Background: Acute respiratory infections are major public health threats in children aged less th... more Background: Acute respiratory infections are major public health threats in children aged less than 5 years. Acute respiratory infections caused 20%of the childhood deaths worldwide in which 99% deaths in children under 5 are reported in developing countries like Pakistan. Globally, about 150 million people were affected with financial loss after out of pocket expenditure on health. Out of pocket costs accounts for 61% of the health care financing in Pakistan The mortality rates in rural areas in children under 5 are about a quarter to a third higher in comparison to urban areas. Methodology: Simple random sampling technique was used. Data was collected only on those children under 5 who met the case definition for acute respiratory infection. The main objective of the study was to estimate the cost per episode of acute respiratory infection in children under 5 years. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The calculated sample size was 229 Main findings: The median cost per episode of ARI on child treatment was approximately US$3
This comparative paremiological analysis is an attempt to study proverbs in Pashto and English, r... more This comparative paremiological analysis is an attempt to study proverbs in Pashto and English, related to bravery and honor in the light of pragmatic tools of inquiry; for instance, the version of speech acts as proposed by Roberts (2018), and explicature and implicature as proposed by Sperber and Wilson (1996). This analysis is based on a total of 179 proverbs collected from books and dictionaries, but based on purposive sampling, 55 proverbs are taken for analysis. The selected proverbs are categorized via their associates, animated proverbs, and gendered proverbs. Using a qualitative approach for analyzing collected proverbs, it is argued that proverbs in this study alter their literal meaning after being analyzed in light of the aforementioned pragmatic tools of inquiry. By discussing the characteristics of a brave and cowardly person and an honored and dishonored person in Pashto and British cultures, the study also brings into our consideration the symbolic representation of ...
Introduction: Textile experts perform extensive close labor in small, densely packed workstations... more Introduction: Textile experts perform extensive close labor in small, densely packed workstations, exposing themselves to a variety of ocular and vision-related issues. Objectives: To find the frequency of asthenopic symptoms among tailors and to associate their asthenopia with their working environment profile which includes many factors such as lighting conditions, position blubs, working hours, working days, and taking breaks during work. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted over five months from October 2018 to February 2019 and it included 325 sewing professionals of garments (tailors) from the tailoring market of Rawalpindi. Study subjects were interviewed through a structured questionnaire that included demographic, working profiles, and symptoms of asthenopia. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 21. The Chi-square test was used to check the association of dependent and independent variables. Results: A total of 325 subjects were included in this study....
Background: Acute respiratory infections are major public health threats in children aged less th... more Background: Acute respiratory infections are major public health threats in children aged less than 5 years. Acute respiratory infections caused 20%of the childhood deaths worldwide in which 99% deaths in children under 5 are reported in developing countries like Pakistan. Globally, about 150 million people were affected with financial loss after out of pocket expenditure on health. Out of pocket costs accounts for 61% of the health care financing in Pakistan The mortality rates in rural areas in children under 5 are about a quarter to a third higher in comparison to urban areas. Methodology: Simple random sampling technique was used. Data was collected only on those children under 5 who met the case definition for acute respiratory infection. The main objective of the study was to estimate the cost per episode of acute respiratory infection in children under 5 years. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The calculated sample size was 229 Main findings: The median cost per episode of ARI on child treatment was approximately US$3
This comparative paremiological analysis is an attempt to study proverbs in Pashto and English, r... more This comparative paremiological analysis is an attempt to study proverbs in Pashto and English, related to bravery and honor in the light of pragmatic tools of inquiry; for instance, the version of speech acts as proposed by Roberts (2018), and explicature and implicature as proposed by Sperber and Wilson (1996). This analysis is based on a total of 179 proverbs collected from books and dictionaries, but based on purposive sampling, 55 proverbs are taken for analysis. The selected proverbs are categorized via their associates, animated proverbs, and gendered proverbs. Using a qualitative approach for analyzing collected proverbs, it is argued that proverbs in this study alter their literal meaning after being analyzed in light of the aforementioned pragmatic tools of inquiry. By discussing the characteristics of a brave and cowardly person and an honored and dishonored person in Pashto and British cultures, the study also brings into our consideration the symbolic representation of ...
Introduction: Textile experts perform extensive close labor in small, densely packed workstations... more Introduction: Textile experts perform extensive close labor in small, densely packed workstations, exposing themselves to a variety of ocular and vision-related issues. Objectives: To find the frequency of asthenopic symptoms among tailors and to associate their asthenopia with their working environment profile which includes many factors such as lighting conditions, position blubs, working hours, working days, and taking breaks during work. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted over five months from October 2018 to February 2019 and it included 325 sewing professionals of garments (tailors) from the tailoring market of Rawalpindi. Study subjects were interviewed through a structured questionnaire that included demographic, working profiles, and symptoms of asthenopia. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 21. The Chi-square test was used to check the association of dependent and independent variables. Results: A total of 325 subjects were included in this study....
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