DUŞMANUL DE CLASĂ. Represiuni politice, violenţă şi rezistenţă în R(A)SS Moldovenească, 1924-1956/THE CLASS ENEMY. Political Repressions, Violence and Resistance in the M(A)SSR, Chişinău, Cartier, 2014, 396 p., introd. Vladimir Tismăneanu (see a summary in English)
Summary The book deals with Soviet mass terror campaigns in the territories of the present day Re... more Summary The book deals with Soviet mass terror campaigns in the territories of the present day Republic of Moldova. As the breakaway separatist region of Transnistria of today was a part of Ukraine and Soviet Russia-Soviet Union since 1917, the story begins right after the October Revolution. Among the topics included are: Red Terror in Transnistria, latter on territories in which in 1924 was created the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic; the famine of 1921-1922; 1924-1926 (local one) and 1932-33, various aspects, including details about the privileges of nomenklatura; collectivization campaign on 1929-1933 and mass deportations as well other political repressions; resistance of the local populations, scale and forms of manifestations, including the bab'i bunty; Great terror in Moldavian ASSR, 1937-1938; extension of Communist Terror in Bessarabia, 1940-1941, following the application of secret protocol of Soviet Nazi Pact of August 23 1939, including a paragraph on...
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Books by Igor Casu
Published by [KSA:K] - Center for Contemporary Art, Chisinau.
The publication is an invitation to a virtual tour through a number of historical periods and political regimes that have shaped the city and the society and includes the contributions of theorists and the artists’ projects. While the theoretical contributions present the results of historical research and case studies concerning the various stages in the evolution of the city of Chisinau, the artists’ projects have followed to a great extent the logic of subverting and challenging the order established in the urban space by the state institutions in cooperation with the private sector. Finally, the project aim was not only to identify the decisive factors that have shaped the public and urban space in Chisinau throughout history, but also to see these spaces in confrontation with the political and cultural processes and factors identified today.
Contributions:
Rael Artel(EST), Pavel Braila(MD), Valeria Barbas (MD), Igor Casu(MD), Vasile Ernu(RO), [STEALTH.unlimited] – Ana Dzokic & Marc Neelen (NL), Octavian Esanu (US/MD), Tatiana Fiodorova(MD), Societe Realiste – (Ferenc Grof & Jean-Baptiste Naudy (FR/HU)), Catalin Gheorghe(RO), Angela Harutunean(EG/AM), Augustin Ioan(RO), Indre Klimaite(NL), Flo Kasearu(EST), Max Kusmenko(MD), Sava Lucia(MD), Ana Marian(MD), Davor Miscovici(HR), Tamara Nesterova(MD), Dumitru Oboroc(RO), Kaja Pawelek(PL), The Bureau of Melodramatic Research (Alina Popa & Irina Gheorghe (RO)), Virgil Paslariuc(MD), Danilo Prnjat(SP), Ghenadie Popescu(RM), Joanna Rajkowska(PO), Rena Raedle & Vladan Jeremic(SP), Angela Serino(NL), Klaus Schafler(AU), Stefan Rusu(MD), Tilmann Meyer(NL), Ovidiu Tichindeleanu(RO/MD), Stefan Tiron(RO), Vadim Tiganas(MD), Octavian Tacu(MD), Nomeda&Gediminas Urbonas(LT), Vladimir Us(MD), Raluca Voinea(RO), Mark Verlan(MD)
Stefan Rusu (ed), Centrul pentru Artă Contemporană-[KSA:K]; trad.: Sorana Lupu, Jele Dominis, Marchin Wawryzncyak [et al.]. – [Ch. : S. n., 2011] (Tipogr. “Bons Offices” SRL). – 484, [2] p. : il., fot., fot. color. 1000 ex. ISBN 978-9975-80-534-6
A project organised by Center for Conbtemporary Art-[KSA:K]
highest local party authority in the former Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (MASSR) created in 1924 on the left bank of Dniester River, a part of Ukraine till 1940 when Romanian Bessarabia was occupied by the Red Army and a Union/federal republic of Moldavia was formed (MSSR). It documents the Sovietization of the Left bank since 1917, the creation of MASSR, NEP, collectivization, Great Terror, Cultural Revolution of the 1930s, resistance to Stalin’s Great Turn (including so called “bab’y bunty” (women’s rebellions)), Latinization and
Romanianization policy in 1932-1938 etc. The second important fond is 51 and it represents the documents issued by the Central Committee of Communist Party of Moldavia since 1940 to 1991. Among the topics covered by this fond are the repressive policy in the first year of Soviet occupation of Bessarabia (1940-41) and late Stalinism (1944-1953), collectivization of the late 1940s, mass deportations of 1941, 1949 and 1951, mass famine of 1946-47, destalinization of mid 1950s and its limits, campaigns against nationalism in late 1960s-early 1970s and Moldavian/Romanian national revival of late 1980s. As the Central Committee was conceived to
guide, supervise and control the government, it issued numerous documents pertaining to education, agriculture, industry, transport system, leisure, culture. The main activity of CC of CPM was in turn guided, supervised and controlled by CC of CPSU in Moscow, so this is why AOSPRM includes correspondence between the prime secretary of CC of CPM or other responsible cadres with General Secretary of CC of CPSU or other responsible cadres in the central apparatus of the party. AOSPRM contains as well numerous correspondence with its district party organizations
that were responsible with implementation of republican and federal decisions at the local level. A valuable source of documents on the way the local cadres at the village level and enterprise level tried to implement the decisions of the higher party authorities is contained in the fond dealing with primary party organizations. Even though the destruction of documents is prohibited by the Law of 1992 On the Rehabilitation of the victims of the political repressions, sometimes political
interference allows the destruction of very valuable files, as happened in 1994 (a minute of CC from 1989 involving M. Snegur, the first President of Moldova, 1990-1994). In the recent years, AOSPRM is the among the most opened archives in the former Soviet Union as it gives unrestricted access the personal files of the nomenklatura including of the top dignitaries of Central committee of the Communist Party of Moldavia and to the top secret documents contained in the Osobaia Papka focusing on the most sensible political issues. The later contains also documents related to the Cold War issues, the measures to be taken in case of the
breaking up of a nuclear war between United States and Soviet Union (including the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962). The archive also gives unrestricted access to two important fonds, the one on the revolutionary movement in Moldavia staring 1898 to 1940; and the fond on partisan movement in the Second World War, or the Great Patriotic War (1941-1944) in Bessarabia and Transnistria (more than 1000 files/delo) which in reality deals mainly with the activity of Soviet secret services
in 1941-44 in the Romanian controlled Bessarabia and Transnistria, subversive activities against the Romanian and German Armies etc. The relatively low score of openness (56.61 %) is mainly due to the fact the archive do not have web versions of inventories and do not offer services modern archive should do.
AOSPRM is a place to be visited by every researcher interested in the history of Soviet
Moldavia in particular and Soviet Union in general. The archive works only 3 days a week, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday, from 8.30 to 16.30, but one can order 15 files/delo per day, so in one week one can consult and photocopy if need be 45 files no matter how many pages one file/delo contains. The personnel of the archive is very keen to help find needed information and the foreign scholars are served the same day on arrival according the Rules of the Reading Room as well as in practice. The fee for photocopying with ones own camera is 10 MDL, i.e. 50 euro cents per file/delo. Last but not least, another reasons to visit AOSPRM is that from 2013 this archive
opened the access to all personal data related to nomenklatura of all levels for research purposes.
This was the result of my letter (I.C.) to the government in which I explained the need to give access to personal files of nomenklatura and Osobaia Papka.
Переломный момент в сфере доступа к архивам КГБ в Украине произошел 9 апреля 2015 года. В этот день Парламент Украины принял закон «О доступе к архивам репрессивных органов коммунистического тоталитарного режима 1917-1991 годов». Законопроект, который рассматривал Верховный Совет, был подан Кабинетом Министров вместе с тремя другими «декоммунизационными» законами. Специальный закон, который регламентирует вопросы доступа к документам бывших спецслужб репрессивных органов тоталитарных и авторитарных режимов, - это не новая практика. Почти во всех центральнои восточноевропейских странах бывшего социалистического лагеря и некоторых бывших республиках СССР действуют такие акты. До этого доступ ко всем архивным документам в Украине регламентировал общий закон «О Национальном архивном фонде и архивных учреждениях», который был принят в конце 1993 года. Основа закона «О доступе к архивам репрессивных органов» - это понимание, что демократический транзит невозможен без уважения прав и свобод человека. Для того чтобы тоталитарный режим с его политическими репрессиями и другими преследованиями больше не повторялся, его нужно анализировать и изучать. В частности, по архивным документам, которые часто служат единственным источником информации о трагических событиях прошлого. Демократизация спецслужб и полиции не может произойти должным образом, если они будут продолжать стеречь архивы, содержащие информацию о массовых нарушениях прав человека, и продолжать использовать методы из архивов своих предшественников. Построить новые силовые институты можно, в том числе, разорвав цепочку преемственности, которая де-факто существовала до весны 2014-го. Открытый доступ к архивам коммунистических спецслужб не только дает возможность восстановить нарушенные права, но также показывает, что информация обо всех преступлениях рано или поздно станет известна общественности. Для того чтобы не повторять тоталитарные практики прошлого, важно информировать общество о том, как формируются репрессивные режимы и какие методы они используют. Когда в начале 2014 года украинская власть попыталась возобновить тоталитарные методы управления («диктаторские законы 16 января»), чтобы сохранить свое положение, это привело к человеческим жертвам и оккупации части страны российскими войсками. Это яркий пример того, что иногда право на информацию имеет преимущество над правом на приватность. Право на информацию в конечном итоге способствует обеспечению права на жизнь. До архивного закона 2015-го Архивисты учитывали много документов, решая, предоставлять доступ к архивам КГБ или нет. Кроме рамочного архивного закона «О Национальном архивном фонде и архивных учреждениях» во внимание принимался еще ряд законов и других нормативных актов. Их можно интерпретировать неоднозначно, поэтому их использовали как для того, чтобы предоставить доступ, так и для того, чтобы его ограничить. Все зависело от политической ситуации и желаний руководства того или иного архива, главы Укргосархива и соответствующего органа в случае, если речь шла об отраслевых государствен-ных архивах (например, голоса Службы безопасности или министра внутренних дел).
этапе «Большого террора» и после официального прекращения массовых
репрессий (сентябрь–декабрь 1938 г.) на примере деятельности И. Т. Широкого-Майского и его коллег. Ключевые слова: политические репрессии, МАССР, НКВД,
«Большой террор».
Опубликовано в Чекисты на скамье подсудимых. Сборник статей. Составители Сборник статьей. Составители Марк Юнге, Линн Виола, Джеффри Россман, Москва: Пробел-2000, 2017, 680 с. (595-630).
Sample chapter: Игорь Кашу. «Чистка» сотрудников НКВД
Молдавской АССР после Большого террора.
Дело Ивана Тарасовича Широкого-Майского, 595-630.
Secretaries in Soviet Moldavia. One of the main results of Brezhnev period in Moldavia was the consolidation of kolkhozes. In a broader sense, since this period at least, Brezhnev favoured quantity over quality.
Moldova: A Borderland‘s Fluid History
Editorial by Diana Dumitru and Petru Negura
1812 and the Emergence of the Bessarabian Region: Province-Building under Russian Imperial Rule
by Victor Taki, King’s University College, Edmonton
1878, Before and After: Romanian Nation-Building, Russian Imperial Policies, and Visions of Otherness in Southern Bessarabia
by Andrei Cuşco, Moldova State University, Chișinău
Between the Empire and the Nation-State: Metamorphoses of the Bessarabian Elite (1918)
by Svetlana Suveică, Moldova State University, Chișinău
From a ‘Liberation’ to Another. The Bessarabian Writers During the First Year of Soviet Power (1940-1941): Integration Strategies and Forms of Exclusion
by Petru Negură, “Ion Creangă” State Pedagogical University, Chișinău
How the Bessarabians Were Perceived by the Romanian Civilian-Military Administration in 1941
by Diana Dumitru, “Ion Creangă” State Pedagogical University, Chișinău
”The Quiet Revolution”: Revisiting the National Identity Issue in Soviet Moldavia at the height of Khrushchev’s Thaw (1956)
by Igor Cașu, State University of Moldova, Chișinău
1991: A Chronology of Moldova’s Independence
by Sergiu Musteaţă, ”Ion Creangă” State Pedagogical University, Chișinău
Justifying Separatism: The Year 1924, the Establishment of the Moldovan ASSR and History Politics in the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic
by Alexandr Voronovichi, “Ion Creangă” State Pedagogical University, Chișinău
Published by [KSA:K] - Center for Contemporary Art, Chisinau.
The publication is an invitation to a virtual tour through a number of historical periods and political regimes that have shaped the city and the society and includes the contributions of theorists and the artists’ projects. While the theoretical contributions present the results of historical research and case studies concerning the various stages in the evolution of the city of Chisinau, the artists’ projects have followed to a great extent the logic of subverting and challenging the order established in the urban space by the state institutions in cooperation with the private sector. Finally, the project aim was not only to identify the decisive factors that have shaped the public and urban space in Chisinau throughout history, but also to see these spaces in confrontation with the political and cultural processes and factors identified today.
Contributions:
Rael Artel(EST), Pavel Braila(MD), Valeria Barbas (MD), Igor Casu(MD), Vasile Ernu(RO), [STEALTH.unlimited] – Ana Dzokic & Marc Neelen (NL), Octavian Esanu (US/MD), Tatiana Fiodorova(MD), Societe Realiste – (Ferenc Grof & Jean-Baptiste Naudy (FR/HU)), Catalin Gheorghe(RO), Angela Harutunean(EG/AM), Augustin Ioan(RO), Indre Klimaite(NL), Flo Kasearu(EST), Max Kusmenko(MD), Sava Lucia(MD), Ana Marian(MD), Davor Miscovici(HR), Tamara Nesterova(MD), Dumitru Oboroc(RO), Kaja Pawelek(PL), The Bureau of Melodramatic Research (Alina Popa & Irina Gheorghe (RO)), Virgil Paslariuc(MD), Danilo Prnjat(SP), Ghenadie Popescu(RM), Joanna Rajkowska(PO), Rena Raedle & Vladan Jeremic(SP), Angela Serino(NL), Klaus Schafler(AU), Stefan Rusu(MD), Tilmann Meyer(NL), Ovidiu Tichindeleanu(RO/MD), Stefan Tiron(RO), Vadim Tiganas(MD), Octavian Tacu(MD), Nomeda&Gediminas Urbonas(LT), Vladimir Us(MD), Raluca Voinea(RO), Mark Verlan(MD)
Stefan Rusu (ed), Centrul pentru Artă Contemporană-[KSA:K]; trad.: Sorana Lupu, Jele Dominis, Marchin Wawryzncyak [et al.]. – [Ch. : S. n., 2011] (Tipogr. “Bons Offices” SRL). – 484, [2] p. : il., fot., fot. color. 1000 ex. ISBN 978-9975-80-534-6
A project organised by Center for Conbtemporary Art-[KSA:K]
highest local party authority in the former Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (MASSR) created in 1924 on the left bank of Dniester River, a part of Ukraine till 1940 when Romanian Bessarabia was occupied by the Red Army and a Union/federal republic of Moldavia was formed (MSSR). It documents the Sovietization of the Left bank since 1917, the creation of MASSR, NEP, collectivization, Great Terror, Cultural Revolution of the 1930s, resistance to Stalin’s Great Turn (including so called “bab’y bunty” (women’s rebellions)), Latinization and
Romanianization policy in 1932-1938 etc. The second important fond is 51 and it represents the documents issued by the Central Committee of Communist Party of Moldavia since 1940 to 1991. Among the topics covered by this fond are the repressive policy in the first year of Soviet occupation of Bessarabia (1940-41) and late Stalinism (1944-1953), collectivization of the late 1940s, mass deportations of 1941, 1949 and 1951, mass famine of 1946-47, destalinization of mid 1950s and its limits, campaigns against nationalism in late 1960s-early 1970s and Moldavian/Romanian national revival of late 1980s. As the Central Committee was conceived to
guide, supervise and control the government, it issued numerous documents pertaining to education, agriculture, industry, transport system, leisure, culture. The main activity of CC of CPM was in turn guided, supervised and controlled by CC of CPSU in Moscow, so this is why AOSPRM includes correspondence between the prime secretary of CC of CPM or other responsible cadres with General Secretary of CC of CPSU or other responsible cadres in the central apparatus of the party. AOSPRM contains as well numerous correspondence with its district party organizations
that were responsible with implementation of republican and federal decisions at the local level. A valuable source of documents on the way the local cadres at the village level and enterprise level tried to implement the decisions of the higher party authorities is contained in the fond dealing with primary party organizations. Even though the destruction of documents is prohibited by the Law of 1992 On the Rehabilitation of the victims of the political repressions, sometimes political
interference allows the destruction of very valuable files, as happened in 1994 (a minute of CC from 1989 involving M. Snegur, the first President of Moldova, 1990-1994). In the recent years, AOSPRM is the among the most opened archives in the former Soviet Union as it gives unrestricted access the personal files of the nomenklatura including of the top dignitaries of Central committee of the Communist Party of Moldavia and to the top secret documents contained in the Osobaia Papka focusing on the most sensible political issues. The later contains also documents related to the Cold War issues, the measures to be taken in case of the
breaking up of a nuclear war between United States and Soviet Union (including the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962). The archive also gives unrestricted access to two important fonds, the one on the revolutionary movement in Moldavia staring 1898 to 1940; and the fond on partisan movement in the Second World War, or the Great Patriotic War (1941-1944) in Bessarabia and Transnistria (more than 1000 files/delo) which in reality deals mainly with the activity of Soviet secret services
in 1941-44 in the Romanian controlled Bessarabia and Transnistria, subversive activities against the Romanian and German Armies etc. The relatively low score of openness (56.61 %) is mainly due to the fact the archive do not have web versions of inventories and do not offer services modern archive should do.
AOSPRM is a place to be visited by every researcher interested in the history of Soviet
Moldavia in particular and Soviet Union in general. The archive works only 3 days a week, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday, from 8.30 to 16.30, but one can order 15 files/delo per day, so in one week one can consult and photocopy if need be 45 files no matter how many pages one file/delo contains. The personnel of the archive is very keen to help find needed information and the foreign scholars are served the same day on arrival according the Rules of the Reading Room as well as in practice. The fee for photocopying with ones own camera is 10 MDL, i.e. 50 euro cents per file/delo. Last but not least, another reasons to visit AOSPRM is that from 2013 this archive
opened the access to all personal data related to nomenklatura of all levels for research purposes.
This was the result of my letter (I.C.) to the government in which I explained the need to give access to personal files of nomenklatura and Osobaia Papka.
Переломный момент в сфере доступа к архивам КГБ в Украине произошел 9 апреля 2015 года. В этот день Парламент Украины принял закон «О доступе к архивам репрессивных органов коммунистического тоталитарного режима 1917-1991 годов». Законопроект, который рассматривал Верховный Совет, был подан Кабинетом Министров вместе с тремя другими «декоммунизационными» законами. Специальный закон, который регламентирует вопросы доступа к документам бывших спецслужб репрессивных органов тоталитарных и авторитарных режимов, - это не новая практика. Почти во всех центральнои восточноевропейских странах бывшего социалистического лагеря и некоторых бывших республиках СССР действуют такие акты. До этого доступ ко всем архивным документам в Украине регламентировал общий закон «О Национальном архивном фонде и архивных учреждениях», который был принят в конце 1993 года. Основа закона «О доступе к архивам репрессивных органов» - это понимание, что демократический транзит невозможен без уважения прав и свобод человека. Для того чтобы тоталитарный режим с его политическими репрессиями и другими преследованиями больше не повторялся, его нужно анализировать и изучать. В частности, по архивным документам, которые часто служат единственным источником информации о трагических событиях прошлого. Демократизация спецслужб и полиции не может произойти должным образом, если они будут продолжать стеречь архивы, содержащие информацию о массовых нарушениях прав человека, и продолжать использовать методы из архивов своих предшественников. Построить новые силовые институты можно, в том числе, разорвав цепочку преемственности, которая де-факто существовала до весны 2014-го. Открытый доступ к архивам коммунистических спецслужб не только дает возможность восстановить нарушенные права, но также показывает, что информация обо всех преступлениях рано или поздно станет известна общественности. Для того чтобы не повторять тоталитарные практики прошлого, важно информировать общество о том, как формируются репрессивные режимы и какие методы они используют. Когда в начале 2014 года украинская власть попыталась возобновить тоталитарные методы управления («диктаторские законы 16 января»), чтобы сохранить свое положение, это привело к человеческим жертвам и оккупации части страны российскими войсками. Это яркий пример того, что иногда право на информацию имеет преимущество над правом на приватность. Право на информацию в конечном итоге способствует обеспечению права на жизнь. До архивного закона 2015-го Архивисты учитывали много документов, решая, предоставлять доступ к архивам КГБ или нет. Кроме рамочного архивного закона «О Национальном архивном фонде и архивных учреждениях» во внимание принимался еще ряд законов и других нормативных актов. Их можно интерпретировать неоднозначно, поэтому их использовали как для того, чтобы предоставить доступ, так и для того, чтобы его ограничить. Все зависело от политической ситуации и желаний руководства того или иного архива, главы Укргосархива и соответствующего органа в случае, если речь шла об отраслевых государствен-ных архивах (например, голоса Службы безопасности или министра внутренних дел).
этапе «Большого террора» и после официального прекращения массовых
репрессий (сентябрь–декабрь 1938 г.) на примере деятельности И. Т. Широкого-Майского и его коллег. Ключевые слова: политические репрессии, МАССР, НКВД,
«Большой террор».
Опубликовано в Чекисты на скамье подсудимых. Сборник статей. Составители Сборник статьей. Составители Марк Юнге, Линн Виола, Джеффри Россман, Москва: Пробел-2000, 2017, 680 с. (595-630).
Sample chapter: Игорь Кашу. «Чистка» сотрудников НКВД
Молдавской АССР после Большого террора.
Дело Ивана Тарасовича Широкого-Майского, 595-630.
Secretaries in Soviet Moldavia. One of the main results of Brezhnev period in Moldavia was the consolidation of kolkhozes. In a broader sense, since this period at least, Brezhnev favoured quantity over quality.
Moldova: A Borderland‘s Fluid History
Editorial by Diana Dumitru and Petru Negura
1812 and the Emergence of the Bessarabian Region: Province-Building under Russian Imperial Rule
by Victor Taki, King’s University College, Edmonton
1878, Before and After: Romanian Nation-Building, Russian Imperial Policies, and Visions of Otherness in Southern Bessarabia
by Andrei Cuşco, Moldova State University, Chișinău
Between the Empire and the Nation-State: Metamorphoses of the Bessarabian Elite (1918)
by Svetlana Suveică, Moldova State University, Chișinău
From a ‘Liberation’ to Another. The Bessarabian Writers During the First Year of Soviet Power (1940-1941): Integration Strategies and Forms of Exclusion
by Petru Negură, “Ion Creangă” State Pedagogical University, Chișinău
How the Bessarabians Were Perceived by the Romanian Civilian-Military Administration in 1941
by Diana Dumitru, “Ion Creangă” State Pedagogical University, Chișinău
”The Quiet Revolution”: Revisiting the National Identity Issue in Soviet Moldavia at the height of Khrushchev’s Thaw (1956)
by Igor Cașu, State University of Moldova, Chișinău
1991: A Chronology of Moldova’s Independence
by Sergiu Musteaţă, ”Ion Creangă” State Pedagogical University, Chișinău
Justifying Separatism: The Year 1924, the Establishment of the Moldovan ASSR and History Politics in the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic
by Alexandr Voronovichi, “Ion Creangă” State Pedagogical University, Chișinău
Source: Archive of the Service for Information and Security of the Republic of Moldova, former KGB archive of the Moldavian SSR (ASISRM-KGB), Delo po operatsii IUG.
Source: Archive of the Socio-Political Organizations of the Republic of Moldova (AOPSRM), Fond 51, inventar 68, dosar 11.
Source: AOSPRM, former archive of the CC of CPM
RO Câteva jalbe despre abuzurile unor demnitari din RSS Moldovenească care au parvenit ziarului Pravda de la Moscova.
CC al PCM a făcut o anchetă pe marginea acestor jalbe, unele confirmându-se, altele – nu.
Sursa: AOSPRM.
EN About the limits of the anti-religious propaganda under Communism. Minute of the meeting of the Bureau of CC of Communist Party of Moldavia, June 3, 1968
RU Стенограмма заседания Бюро ЦК КПМ от 3 июня 1968 г. и решение по вопросу об атеистическом воспитании трудящихся
The Archive of the Social - Political Organizations of the Republic of Moldova, former archive of the Central Committee of Communist Party of Moldavia, Fond 51, inventar 29, dosar 40.
Mihai Eminescu is the greatest Romanian poet, accepted by the Soviets as the greatest poet of the Soviet 'Moldavian (would-be) ethnonation'. Among his poems are some with anti-Russian thrust, so the regime was very careful in trying not to allow during manifestations dedicated to his birth (January 15 1850) and death (June 15 1889) that these poems to be recited publicly. This would provoke 'Moldo-Romanian nationalism' and thus put in danger the 'friendship between the Great Russian people' and non-Russians... This was the case in 1968, for instance, as witnesse by the document attached here.
FFor more on the the subject, see Michael Bruchis (1982, 1984); Mihai Cimpoi (1993; 1996); Wim van Meurs (1994); Gh. Negru (2000); Charles King (2000); Igor Casu (2000; 2011; 2014).
RO Mihai Eminescu, cel mai mare poet al românilor, a fost acceptat și de sovietici drept cel mai mare poet al ‘poporului moldovenesc’. A fost republicat la Chișinău în anii 1950 în litere chirilice, selectiv, evident, eliminându-se cu grijă creațiile sale cu un puternic accent național românesc sau anti-rusesc. Una din acestea era Doina lui Eminescu (‘de la Nistru pân la Tisa, tot românul plânsu-mi-s-a’ …). Cei care o recitau, riscau pedepse aspre pentru că astfel basarabenilor / moldovenilor din stânga Prutului li se amintea despre faptul că fac partea din națiunea română și că în 1940 și 1944 fuseseră ocupați de sovietici/ruși.
Documentul atașat arată atmosfera din ianuarie 1968 în care aniversarea zilei de naștere a poetului de către cenaclul care îi purta numele, din cadrul Universității de Stat din Chișinău, măsurile de precauție luate de regim pentru a nu admite manfestarea unor opinii nesănătoase și periculoase… Și toată această precauție era învăluită în grja pentru ca studenții să nu consume alcool în cadrul ședinței, că astfel situația putea să iasă de sub control…
În general, autoritățile sovietice măsurau amploarea si intensitatea sentimentelor naționale românești din RSS Moldovenească după numărul de flori depuse la statuile lui Eminescu și Ștefan cel Mare din parcul central din Chișinău… De aceea, florile se depuneau cu precădere noaptea, de frică de a nu prinși, iar miliția le evacua dimineața devreme, înainte ca lumea să iasă din case…
RO Recitată la deschiderea Congresului al XI-lea al Partidului Comunist al Moldovei, 25-26 decembrie 11963.
RU К открытию 11-го съезда Компартии Молдавии, 25-25 декабря 1963 г.
EN
Source: The Archive of the Social-Political Organizations of the Republic of Moldova, Fond 51, inventar 33, dosar 82, filele 1-4 (former Arhive of the Institute of Party History of the CC of CP of Moldavia).
Sursa: Arhiva Națională a Republicii Moldova, Fond R-3397, inventar 1, dosar 1, ff. 11-39.
Source: Archive of Social-Political Organizations of the Republic of Moldova (AOSPRM), former archive of CC of PCM of Moldavia, F. 51, inventar 5, dosar 84, ff. 85-91.