades, what are the first things that come to mind? Inevitably, The Onion, Jon Stewart's and Trevor Noah's The Daily Show, Stephen Colbert's The Colbert Report, Saturday Night Live, and South Park. These are some of the most popular examples of satire in mainstream U.S. culture. The Onion and its various web offshoots, ClickHole and The A.V. Club, are were visited by over thirty million people a month in 2015 (Heller). The Daily Show with Trevor Noah had a .39 rating and 700 million cross-platform video views in the first quarter of 2019 (The Daily Show…). The finale of The Colbert Report in December 2014 had 2.5 million viewers and an average of a 1.0 rating. "Cable's highest-rated non-football related broadcast of the night among adults 18-49" (O'Connel). Saturday Night Live's current Season 45 has accumulated 1.26 billion YouTube views as of March 1 (Andreeva). South Park was the "top telecast among all cable comedies" in 2019 (Baysinger). Though not all of them deal only with political issues, all of them have frequently taken on the political. What's more, all of them, with the possible exception of South Park, lean noticeably to the left. By this, I mean that the people creating them are largely liberal; their content is intended for a liberal audience; and, even if they do occasionally mock liberals, their primary political targets are conservatives and their policies. Before moving into the specifics, it must be acknowledged that this is not an isolated phenomenon. Satire has a long history of being tied, if not always to the political left, to progressive change, i.e., change from current ruling powers or values. Horace, a Roman satirist in the last century BC and Juvenal, another Roman satirist in the first century of AD, both, "took extraordinary pains to avoid entanglements with authority-Juvenal ends his first satire with the self-protective announcement that he will write only of the dead" (Elliot). In 1599, the "Bishop's Lux 5 Ban" in England involved the issuing of "an order prohibiting the printing of any satires whatever and requiring that the published satires of Joseph Hall, John Marston, Thomas Nashe, and others be burned" (Elliot). As an example of how satire may be progressive without skewing to the political left, some satirists, though not all (as will be seen in the Ellul section below), who mocked Russia's Communist regime were seen as threats to Stalin's authority and severely punished. One, Osip Mandelshtam, satirized Stalin, was subsequently arrested, then died in transit to a Soviet labor camp in 1938 (Elliot). Thus, satire has, for millennia, been seen as a progressive threat to the status quo both by the authority that desires to retain this status quo and by the satirists who set out to mock it. In contemporary U.S. politics, progressivity is typically associated with the political left, the Democrats and other liberal parties, and they seem to have retained this age-old phenomenon of the belief in satire's progressivity. The liberal nature of satire will become clear from discussing a few examples in detail. First, The Onion is widely recognized as a liberal satire. In the Time article "How The Onion Covers Politics," Myles Little introduces the satiric newspaper in the following way: "The Onion, first published in 1988, has been a campus rag, a newspaper, a website, even a feature length film. Left-leaning, it skewers the media, politics, consumer culture, and more." Commenting on this political trend of the paper, one of The Onion's writers, Todd Hanson, admitted to Little: "I wouldn't say we have the broadest spectrum of political inclinations on our staff, but we're not here to be a pal to liberals or to be a mouthpiece for the Democratic Party. We're here to make fun of things that are dumb." And he is largely correct. The Onion doesn't just make fun of conservatives. It has gone after Obama, Joe Biden, Elizabeth Warren, Antifa, etc. Yet, its sharpest and most frequent criticisms of this left-leaning publication are reserved for conservative politicians and policies, consistent with the politics of the majority of their staff. Lux 6 Another incredibly popular satire production is The Daily Show, first hosted by Jon Stewart, then Trevor Noah. According to Joanna Weiss of PoliticoMagazine, "Jon Stewart is often tagged as left-leaning…he was secretly invited to the Obama White House." Once again, Jon Stewart occasionally mocked liberals, but his target and his style were generally geared toward mocking conservatives. "'Stewart did make fun of both parties, but his style was fundamentally liberal', says University of Delaware communications professor Dannagal Young: 'playful, subversive, at once cynical and weirdly optimistic'" (Weiss). When Trevor Noah replaced Stewart as host in 2015, the political preference of The Daily Show stayed consistent. As Timothy Bella notes, he is setting out to support a Democratic candidate: Noah has seemingly found his voice among late-night hosts, not dissimilar to that of his predecessor, Stewart, under the administration of George W. Bush…He'll have to cover an improbable president's tireless reelection bid, while figuring out who among a wide field of Democratic candidates is worth his time. More complicated than Stewart and Noah, but liberal nonetheless, is Stephen Colbert. In The Colbert Report, Colbert appeared to be a conservative, and he criticized liberals, but in such a way that he was really mocking the manner in which conservatives speak about liberals, not liberals themselves. In other words, it was a show with liberal content appealing to a liberal audience. As Chris Cillizza states in his article "How Liberal is Stephen Colbert," "Stephen Colbert made his mark in comedyand politicsas a conservative. He repeatedly lambasted President Obama, the Democratic Congress and a panoply of liberal outlets. Like this riff on President Obama and the NSA spying scandal. Except that Colbert was kidding." And the audience largely understands this irony. "The assumptionamong Democrats and most Republicansis that the real Colbert is a Democrat, a perception largely due to his viciously biting satire of conservatism as 'Stephen Colbert'" (Cillizza). In 2005 Colbert explicitly Lux 7 mentioned his political stance in an interview on NPR. "Jon [Stewart] asked me to have a political opinion, and it turned out that I had one…But I didn't realize quite how liberal I was until I was asked to make passionate comedic choices, as opposed to necessarily successful comedic choices" (Qtd. in Cillizza). To realize the extent to which both The Daily Show and The Colbert Report produced liberal content for a liberal audience, Cillizza put a graph in his article from a 2012 Pew Research Center survey: The only show that drew a smaller percentage of conservative viewers than these two comedy routines was the Rachel Maddow show. Stewart and Colbert's shows had a more liberalsaturated audience than even MSNBC and NPR! Those three publications, The Onion, The Daily Show, and The Colbert Report, are arguably the most political examples of mainstream U.S. satire. However, other satire productions, which are not explicitly political, do take on political themes. In fact, Saturday Night Live has become increasingly political over the last couple of years. According to Erik
Satire as a genre is often associated with progressive causes and liberal politics. Academics and... more Satire as a genre is often associated with progressive causes and liberal politics. Academics and common audiences alike see it as a form of punching up, of speaking truth to authority, challenging the status quo and potentially displacing or destabilizing established forms of political power. The majority of recent mainstream political satire in the U.S., such as that of the Onion, Jon Stewart and Trevor Noah's The Daily Show or Stephen Colbert's The Colbert Report, appears to affirm this view. This paper will argue that satire has overlooked conservative functions. Not only providing a false release of emotions and a flattering sense of intellectual or political agency, satire also introduces an ambiguity into political oppositions that can paralyze political and social change. What's more, satire can covertly co-opt and divert the energies of those who present the largest threat to the status quo-those with advanced intellectual and creative capacities-who all the while believe that they are supporting progressive ends. Thus, although appearing progressive, satire serves conservative ends by co-opting and diverting progressive energies and reducing actual change to a minimum. Lux 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………….3 THE DECIEVINGLY LIBERAL BIAS OF SATIRE……………………………..4 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS FOR SATIRE'S LIBERAL BIAS……………12 THE INCREASINGLY CONSERVATIVE STYLE OF LIBERAL HUMOR…...17 JACQUES ELLUL'S PROPAGANDA…………………………………………….26 THE CONSERVATIVE PROPAGANDA FUNCTIONS OF SATIRE…………..43 LESSONS LEARNED……………………………………………………………..71 Lux 4 THE DECIEVINGLY LIBERAL BIAS OF SATIRE When one thinks of satire in the U.S. over the last two decades, what are the first things that come to mind? Inevitably, The Onion, Jon Stewart's and Trevor Noah's The Daily Show, Stephen Colbert's The Colbert Report, Saturday Night Live, and South Park. These are some of the most popular examples of satire in mainstream U.S. culture. The Onion and its various web offshoots, ClickHole and The A.V. Club, are were visited by over thirty million people a month in 2015 (Heller). The Daily Show with Trevor Noah had a .39 rating and 700 million cross-platform video views in the first quarter of 2019 (The Daily Show…). The finale of The Colbert Report in December 2014 had 2.5 million viewers and an average of a 1.0 rating. "Cable's highest-rated non-football related broadcast of the night among adults 18-49" (O'Connel). Saturday Night Live's current Season 45 has accumulated 1.26 billion YouTube views as of March 1 (Andreeva). South Park was the "top telecast among all cable comedies" in 2019 (Baysinger). Though not all of them deal only with political issues, all of them have frequently taken on the political. What's more, all of them, with the possible exception of South Park, lean noticeably to the left. By this, I mean that the people creating them are largely liberal; their content is intended for a liberal audience; and, even if they do occasionally mock liberals, their primary political targets are conservatives and their policies. Before moving into the specifics, it must be acknowledged that this is not an isolated phenomenon. Satire has a long history of being tied, if not always to the political left, to progressive change, i.e., change from current ruling powers or values. Horace, a Roman satirist in the last century BC and Juvenal, another Roman satirist in the first century of AD, both, "took extraordinary pains to avoid entanglements with authority-Juvenal ends his first satire with the self-protective announcement that he will write only of the dead" (Elliot). In 1599, the "Bishop's Lux 5 Ban" in England involved the issuing of "an order prohibiting the printing of any satires whatever and requiring that the published satires of Joseph Hall, John Marston, Thomas Nashe, and others be burned" (Elliot). As an example of how satire may be progressive without skewing to the political left, some satirists, though not all (as will be seen in the Ellul section below), who mocked Russia's Communist regime were seen as threats to Stalin's authority and severely punished. One, Osip Mandelshtam, satirized Stalin, was subsequently arrested, then died in transit to a Soviet labor camp in 1938 (Elliot). Thus, satire has, for millennia, been seen as a progressive threat to the status quo both by the authority that desires to retain this status quo and by the satirists who set out to mock it. In contemporary U.S. politics, progressivity is typically associated with the political left, the Democrats and other liberal parties, and they seem to have retained this age-old phenomenon of the belief in satire's progressivity. The liberal nature of satire will become clear from discussing a few examples in detail. First, The Onion is widely recognized as a liberal satire. In the Time article "How The Onion Covers Politics," Myles Little introduces the satiric newspaper in the following way: "The Onion, first published in 1988, has been a campus rag, a newspaper, a website, even a feature length film. Left-leaning, it skewers the media, politics, consumer culture, and more." Commenting on this political trend of the paper, one of The Onion's writers, Todd Hanson, admitted to Little: "I wouldn't say we have the broadest spectrum of political inclinations on our staff, but we're not here to be a pal to liberals or to be a mouthpiece for the Democratic Party. We're here to make fun of things that are dumb." And he is largely correct. The Onion doesn't just make fun of conservatives. It has gone after Obama, Joe Biden, Elizabeth Warren, Antifa, etc. Yet, its sharpest and most frequent criticisms of this left-leaning publication are reserved for conservative politicians and policies, consistent with the politics of the majority of their staff. Lux 6 Another incredibly popular satire production is The Daily Show, first hosted by Jon Stewart, then Trevor Noah. According to Joanna Weiss of PoliticoMagazine, "Jon Stewart is often tagged as left-leaning…he was secretly invited to the Obama White House." Once again, Jon Stewart occasionally mocked liberals, but his target and his style were generally geared toward mocking conservatives. "'Stewart did make fun of both parties, but his style was fundamentally liberal', says University of Delaware communications professor Dannagal Young: 'playful, subversive, at once cynical and weirdly optimistic'" (Weiss). When Trevor Noah replaced Stewart as host in 2015, the political preference of The Daily Show stayed consistent. As Timothy Bella notes, he is setting out to support a Democratic candidate: Noah has seemingly found his voice among late-night hosts, not dissimilar to that of his predecessor, Stewart, under the administration of George W. Bush…He'll have to cover an improbable president's tireless reelection bid, while figuring out who among a wide field of Democratic candidates is worth his time. More complicated than Stewart and Noah, but liberal nonetheless, is Stephen Colbert. In The Colbert Report, Colbert appeared to be a conservative, and he criticized liberals, but in such a way that he was really mocking the manner in which conservatives speak about liberals, not liberals themselves. In other words, it was a show with liberal content appealing to a liberal audience. As Chris Cillizza states in his article "How Liberal is Stephen Colbert," "Stephen Colbert made his mark in comedyand politicsas a conservative. He repeatedly lambasted President Obama, the Democratic Congress and a panoply of liberal outlets. Like this riff on President Obama and the NSA spying scandal. Except that Colbert was kidding." And the audience largely understands this irony. "The assumptionamong Democrats and most Republicansis that the real Colbert is a Democrat, a perception largely due to his viciously biting satire of conservatism as 'Stephen Colbert'" (Cillizza). In 2005 Colbert explicitly Lux 7 mentioned his political stance in an interview on NPR. "Jon [Stewart] asked me to have a political opinion, and it turned out that I had one…But I didn't realize quite how liberal I was until I was asked to make passionate comedic choices, as opposed to necessarily successful comedic choices" (Qtd. in Cillizza). To realize the extent to which both The Daily Show and The Colbert Report produced liberal content for a liberal audience, Cillizza put a graph in his article from a 2012 Pew Research Center survey: The only show that drew a smaller percentage of conservative viewers than these two comedy routines was the Rachel Maddow show. Stewart and Colbert's shows had a more liberalsaturated audience than even MSNBC and NPR! Those three publications, The Onion, The Daily Show, and The Colbert Report, are arguably the most political examples of mainstream U.S. satire. However, other satire productions, which are not explicitly political, do take on political themes. In fact, Saturday Night Live has become increasingly political over the last couple of years. According to Erik
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