This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Urban sustainability and global environmental change: reflections for an urban agenda. En G. Mart... more Urban sustainability and global environmental change: reflections for an urban agenda. En G. Martine et al. (ed.). The new global frontier: urbanization, poverty and environment in the 21st century (pp. 149-164). Londres: Earthscan. SDP (2015). Altos de la Estancia, nueva zona para el entretenimiento y recuperación ambiental (Boletín de prensa). Secretaría Distrital de Planeación. http://www.sdp.gov.com Tacoli, C., McGranahan, G., y Satterthwaite, D. (2008). Urbanization, poverty and inequity: Is rural-urban migration a poverty problem, or part of the solution? En G. Martine et al.
resumen | El cooperativismo agrícola en Chile no está consolidado al nivel que se encuentra en ot... more resumen | El cooperativismo agrícola en Chile no está consolidado al nivel que se encuentra en otros países de la ocDe, habiéndose desarrollado de forma espacialmente heterogénea en el país. Para conocer la consolidación territorial del cooperativismo agrícola en Chile, este trabajo se propone analizar los patrones de localización espacial de las cooperativas agrícolas en el país e identificar si sobre las cooperativas de Importancia Económica (ie) existen clústeres cooperativos agrícolas que las engloben. En este marco se han utilizado herramientas de agrupamiento no espacial-análisis de conglomerado y análisis de localización) y espacial (índice de Moran y análisis de correlación espacial-, para determinar la dependencia espacial en la concentración del cooperativismo agrícola en Chile. Los resultados indican la existencia de clústeres productivos cooperativos en las regiones de Los Ríos y Coquimbo, centrados en cooperativas de ie. Adicionalmente, sugieren una correlación positiva entre cooperativas de ie y los núcleos cooperativos a nivel regional. palabras clave | concentración espacial, desarrollo regional y local, distribución espacial. abstract | Agricultural cooperatives in Chile have not consolidated at the level of other oecd countries, developing in a spatially heterogeneous way in the country. To understand the territorial consolidation of agricultural cooperatives, this paper aims to analyze the patterns of spatial location of agricultural cooperatives in Chile and to identify whether there are clusters of agricultural cooperatives over Economic Importance (ei) organizations. To achieve this, non-spatial (cluster analysis and location analysis) and spatial (Moran index and spatial correlation analysis) clustering tools were used to determine the spatial dependence of the concentration of agricultural cooperatives in Chile. The results indicate the existence of productive cooperative clusters in the regions of Los Ríos and Coquimbo centered on ei cooperatives. Additionally, they also suggest a positive correlation between ei cooperatives and cooperative nuclei at the regional level.
Tolerance to metal stress was studied in seedlings of three pine species (Pinus radiata, P. pinas... more Tolerance to metal stress was studied in seedlings of three pine species (Pinus radiata, P. pinaster and P. canariensis) under controlled ex vitro conditions. Mature female cones were randomly collected at two sites in Chile (Llico and Huilquilemu) characterized by contrasting environmental conditions. Oneyear-old pine seedlings were immersed in trays with solutions of CuSO4 (300 mM) or AlCl3 (100 mM), and their survival, growth rate and decay symptoms were recorded for 60 days. Results showed large differences among provenances in seedling tolerance to CuSO4 and AlCl3 in terms of survival and growth. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant association (p <0.0001) between the first canonical function and the following variables: provenance, species, metal stress and growing rate, as well as between the second canonical function and provenance, species, metal stress and symptomatology, indicating a high degree of genotype-environment interaction. Moreover, the activity of POX, SOD and CAT enzymes was determined 60 days after the beginning of the experiment in the Llico provenance seedlings. P. pinaster showed the highest activity level for all the enzymes considered, while P. canariensis and P. radiata had intermediate and lowest values, respectively. Differential gene expression among pine seedlings under metal stress with CuSO4 for two genes (Cu-Zn-superoxide dismutase and RuBisCo) confirmed P. pinaster as the most tolerant species to CuSO4 treatment. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that abiotic stress in the maternal environment can induce a "transgenerational plasticity" which could affect progeny performances. The influence of different genetic backgrounds on the tolerance to heavy metals in pine seedlings is also discussed.
Family firms are the foundation of economies across the world. Yet, little is understood about wh... more Family firms are the foundation of economies across the world. Yet, little is understood about what motivates sustainability in these firms, particularly in developing economies. In this study, we examine family forestry and tourism firms in Chile and India and use a novel stated-choice method to understand preferences for sustainability and the trade-offs with profit maximization, law and regulation, and family relations (among others). There were heterogeneous preferences across the sample, with respondents favoring financial outcomes and viewing regulation negatively. Respondents preferred positive environmental impacts, and this was significantly favored by tourism firms. Forestry firms were particularly focused on maintaining satisfactory family relationships, where there was stronger family involvement in the firm’s management decisions. Indian respondents were more likely to prefer the expansion option in the choice study (financial outcomes), while Chileans preferred the eco...
The allocation of limited funds to competing activities is a well-known problem in economics and ... more The allocation of limited funds to competing activities is a well-known problem in economics and finance. Current modelling approaches for this problem are application specific and mathematically complex. This paper introduces a straightforward modelling approach based on a coloured-edge chain graph. The approach elicits a set of Pareto efficient allocations whose cardinality is theoretically studied. Additionally, the applicability of the model is illustrated through a case-study based on the chilean pension system. We conclude that despite intractability, the approach can tackle problem in practice since worst-case instances are unlikely to occur.
The forestry sector in Chile has an important role in the domestic economy, being the second lead... more The forestry sector in Chile has an important role in the domestic economy, being the second leading export sector after the mining industry. Investments in forest plantations have grown in the last 40 years thanks to implementation of the Decree Law 701. Planted forests currently account for 17.4% of the total national forest cover. The objective of the study is to analyse non-industrial forest owners' perceptions of positive and negative externalities of forest plantations in four less developed municipalities of the Maule Region. We implemented a literature review, the estimation of an Expert's Response Indicator (ERI), and the implementation of an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology for the analysis. The results indicate that non-industrial forest owners in the four municipalities perceive the importance of each externality in a different way according to their territorial specificities. However, considering the whole study area, "CO 2 sequestration", "improvement of livelihood", and "more importance of small and medium forest owners" were considered the most important positive externalities, while the most relevant negative externalities were "water shortage", "power asymmetry", and "land loss". The study encourages further research with a similar detailed analysis on stakeholders' perceptions of plantation projects, both to revise investment features and inform local stakeholders on their real impacts.
The megadrought in Chile’s north and central zones has impacted the horticultural production of f... more The megadrought in Chile’s north and central zones has impacted the horticultural production of family farming. One way to mitigate these effects is by adding value to vegetables. However, no studies show the main attributes consumers value of vegetables produced in the megadrought zone. The study’s objective was to evaluate consumer preferences and identify segments based on the extrinsic attributes of vegetables grown in areas depressed by drought. We surveyed 946 vegetable buyers from the Antofagasta, Valparaiso, and Maule regions. Through the conjoint analysis technique, we identified that the main attributes preferred by consumers were presentation (45.3%) and type of vegetables (21.8%), followed by labeling (15.9%), producers (10.3%), and origin (6.7%). The cluster analysis revealed the existence of three segments. The largest segment is motivated by the way vegetables are presented (49.7%), followed by a second segment that values multi-attributes (31.9%) and a smaller segmen...
Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad del Zulia, 2021
The understanding of the productive characteristics and tendencies of fruit producer’s territoria... more The understanding of the productive characteristics and tendencies of fruit producer’s territorial concentration can be explained starting from the singularities of the territory, the production techniques or the market conditions. This article analyzes the formation of clusters of blueberry producers in the Maule region in central Chile, based on the productive characteristics of the crops that include the technological levels, the age of the plantations and the size of the farms. For this, a two-step cluster analysis was performed to obtain homogeneous groups or conglomerates. The results obtained were analyzed in the ArcGIS software, using the Ripley K function, to determine their spatial concentration and to relate the spatial location of the orchards belonging to each cluster and their geographical distribution. The analysis indicates the existence of four clusters in the region, differing preferably by the sizes of the farms. The predominant technological level between the clu...
The effects of climate change represent one of the biggest threats to agriculture today. With the... more The effects of climate change represent one of the biggest threats to agriculture today. With the aim of identifying the factors that influence farmers to choose and implement adaptive methods of crop production in Central Chile, we noted a set of adaptation practices based on literature review and consultation to a panel of experts. Using a hurdle model, we determined the socioeconomic and farm characteristics that affect, first, the decision to adapt, and next, the intensity of adaptation. With respect to the decision to adopt, relevant variables were found to be security of land tenure, which increased the probability of positive decision-making by 21%, and access to weather information, which increased the probability by 30%. To identify the variables affecting the intensity of adoption, a zero-truncated negative binomial regression was estimated. The results show that the number of practices adopted has a significant association with the location of a farm and the main crops pr...
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research
Recently, companies and consumers of the wine industry have changed their manner of two-way commu... more Recently, companies and consumers of the wine industry have changed their manner of two-way communication, with the rise of technology that introduces social networks and urges the spread of content. In this study, we identified the use and importance of engagement in social networks such as Facebook (2008 to 2018), Instagram (2012 to 2018) and Twitter (2010 to 2018) since the creation of their official accounts for the main Chilean wineries. The methods used involve qualitative and quantitative approaches that integrate the opinion of a panel of experts to estimate a social media engagement indicator through a descriptive statistical analysis and network analysis, from data originated of 70,856 publications. The results show the upward evolution of engagement, calculated through the interactions seen from users of social networks of the wineries, with users of networks of these wineries leaning towards Facebook in the first place, then Instagram, and Twitter. The contribution of th...
In Colombia, one-third of the land is devoted to cattle farming, which is one of the main drivers... more In Colombia, one-third of the land is devoted to cattle farming, which is one of the main drivers of deforestation, land degradation, loss of biodiversity, and emissions of greenhouses gases. To mitigate the environmental impacts of cattle farming, agroforestry practices have been extensively promoted with mixed results. Despite research and extension efforts over the last 20-year period, agroforestry systems still involve a complex knowledge process among stakeholders that needs to be addressed. To understand the drivers of cattle farmers’ behavior with regard to adopting agroforestry practices, we apply a double hurdle regression for different social, economic and productive information to capture the decision to adopt and the intensity of the adoption as a joint decision of such practices. For this purpose, we use data from a survey (implemented as part of an international project) administered to 1605 cattle farmers located in five agro-ecological regions in Colombia. Our depend...
The allocation of limited funds to competing activities is a well-known problem in economics and ... more The allocation of limited funds to competing activities is a well-known problem in economics and finance. Current modelling approaches for this problem are application specific and mathematically complex. This paper introduces a straightforward modelling approach based on a coloured-edge chain graph. The approach elicits a set of Pareto efficient allocations whose cardinality is theoretically studied. Additionally, the applicability of the model is illustrated through a case-study based on the chilean pension system. We conclude that despite intractabil-ity, the approach can tackle problem in practice since worst-case instances are unlikely to occur.
Adaptation to climate change is imperative to sustain and promote agricultural productivity growt... more Adaptation to climate change is imperative to sustain and promote agricultural productivity growth, and site-specific empirical evidence is needed to facilitate policy making. Therefore, this study analyses the impact of climate change adaptation on productivity for annual crops in Central Chile using a stochastic production frontier approach. The data come from a random sample of 265 farms located in four municipalities with different agro-climatic conditions. To measure climate change adaptation, a set of 14 practices was used in three different specifications: binary variable, count and index; representing decision, intensity and quality of adaptation, respectively. The aforementioned alternative variables were used in three different stochastic production frontier models. Results suggest that the use of adaptive practices had a significant and positive effect on productivity; the practice with the highest impact on productivity was irrigation improvement. Empirical results demonstrate the relevance of climate change adaptation on farmers' productivity and enrich the discussion regarding the need to implement adaptation measures.
Irrigated agriculture in Mediterranean areas faces tremendous challenges because of its exposure ... more Irrigated agriculture in Mediterranean areas faces tremendous challenges because of its exposure to hydroclimatic variability, increasing competition for water from different sectors, and the possibility of a climatic change. In this context, efficient management of water resources emerges as a critical issue. This requires the adoption of technological innovations, investment in infrastructure, adequate institutional arrangements, and informed decision makers. To understand farmers&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; perceptions and their implementation of climate change adaptation strategies with regards to water management, primary information was captured in the Limarí and Maule river basins in Chile. Farmers identified stressors for agriculture; climate change, droughts, and lack of water appeared as the most relevant stressors compared to others productive, economic, and institutional factors; revealing a rising relevance of climate related factors. While most producers perceived climate changes in recent years (92.9 %), a significant proportion (61.1 %) claim to have experienced drought, whereas only a fraction (31.9 %) have implemented a strategy to deal with this situation. Identified actions were classified in four groups: investments for water accumulation, modernization of irrigation systems, rationalization of water use, and partnership activities. Using a multinomial logit model these strategies were related to socioeconomic and productive characteristics. Results show that gender and farm size are relevant for investments, implementation and improvement of irrigation systems. For all the strategies described, access to weather information was a relevant element. The study provides empirical evidence of a recent increase in the importance assigned to climate factors by producers and adaptation options that can be supported by agricultural policy.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Urban sustainability and global environmental change: reflections for an urban agenda. En G. Mart... more Urban sustainability and global environmental change: reflections for an urban agenda. En G. Martine et al. (ed.). The new global frontier: urbanization, poverty and environment in the 21st century (pp. 149-164). Londres: Earthscan. SDP (2015). Altos de la Estancia, nueva zona para el entretenimiento y recuperación ambiental (Boletín de prensa). Secretaría Distrital de Planeación. http://www.sdp.gov.com Tacoli, C., McGranahan, G., y Satterthwaite, D. (2008). Urbanization, poverty and inequity: Is rural-urban migration a poverty problem, or part of the solution? En G. Martine et al.
resumen | El cooperativismo agrícola en Chile no está consolidado al nivel que se encuentra en ot... more resumen | El cooperativismo agrícola en Chile no está consolidado al nivel que se encuentra en otros países de la ocDe, habiéndose desarrollado de forma espacialmente heterogénea en el país. Para conocer la consolidación territorial del cooperativismo agrícola en Chile, este trabajo se propone analizar los patrones de localización espacial de las cooperativas agrícolas en el país e identificar si sobre las cooperativas de Importancia Económica (ie) existen clústeres cooperativos agrícolas que las engloben. En este marco se han utilizado herramientas de agrupamiento no espacial-análisis de conglomerado y análisis de localización) y espacial (índice de Moran y análisis de correlación espacial-, para determinar la dependencia espacial en la concentración del cooperativismo agrícola en Chile. Los resultados indican la existencia de clústeres productivos cooperativos en las regiones de Los Ríos y Coquimbo, centrados en cooperativas de ie. Adicionalmente, sugieren una correlación positiva entre cooperativas de ie y los núcleos cooperativos a nivel regional. palabras clave | concentración espacial, desarrollo regional y local, distribución espacial. abstract | Agricultural cooperatives in Chile have not consolidated at the level of other oecd countries, developing in a spatially heterogeneous way in the country. To understand the territorial consolidation of agricultural cooperatives, this paper aims to analyze the patterns of spatial location of agricultural cooperatives in Chile and to identify whether there are clusters of agricultural cooperatives over Economic Importance (ei) organizations. To achieve this, non-spatial (cluster analysis and location analysis) and spatial (Moran index and spatial correlation analysis) clustering tools were used to determine the spatial dependence of the concentration of agricultural cooperatives in Chile. The results indicate the existence of productive cooperative clusters in the regions of Los Ríos and Coquimbo centered on ei cooperatives. Additionally, they also suggest a positive correlation between ei cooperatives and cooperative nuclei at the regional level.
Tolerance to metal stress was studied in seedlings of three pine species (Pinus radiata, P. pinas... more Tolerance to metal stress was studied in seedlings of three pine species (Pinus radiata, P. pinaster and P. canariensis) under controlled ex vitro conditions. Mature female cones were randomly collected at two sites in Chile (Llico and Huilquilemu) characterized by contrasting environmental conditions. Oneyear-old pine seedlings were immersed in trays with solutions of CuSO4 (300 mM) or AlCl3 (100 mM), and their survival, growth rate and decay symptoms were recorded for 60 days. Results showed large differences among provenances in seedling tolerance to CuSO4 and AlCl3 in terms of survival and growth. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant association (p <0.0001) between the first canonical function and the following variables: provenance, species, metal stress and growing rate, as well as between the second canonical function and provenance, species, metal stress and symptomatology, indicating a high degree of genotype-environment interaction. Moreover, the activity of POX, SOD and CAT enzymes was determined 60 days after the beginning of the experiment in the Llico provenance seedlings. P. pinaster showed the highest activity level for all the enzymes considered, while P. canariensis and P. radiata had intermediate and lowest values, respectively. Differential gene expression among pine seedlings under metal stress with CuSO4 for two genes (Cu-Zn-superoxide dismutase and RuBisCo) confirmed P. pinaster as the most tolerant species to CuSO4 treatment. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that abiotic stress in the maternal environment can induce a "transgenerational plasticity" which could affect progeny performances. The influence of different genetic backgrounds on the tolerance to heavy metals in pine seedlings is also discussed.
Family firms are the foundation of economies across the world. Yet, little is understood about wh... more Family firms are the foundation of economies across the world. Yet, little is understood about what motivates sustainability in these firms, particularly in developing economies. In this study, we examine family forestry and tourism firms in Chile and India and use a novel stated-choice method to understand preferences for sustainability and the trade-offs with profit maximization, law and regulation, and family relations (among others). There were heterogeneous preferences across the sample, with respondents favoring financial outcomes and viewing regulation negatively. Respondents preferred positive environmental impacts, and this was significantly favored by tourism firms. Forestry firms were particularly focused on maintaining satisfactory family relationships, where there was stronger family involvement in the firm’s management decisions. Indian respondents were more likely to prefer the expansion option in the choice study (financial outcomes), while Chileans preferred the eco...
The allocation of limited funds to competing activities is a well-known problem in economics and ... more The allocation of limited funds to competing activities is a well-known problem in economics and finance. Current modelling approaches for this problem are application specific and mathematically complex. This paper introduces a straightforward modelling approach based on a coloured-edge chain graph. The approach elicits a set of Pareto efficient allocations whose cardinality is theoretically studied. Additionally, the applicability of the model is illustrated through a case-study based on the chilean pension system. We conclude that despite intractability, the approach can tackle problem in practice since worst-case instances are unlikely to occur.
The forestry sector in Chile has an important role in the domestic economy, being the second lead... more The forestry sector in Chile has an important role in the domestic economy, being the second leading export sector after the mining industry. Investments in forest plantations have grown in the last 40 years thanks to implementation of the Decree Law 701. Planted forests currently account for 17.4% of the total national forest cover. The objective of the study is to analyse non-industrial forest owners' perceptions of positive and negative externalities of forest plantations in four less developed municipalities of the Maule Region. We implemented a literature review, the estimation of an Expert's Response Indicator (ERI), and the implementation of an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology for the analysis. The results indicate that non-industrial forest owners in the four municipalities perceive the importance of each externality in a different way according to their territorial specificities. However, considering the whole study area, "CO 2 sequestration", "improvement of livelihood", and "more importance of small and medium forest owners" were considered the most important positive externalities, while the most relevant negative externalities were "water shortage", "power asymmetry", and "land loss". The study encourages further research with a similar detailed analysis on stakeholders' perceptions of plantation projects, both to revise investment features and inform local stakeholders on their real impacts.
The megadrought in Chile’s north and central zones has impacted the horticultural production of f... more The megadrought in Chile’s north and central zones has impacted the horticultural production of family farming. One way to mitigate these effects is by adding value to vegetables. However, no studies show the main attributes consumers value of vegetables produced in the megadrought zone. The study’s objective was to evaluate consumer preferences and identify segments based on the extrinsic attributes of vegetables grown in areas depressed by drought. We surveyed 946 vegetable buyers from the Antofagasta, Valparaiso, and Maule regions. Through the conjoint analysis technique, we identified that the main attributes preferred by consumers were presentation (45.3%) and type of vegetables (21.8%), followed by labeling (15.9%), producers (10.3%), and origin (6.7%). The cluster analysis revealed the existence of three segments. The largest segment is motivated by the way vegetables are presented (49.7%), followed by a second segment that values multi-attributes (31.9%) and a smaller segmen...
Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad del Zulia, 2021
The understanding of the productive characteristics and tendencies of fruit producer’s territoria... more The understanding of the productive characteristics and tendencies of fruit producer’s territorial concentration can be explained starting from the singularities of the territory, the production techniques or the market conditions. This article analyzes the formation of clusters of blueberry producers in the Maule region in central Chile, based on the productive characteristics of the crops that include the technological levels, the age of the plantations and the size of the farms. For this, a two-step cluster analysis was performed to obtain homogeneous groups or conglomerates. The results obtained were analyzed in the ArcGIS software, using the Ripley K function, to determine their spatial concentration and to relate the spatial location of the orchards belonging to each cluster and their geographical distribution. The analysis indicates the existence of four clusters in the region, differing preferably by the sizes of the farms. The predominant technological level between the clu...
The effects of climate change represent one of the biggest threats to agriculture today. With the... more The effects of climate change represent one of the biggest threats to agriculture today. With the aim of identifying the factors that influence farmers to choose and implement adaptive methods of crop production in Central Chile, we noted a set of adaptation practices based on literature review and consultation to a panel of experts. Using a hurdle model, we determined the socioeconomic and farm characteristics that affect, first, the decision to adapt, and next, the intensity of adaptation. With respect to the decision to adopt, relevant variables were found to be security of land tenure, which increased the probability of positive decision-making by 21%, and access to weather information, which increased the probability by 30%. To identify the variables affecting the intensity of adoption, a zero-truncated negative binomial regression was estimated. The results show that the number of practices adopted has a significant association with the location of a farm and the main crops pr...
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research
Recently, companies and consumers of the wine industry have changed their manner of two-way commu... more Recently, companies and consumers of the wine industry have changed their manner of two-way communication, with the rise of technology that introduces social networks and urges the spread of content. In this study, we identified the use and importance of engagement in social networks such as Facebook (2008 to 2018), Instagram (2012 to 2018) and Twitter (2010 to 2018) since the creation of their official accounts for the main Chilean wineries. The methods used involve qualitative and quantitative approaches that integrate the opinion of a panel of experts to estimate a social media engagement indicator through a descriptive statistical analysis and network analysis, from data originated of 70,856 publications. The results show the upward evolution of engagement, calculated through the interactions seen from users of social networks of the wineries, with users of networks of these wineries leaning towards Facebook in the first place, then Instagram, and Twitter. The contribution of th...
In Colombia, one-third of the land is devoted to cattle farming, which is one of the main drivers... more In Colombia, one-third of the land is devoted to cattle farming, which is one of the main drivers of deforestation, land degradation, loss of biodiversity, and emissions of greenhouses gases. To mitigate the environmental impacts of cattle farming, agroforestry practices have been extensively promoted with mixed results. Despite research and extension efforts over the last 20-year period, agroforestry systems still involve a complex knowledge process among stakeholders that needs to be addressed. To understand the drivers of cattle farmers’ behavior with regard to adopting agroforestry practices, we apply a double hurdle regression for different social, economic and productive information to capture the decision to adopt and the intensity of the adoption as a joint decision of such practices. For this purpose, we use data from a survey (implemented as part of an international project) administered to 1605 cattle farmers located in five agro-ecological regions in Colombia. Our depend...
The allocation of limited funds to competing activities is a well-known problem in economics and ... more The allocation of limited funds to competing activities is a well-known problem in economics and finance. Current modelling approaches for this problem are application specific and mathematically complex. This paper introduces a straightforward modelling approach based on a coloured-edge chain graph. The approach elicits a set of Pareto efficient allocations whose cardinality is theoretically studied. Additionally, the applicability of the model is illustrated through a case-study based on the chilean pension system. We conclude that despite intractabil-ity, the approach can tackle problem in practice since worst-case instances are unlikely to occur.
Adaptation to climate change is imperative to sustain and promote agricultural productivity growt... more Adaptation to climate change is imperative to sustain and promote agricultural productivity growth, and site-specific empirical evidence is needed to facilitate policy making. Therefore, this study analyses the impact of climate change adaptation on productivity for annual crops in Central Chile using a stochastic production frontier approach. The data come from a random sample of 265 farms located in four municipalities with different agro-climatic conditions. To measure climate change adaptation, a set of 14 practices was used in three different specifications: binary variable, count and index; representing decision, intensity and quality of adaptation, respectively. The aforementioned alternative variables were used in three different stochastic production frontier models. Results suggest that the use of adaptive practices had a significant and positive effect on productivity; the practice with the highest impact on productivity was irrigation improvement. Empirical results demonstrate the relevance of climate change adaptation on farmers' productivity and enrich the discussion regarding the need to implement adaptation measures.
Irrigated agriculture in Mediterranean areas faces tremendous challenges because of its exposure ... more Irrigated agriculture in Mediterranean areas faces tremendous challenges because of its exposure to hydroclimatic variability, increasing competition for water from different sectors, and the possibility of a climatic change. In this context, efficient management of water resources emerges as a critical issue. This requires the adoption of technological innovations, investment in infrastructure, adequate institutional arrangements, and informed decision makers. To understand farmers&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; perceptions and their implementation of climate change adaptation strategies with regards to water management, primary information was captured in the Limarí and Maule river basins in Chile. Farmers identified stressors for agriculture; climate change, droughts, and lack of water appeared as the most relevant stressors compared to others productive, economic, and institutional factors; revealing a rising relevance of climate related factors. While most producers perceived climate changes in recent years (92.9 %), a significant proportion (61.1 %) claim to have experienced drought, whereas only a fraction (31.9 %) have implemented a strategy to deal with this situation. Identified actions were classified in four groups: investments for water accumulation, modernization of irrigation systems, rationalization of water use, and partnership activities. Using a multinomial logit model these strategies were related to socioeconomic and productive characteristics. Results show that gender and farm size are relevant for investments, implementation and improvement of irrigation systems. For all the strategies described, access to weather information was a relevant element. The study provides empirical evidence of a recent increase in the importance assigned to climate factors by producers and adaptation options that can be supported by agricultural policy.
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