Papers by Jo Inge Bekkevold
China International Strategy Review, Jun 28, 2022
The SAGE Handbook of Contemporary China
Given the last decade's maritime cooperation in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (... more Given the last decade's maritime cooperation in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) operations after the 2004 tsunami and the 2011 earth quake and tsunami in Japan, and the last years' anti-piracy efforts off-Somalia and elsewhere, the first workshop on “Anti-Piracy and Humanitarian Operations” was a timely and important event. The first paper by a team of Norwegian scholars and naval officers assesses Norway’s contribution to multilateral anti-piracy missions in the Indian Ocean and Somalia. The paper by Bernard Cole, professor at the US National War College, is an analysis of several recent US HADR operations in the Asia-Pacific region. Sarabjeet Singh Parmar, research fellow at the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA), New Delhi, discusses the importance of HADR operations in India’s National Strategy. The last paper by Øystein Tunsjø, associate professor at the Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies, adresses the impact of recent and future maritime developments in Asia on Norwegian security
The Socialist Market Economy in Asia, 2020
What does the new phase of SOE reforms starting around 2016 tell us about economic and institutio... more What does the new phase of SOE reforms starting around 2016 tell us about economic and institutional transformations and contradictions in Vietnam? In raising this question, we shed light on contradictions between the Vietnamese socialist ideology and the market imperative and international pressure the Vietnamese economy is subject to as a global player. In the wake of the doi moi process for economic renewal, the need of reforming the SOE sector attained a lot of attention. The Government decided to promote equitization of SOEs in 1992. This means that the enterprises should be turned into joint stock companies in which the state, workers and private investors hold shares, and that either the state or the private investors hold the majority shares. However, the process went slowly. There were considerable resistance from managers and a fear of job losses. What then characterizes the new phase of SOE reforms? What is new about the context that the reforms are implemented in? After ...
International Order at Sea, 2016
Phase equilibria have been used to construct a simplified model of 14 karat (14K) yellow jewelry ... more Phase equilibria have been used to construct a simplified model of 14 karat (14K) yellow jewelry alloys. In this model, silicon has a reduced solubility in solid 14K (Au-Cu-Ag-Zn) alloys compared to its solubility in pure copper. This reduced solubility results in low values of the partition coefficient for silicon in these alloys. The microsegregation of silicon in 14K yellow gold jewelry casting alloys was evaluated based on the principles of non-equilibrium solidification. The dynamics of non-equilibrium freezing described by the Gulliver-Scheil equation predict the build-up of silicon in the liquid phase to such an extent that unexpected, silicon-rich phases and compounds may appear in the solidification structure. These phases can have deleterious effects on mechanical properties and limit the use of certain types of grain refiners in (Au-Cu-Ag-Zn) families of alloys. The practical limits of silicon levels in 14K yellow gold alloys which do not allow the formation of Cu-Si intermetallics are estimated.
International Order at Sea, 2016
Bowers and Bekkevold examine how navies are seeking to balance peacetime operations with the requ... more Bowers and Bekkevold examine how navies are seeking to balance peacetime operations with the requirements for maintaining warfighting capabilities. By examining the doctrines of a cross-section of the world’s navies, including the United States and China, the chapter elicits three key areas which can determine a navy’s operational posture; national need, equipment, and size. The chapter demonstrates that as long as fiscal restraint remains and immediate geopolitical challenges persist navies will prioritize wartime capabilities often at the expense of good order at sea.
Sino-Russian Relations in the 21st Century, 2018
Great powers have shaped events in the Middle East ever since the decline of Ottoman power in the... more Great powers have shaped events in the Middle East ever since the decline of Ottoman power in the eighteenth century. 1 During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union contended for influence in the region through their respective client states. Following the Soviet collapse and the end of the Cold War, the influence of the United States became paramount and many Middle Eastern countries bandwagoned with the hegemon. 2 Today we see the contours of a new great power contest in the Middle East, 3 with the United States being challenged by Russia and China. The balance of power in the Middle East depends on the polaritythe number of great powers-and nature of engagement, whether it is competitive, cooperative or hegemonic. If one of the great powers attempts to dominate the region, the others tend to increase their support for local allies to prevent these from bandwagoning with the would-be hegemon. 4 Since the 1990-1991 Gulf War, the United States has dominated the Middle East. However, the durability of the post-Cold War unipolar US-led international system is increasingly in question. 5
India’s Great Power Politics, 2020
This book examines India's foreign and defence policy changes in response to China's growing econ... more This book examines India's foreign and defence policy changes in response to China's growing economic and military power and increased footprint across the Indo-Pacific. It further explores India's role in the rivalry between China and the United States. The book looks at the strategic importance of the Indian Ocean Region in the Indo-Pacific geopolitical landscape and how India is managing China's rise by combining economic cooperation with a wide set of balancing strategies. The authors in this book critically analyse the various tools of Indian foreign policy, including defence posture, security alignments, and soft power diplomacy, among others, and discuss the future trajectory of India's foreign policy and the factors which will determine the balance of power in the region and the potential risks involved. The book provides detailed insights into the multifaceted and complex relationship between India and China and will be of great interest to researchers and students of international relations, Asian studies, political science, and economics. It will also be useful for policymakers, journalists, and think tanks interested in the India-China relationship.
Nytt Norsk Tidsskrift, 2009
The Socialist Market Economy in Asia, 2020
In this concluding chapter, the editors draw on the diverse perspectives and aspects presented in... more In this concluding chapter, the editors draw on the diverse perspectives and aspects presented in the preceding chapters to assess the development model of the socialist market economy, and attempts to frame the socialist market economy model within a larger international context. Comparing the models of China, Vietnam and Laos in one volume, we are better positioned to see the main characteristics of the socialist market economy as a whole, and the similarities between the three countries, but we have also exposed the differences between them. Following the main overall themes of the book, the chapter looks at the social market economy through discussions of ideology, the state and market relationship, environmental sustainability and state and society. We then take a closer look at the main similarities and differences of the model in China, Vietnam and Laos, as well as some main trends in the relationship between the three neighbouring countries. Finally, at the end of the chapte...
India’s Great Power Politics, 2020
The editors highlight and discuss six broad and interlinked issues emerging in the book that will... more The editors highlight and discuss six broad and interlinked issues emerging in the book that will influence the future international order at sea. First is the balance between the maritime and the continental domains. Second is the balance between great power rivalry and cooperation, and it seems rivalry is more prominent today than previously in the post-Cold War era. The third issue is the contest between access and denial. A fourth issue is the operational balance preparing, building, and training for warfighting and operations other than war. Fifth is how to manage ‘disorder’ security challenges that very often transcend territorial waters and national boundaries. The final issue highlighted is the balance between safeguarding national interests and contributing to collective efforts to preserve the international order at sea.
Internasjonal Politikk, 2021
Sammendrag Norges relasjon til Kina har siden anerkjennelsen av Folkerepublikken i januar 1950 bl... more Sammendrag Norges relasjon til Kina har siden anerkjennelsen av Folkerepublikken i januar 1950 blitt utøvd i et spenn mellom småstatsrealisme og småstatsidealisme. Norges handlingsrom og politikk overfor stormakten Kina utformes i et samspill mellom nasjonale og internasjonale faktorer, men i tråd med teoriretningen ny-klassisk realisme har strukturene i det internasjonale systemet størst forklaringskraft. Som en liten stat må Norge manøvrere i forhold til stormaktenes maktbalanse og rivalisering for å sikre sin egen velferd og sikkerhet. Norge valgte i 1949 å inngå i en allianse med USA gjennom NATO, og dette har siden vaert baerebjelken i norsk sikkerhetspolitikk. Norges handlingsrom visa -vis Kina er dermed til enhver tid påvirket av USAs forhold til Kina. Denne artikkelen trekker de lange linjer i norsk Kina-politikk over syv tiår, fra 1950 til 2020. Med en ambisjon om global orden som et ekstra sikkerhetsnett var Norge tidlig ute med å anerkjenne Kina og støttet landets inntreden i FN-systemet, men den kalde krigen begrenset relasjonene. USAs engasjement av Kina på begynnelsen av 1970-tallet var et vendepunkt i norsk Kina-politikk. Den tiltakende rivaliseringen mellom USA og Kina de siste år gjør at norsk Kina-politikk nå igjen står overfor et vendepunkt, i retning av redusert handlingsrom og engasjement.
Time Line of the People's Republic of ChinaIntroduction: China's New Leadership in Domest... more Time Line of the People's Republic of ChinaIntroduction: China's New Leadership in Domestic and International PoliticsJo Inge Bekkevold and Robert S. RossPart 1. Domestic Challenges for the Chinese Leadership1. China's Fifth-Generation Leaders: Characteristics of the New Elite and Pathways to LeadershipBo Zhiyue2. The Development of China's Formal Political StructuresZheng Yongnian and Weng Cuifen3. The Challenges of Economic Growth and ReformBarry Naughton4. The Challenges of Stability and LegitimacyJoseph FewsmithPart II: International Challenges to Rising China5. Xi Jinping's Grand Strategy: From Vision to ImplementationStig Stenslie and Chen Gang6. Domestic Actors and the Fragmentation of China's Foreign PolicyLinda Jakobson7. China's Rise and International Regimes: Does China Seek to Overthrow Global Norms?Andrew J. Nathan8. China's Rise and Economic InterdependenceHelge Hveem and T. J. Pempel9. Xi Jinping and the Challenges to Chinese SecurityRo...
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Papers by Jo Inge Bekkevold